Tabique Vaginal Transverso

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Tabique Vaginal Transverso Caso clínico Tabique vaginal transverso Alberto Duarte Contreras* RESUMEN: El septo vaginal transverso se diagnostica en la recién nacida o durante la pubertad temprana. En la recién nacida las secreciones se colectan en la vagina y forman el hidrocolpos. Durante la pubertad temprana la sangre menstrual recolectada forma el hematocolpos. Se presentan dos casos: una recién nacida con masa abdominal por hidrocolpos y otra en pubertad temprana con masa abdominal por hematocolpos. Se discuten los casos. PALABRAS CLAVES: Septo vaginal transverso, hidrocolpos, hematocolpos, anomalía vaginal. SUMMARY: The transverse vaginal septum is diagnosed in new borne or during early puberty. In the neonate genital tract secretions may collect in the vagina and form the hydrocolpos. In the early puberty the menstruation may collect and form the hematocolpos. The findings included two cases: a new born with hydrocolpos and another with hematocolpos and early puberty. A discussion of these two cases. KEY WORDS: Transverse vaginal septum, hydrocolpos, hematocolpos, vaginalanomaly. Introducción en los primeros días de vida lo lleva a practicar un El tabique vaginal transverso es la malformación congé- detenido examen del canal vaginal y a formular un diag- nita genital que se encuentra con·mayor frecuencia: consti- nóstico seguro y oportuno. tuye un poco más del 10% del total de anormalidades Dos historias clínicas nos servirán de guía para el congénitas del tracto genital femenino (1). Su presencia se presente estudio. debe investigar en la recién nacida a término que no presente secreción mucosa vaginal en los primeros días de vida, lo mismo que en todas las recién nacidas prematuras, mediante TABIQUE ENRECIEN NACIDAS la prueba de permeabilidad del canal vaginal, durante el Material examen general rutinario que practique el pediatra o el Historia clínica 365713. Clínica Infantil del Hospital médico que atienda el parto. El diagnóstico es más fácil en San Juan de Dios. Cúcuta. la recién nacida a término que en la prematura (2). A.M. de cuatro meses de edad, nacida en parto normal La presencia del tabique pasa desapercibida para la después de una gestación de 40 semanas. No hay datos mayoría de los médicos, salvo que se produzca un hidrocolpos sobre presencia o ausencia de moco vaginal en el período en los primeros meses de vida. De no presentarse hidrocolpos neonatal inmediato. A los dos meses de edad aparece una el tabique sigue silencioso durante la niñez hasta cuando se masa suprapúbica, indolora, de crecimiento progresivo. A forme el hematocolpos en la pubertad temprana. los cuatro meses la masa rebasa 7 centímetros por encima El tabique impidé que el material formado por moco de del pubis sobre la línea media. Los genitales externos son las glándulas cervicales y exudados vaginales fi siológicos normales. Himen normal con hendidura himeneal central. salga al exterior; este material es el resultante de la Al investigar la permeabilidad del canal vaginal se obser- estimulación placentaria hormonal materna pasiva. Si las va que está obstruido medio centímetro por encima del secreciones son abundantes es lógico que se forme una himen. A la palpación abdominorectal se aprecia que la colección intravaginal llamada hidrocolpos o mucocolpos. masa está por delante de la ampolla rectal y se inicia sobre Cuando la secreción vaginal es muy escasa no se forma el sitio de obstrucción. A la vaginoscopia se ve un tabique hidrocolpos y entonces la anomalía pasa inadvertida. En la transversal completo en el tercio inferior de la vagina. A pubertad temprana el tabique se hace siempre sintomático al través del tabique y con fines didácticos se inyecta medio formarse un hematocolpos causante de criptomenorrea (3) y centímetro de medio de contraste y se toma una placa de pubertad retardada. radiográfica (figura 1). Se encuentra una masa quística de Para un buen observador y cónocedor de la ginecología 1O centímetros de largo por 6 de ancho. La uro grafía pediátrica, la falta de secreción mucosa vaginal en la vulva excretora es normal. La ecografía muestra un hidrocolpos. Con la ayuda del vaginoscopio, bajo anestesia general, se practica resección circular del tabique y se toman cuatro puntos hemostáticos. Espontáneamente salen 160 centí- * Del Servicio de Ginecología Pediátrica del Hospital Erasmo Meoz. Cúcuta metros de material mucoso lechoso aséptico. No se deja 237 VoL 44 No. 3- 1993 REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE OBSTETRICIA Y GINECOLOGIA medicación alguna posterior al procedimiento, ni drenes das por pequeños vasos (12). Desde el trabajo de vaginales, ni se hace limpieza vaginal postoperatoria inme- Kanagasutheran y Dessnayake en 1958 se acepta que estos diata. Se informa a la familia la necesidad de practicar un tabiques se deben a una proliferación anormal, durante la examen ginecológicó en la adolescencia para decidir una vida embrionaria, del mesodermo que rodea la vagina (9); conducta definitiva en relación con la base circular del por un defecto de canalización de la placa vaginal o del tabique que posiblemente va a producir alguna estrechez en tejido que se constituye entre la placa y los duetos el calibre del canal motivo de dispareunia o de distocia mullerianos, el mesodermo circular invade la placa vaginal obstétrica. e impide la perfecta canalización. El 50% de los septos transversos localizan en el tercio medio de la vagina, el 20% en el tercio superior o distal y el30% en el tercio proximal o inferior (1, 8). Los tabiques del tercio superior casi siempre son incompletos, perfora- dos. La única manifestación que presenta la recién nacida a término con tabique transverso es la ausencia total de secreción mucosa vaginal al nacer y en período postnatal inmediato y únicamente a éstas es a quienes se les debe investigar la permeabilidad del canal genital. En cambio las recién nacidas prematuras nunca presentan la secreción mucosa vaginal (2) y de ahí la necesidad de investigar a todas ellas la permeabilidad del conducto vaginal. La falta de secreción vaginal en recién nacidas a térmi- no se observa cuando hay cualquier obstrucción del canal vaginal: himen imperforado, septo transverso completo, atresia o agenesia vaginal o cervical y por ello se debe investigar por la clínica y por la ecografía la causa de la obstrucción con miras de poder adelantar el tratamiento adecuado. Figura 1 En algunas recién nacidas con tabique vaginal transverso Al estudio radiológico se encuentra una masa quística, retropúbica de 1O cm. de largo por 6 de ancho. Se le ha inyectado medio centímetro de se produce abundante secreción, la que no sale a la vulva medio de contraste. Corresponde a la parte superior de la vagina. sino que se acumula dentro de la cavidad vaginal; la vagina Hidrocolpos en una niña de cuatro meses de edad. se dilata entonces y da como resultado la formación de una masa quística retropúbica, a presión, sobre la línea media, que crece con cierta rapidez y puede producir, según el tamaño, obstrucción del aparato urinario, y aún edema de Comentarios miembros inferiores por compresión vascular completa: es el hidrocolpos. En este caso, a medida que crece el El tabique vaginal transverso se presenta entre uno por hidrocolpos, la cúpula vaginal va rechazando hacia la 6.000 y uno por 80.000 recién nacidas, según diferentes cavidad abdominal tanto al útero como a las trompas. En autores (5, 13). Algunos investigadores creen que es una algunas oportunidades la secreción que llena la vagina pasa anomalía hereditaria recesiva autosómica (4, 11). Su pre- al útero formando el hematometra; sigue luego hacia las sencia puede ser causa de hidrocolpos también llamado trompas ocasionando el hematosálpinx y se vacía por mucocolpos. Su hallazgo es más frecuente que el del himen último a la cavidad pélvica produciendo entonces peritonitis imperforado. fibrosa, calcificaciones peritoneales y obstrucción intesti- Godefroy en 1856 publicó la primera descripción que se nal (5, 14). conoce sobre un caso de hidrocolpos (7). En 1872 Bonnegaze El diagnóstico diferencial del hidrocolpos se debe hacer describió su tratamiento (10). Delaunay presentó en 1877 con retención urinaria, quistes del uraco, teratoma presacro, el primer trabajo completo sobre tabique vaginal transverso meningocele presacro, duplicación del rectosigmoide, (6). neoplasias ováricas y dilatación superior de los ureteres, a El tabique vaginal transverso es una membrana más de ciertas alteraciones del colon como enfermedad de fibromuscular que obstruye total o parcialmente la luz del Hirschsprung. canal genital. Puede ser total o imperforado y parcial o El diagnóstico del septo transverso se confirma con la perforado, en este caso con una ranura central o lateral. vaginoscopia y el del hidrocolpos con la ecografía y con la Su espesor es variable y su calibre por lo general es radiografía abdominal. lenticular. Algunos han encontrado varios tabiques El tabique vaginal transverso va acompañado con fre- dentro de una misma vagina (8); personalmente sólo hemos cuencia por otras malformaciones como anomalías del visto un tabique único. aparato urinario en el 20% de los casos: hipoplasia renal, Puede estar constituido por una lámina celular con ptosis renal, duplicación ureteral, fístula vesicovaginal, fibras musculares y elásticas o por superposición de dos agenesia renal unilateral. Se puede encontrar también mucosas (8). En la mayoría de los casos se encuentra una alteraciones anorrectales como imperforación anal, persis- superficie interna cubierta por epitelio cilíndrico glandular tencia de la clqaca y fístula rectovaginal
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