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Modelling Sediment Transport and Morphodynamical Interactions by Turbidity Currents in Submarine Canyons

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Modelling Sediment Transport and Morphodynamical Interactions by Turbidity Currents in Submarine Canyons présentée par THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE sous le sceau de l’Université Bretagne Loire Marta Payo Payo pour obtenir le titre de Préparée à IFREMER, Unité Géosciences DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE Mention : Géosciences Marines Marines, Laboratoire Environnement École Doctorale des Sciences de la Mer Sédimentaires – Modélisation du transport Date de soutenance le 14 décembre 2016 devant le jury composé de : sédimentaire et des Jaco H. BAAS interactions Université de Bangor, Royaume Uni /Rapporteur Stefan M. LUTHI morphodynamiques par les Professeur, TUDelft, Pays Bas /Rapporteur Nathalie BABONNEAU courants de turbidité dans les Maitre de conférences, IUEM-UBO, Brest, France, / Examinateur Florence CAYOCCA canyons sous-marins. Chef de service, AAMP / Examinateur Robert LAFITE Application à la Méditerranée Professeur, Université de Rouen / Examinateur Nabil SULTAN Occidentale Chercheur, IFREMER, Brest /Directeur de thèse Ricardo SILVA JACINTO Chercheur, IFREMER, Brest /Co-encadrant de thèse, invité Miquel CANALS Professeur, Université de Barcelone / Co-directeur de thèse, invité Marina RABINEAU Chargé de Recherche CNRS, IUEM-UBO, Brest /Co-encadrant, invité 1 ABSTRACT Turbidity currents in submarine canyons are the main contribution for sediment transfer across the continental margins. Geological studies of submarine canyons and associated turbiditic systems for more than 30 years led to an extraordinary breakthrough in the understanding of how turbidite systems evolve. However, these studies remain limited to a posteriori interpretations, based on the distribution of deposits and morphological evidences. The overarching aim of this thesis is to apply a 2DH process-based model to simulate large-scale turbidity currents on two different submarine canyons in the western Mediterranean coast. The work in La Fonera canyon, in the Catalan margin, focuses on the modelling of sediment transport and accumulation resulting from trawling activities on the canyon flanks. The numerical process- based provides a 3D visualization of potential trawling impacts on sediment dynamics. The study represents a starting point for the assessment of the sedimentary impact of bottom trawling in deep continental margins. The present work can help in the identification of trawling areas with lesser impacts. The Var Sedimentary System, located in the vicinity of Nice (France), is connected to the Var River during both low and high-stands and it can be considered as a natural laboratory for the study of the climatic control on the turbiditic activity. The influence of Coriolis forces on the spatial evolution of the hyperpycnal flows and hence in the construction of the Var Sedimentary Ridge (VSR) is evidenced and supported for the first time. The major drawback is the limited amount of information for the necessary initial and boundary conditions; hence modelling results might not be of predictive Quality. However, modelling results provide a full-scale vision of the system allowing the identification of sediment pathways and deposition areas on the basis of physical processes and enlarge the present knowledge of the canyons studied. The results obtained may help in the identification of strategic mooring and coring sites to further advance the state of our knowledge on sediment dynamics of the different cases studies. Keywords Coriolis forces, modelling, hydrodynamics, sedimentology, submarine canyons, trawling, turbidity current 2 RESUME Les courants de turbidité dans les canyons sous-marins contribuent largement au transfert sédimentaire à travers des marges continentales. L’étude géologiQue des canyons sous-marins et des systèmes turbiditiQues associés a permis des avancées fondamentales dans la compréhension de l’évolution des courants de turbidité. Ces études sont cependant limitées à des interprétations a posteriori, basées sur la répartition des dépôts et des évidences morphologiQues. Cette thèse vise à l’application de la modélisation numériQue des courants de turbidité, sur la base des processus physiQues, à deux canyons sous-marins de la côte Méditerranée Occidentale. Des courants de turbidité liés au chalutage de fond sont modélisés dans le canyon de La Fonera. Les résultats du modèle permettent de spatialiser ce transport; ainsi le modèle peut être un point de départ pour l’identification de zones de pêche au chalut avec un moindre impact. L’absence d’un plateau continental au niveau de Nice a permis une alimentation continue du système turbiditique du Var indépendamment des variations du niveau marin. Ainsi ce système s’avère un laboratoire naturel pour l’étude du control climatiQue sur l’activité turbiditiQue. L’influence des forces de Coriolis dans l’évolution spatiale des courants de turbidité et dans la construction de la Ride sédimentaire du Var est modélisée et mise en évidence pour la première fois. La modélisation numériQue des courants de turbidité ne peut pas fournir à présent des résultats de qualité prédictive du fait de la quantité limitée d’information disponible pour établir les conditions initiales de l’écoulement Qui impactent largement son évolution et dépôts. Malgré ce fait, la modélisation numériQue permet d’élargir les interprétations du fonctionnement sédimentaire des canyons étudiés, d’identifier les chemins empruntés par les écoulements et leur dépôt final et de mieux préparer des cibles (mouillages et carottage) lors des campagnes à la mer. Mots-clés canyons sous-marins, chalutage, courants de turbidité, forces de Coriolis, hydrodynamique, modélisation, sédimentologie 3 This work was supported by the Laboratoire d‘Excellence‖ LabexMER and co-funded by a state grant from the French government through Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) under the « Investissements d'Avenir » Programme, reference ANR-10-LABX-19-01, and by a grant from the Regional Council of Brittany. Additional support was also provided by Actions-Marges Program (Mediterranée Occidentale). 4 5 Remerciements, aknowledgements, agradecimientos. Au terme de ces trois années, je tiens à exprimer ma gratitude à tous ceux Qui ont rendu possible cette aventure. La navigation a été parfois houleuse mais toujours parsemée de belles rencontres professionnelles et amicales. Tout d’abord, je voudrais te remercier Ricardo. Merci pour ta confiance mais aussi pour tout ce Que tu m’as apporté tant du point de vue scientifiQue Qu’humaine. Avec toi j’ai appris à repousser mes limites Que sont bien plus loin Que j’en avais cru. Merci aussi à toi Nabil, tu as toujours cru en moi et tu m’as toujours soutenu. Malgré tes nombreuses responsabilités tu as toujours été disponible pour de fructueuses discussions. Merci à vous deux d’avoir rassuré sur le cap à suivre quand le navire semblait chavirer. Merci Marina pour ton accueil dès mon arrivée et pour avoir toujours cru à ce projet de thèse. Moltes gràcies MiQuel, por la acogida en Barcelona en la UB, por enseñarme a escribir más grande y por confiar en una ingeniera para una tesis de geología. I would also like to thank my PhD committee: Jaco (Baas), Stefan (Luthi), Nathalie (Babonneau), Florence (Cayocca) and Robert (Lafite), for their healthy criticism and for their very constructive remarks. It was a real honour to defend my work in front of such a panel of experts and I really enjoyed the discussion that followed my presentation. I am particularly grateful to Jaco and Stefan for reviewing my thesis; your final reports were of great help to prepare the defence. Je tiens également à remercier à Benoit (Waeles) et Nicolas (Le Dantec) d’avoir bien voulu être membres de mon comité de suivi de thèse et d’avoir suivi mes travaux au cours de ces trois dernières années. Merci pour votre aide et vos précieux conseils. Arantza et Roland, vous êtes à l’origine de cette aventure française. Merci à Xavier (Bertin), mon parcours académiQue française a commencé à tes cotés au LIENNs. Merci à toi et aussi à toi Benoit, de m’avoir en parlé et encouragé à faire cette thèse. Je voudrais remercier les membres del’unité « Geosciences Marines », et de l’UMR-6538 « Domaines OceaniQues », vous avez contribué à mes réflexions, mes galères et mes bons moments. Merci aussi au bureau de l’EDSM. Merci à Sylvia (Baronne), Corinne (Tarditi), Corinne (Floch-Laizet), Aurelie (François) et Elisabeth (Bondu) pour leur disponibilité et leur accueil dans les belles galères administratives. Au cours de ces trois ans, j’ai eu la chance de pouvoir collaborer avec des chercheurs Que m’ont beaucoup apporté et qui ont contribué à ma construction scientifique : Galderic (Lastras), Pere (Puig), Jacobo (Martin), Anna (Sanchez-Vidal), Lucille (Bonneau), Marie (Mauffrey) et Serge (Berné). Merci Serge et Maria-Angela pour votre accueil à Perpignan au CEFREM. J’ai également eu la chance d’embarQuer sur le PourQuoi Pas ? J’y ai beaucoup appris et je m’y suis très bien sentie. Merci à Vincent (Riboulot), tu m’as permis de participer à cette aventure à bord, merci encore ! Merci à Gwendoline (Gregoire) pour m’amener en merveilleuse balade en la Rade de Brest ! Merci aux thésards, post-docs et autres jeunes du GM et de l’IUEM mais aussi ceux en dehors des labos, vous avez été source de motivation et de détente et vous avez devenus excellents amis. Vous êtes si nombreux ! Merci à Olafur, Ludovico et Nils pour leur compagnie ces derniers mois. Merci à Marie, ton Barado a été refuge. Merci à mes copains d’ici et d’ailleurs, vous avez été bouée de sauvetage : merci Camille, Matthieu, Flo, Momo, Luc, Flo, Alice…Obrigada Caio e Mariana e até já ! Gracias Nis, Silvix, Noe, Vio, Arantza, Roland, Yanira, Chris… gracias por seguirme, aunQue estemos lejos, y por estar ahí. Os echo de menos. Gracias a mis Payitos. Somos casa, somos mucho más Que cuatro. Gracias por la calma, por la crítica, por el reprís, por las ganas, por el tesón, por la chispa, por la curiosidad. Gracias por hacerme valiente y por cuidarme. Gracias E, ¡tantas! Gracias por estar a mi lado y por hacerme grande. Thanks for making me smile and for keeping me sane.
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