Gas Exchange in Animals WHY RESPIRE?
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESPIRATION RATE and BODY SIZE in MARINE PLANKTON ANIMALS AS a Title FUNCTION of the TEMPERATURE of HABITAT
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESPIRATION RATE AND BODY SIZE IN MARINE PLANKTON ANIMALS AS A Title FUNCTION OF THE TEMPERATURE OF HABITAT Author(s) IKEDA, Tsutomu Citation 北海道大學水産學部研究彙報, 21(2), 91-112 Issue Date 1970-08 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/23417 Type bulletin (article) File Information 21(2)_P91-112.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP RELATIONSIDP BETWEEN RESPIRATION RATE AND BODY SIZE IN MARINE PLANKTON ANIMALS AS A FUNCTION OF THE TEMPERATURE OF HABITAT Tsutomu IKEDA * It is generally known that the rate of oxygen consumption (metabolic rate) per unit body weight of animals increases with the decrease in body size of the animals. This concept was initiated from the finding of the "surface law" by Sarrus & Rameaux (1839), and many studies on this problem have been done on mammals and birds ever since (refer to the reviews of Krogh, 1916; Benedict, 1938; Kleiber, 1947; Prosser, 1961a). A detailed study on this subject (Kleiber, 1947) has shown that the metabolic rate is proportional to a given power function of body weight rather than to body surface. Weymouth et al. (1944) showed that this relation-, ship is also applicable to poikilothermal animals according to experiments on a kelp crab, Pugettia producta. Zeuthen (1947), working on the marine micro-fauna, found a similar relationship. The review of Zeuthen (1953) extended this concept to organisms from bacteria to large mammals. In regard to plankton animals, Raymont & Gauld (1951) first suggested that the rate of oxygen consumption in copepods is proportional to their body surface. -
Gas Exchange
Gas exchange Gas exchange occurs as a result of respiration, when carbon dioxide is excreted and oxygen taken up, and photosynthesis, when oxygen is excreted and carbon dioxide is taken up. The rate of gas exchange is affected by: • the area available for diffusion • the distance over which diffusion occurs • the concentration gradient across the gas exchange surface • the speed with which molecules diffuse through membranes. Efficient gas exchange systems must: • have a large surface area to volume ratio • be thin • have mechanisms for maintaining steep concentration gradients across themselves • be permeable to gases. Single-celled organisms are aquatic and their cell surface membrane has a sufficiently large surface area to volume ratio to act as an efficient gas exchange surface. In larger organisms, permeable, thin, flat structures have all the properties of efficient gas exchange surfaces but need water to prevent their dehydration and give them mechanical support. Since the solubility of oxygen in water is low, organisms that obtain their oxygen from water can maintain only a low metabolic rate. In small and thin organisms, the distance from gas exchange surface to the inside of the organism is short enough for diffusion of gases to be efficient. Diffusion gradients are maintained because gases are continually used up or produced. In larger organisms, simple diffusion is not an efficient way of transporting gases between cells in the body and the gas exchange surface. In many animals a blood circulatory system carries gases to and from the gas exchange surface. The gas-carrying capacity of the blood is increased by respiratory pigments, such as haemoglobin. -
Mechanisms of Pulmonary Gas Exchange Abnormalities During Experimental Group B Streptococcal Infusion
003 I -3998/85/1909-0922$02.00/0 PEDIATRIC RESEARCH Vol. 19, No. 9, I985 Copyright 0 1985 International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc. Printed in (I.S. A. Mechanisms of Pulmonary Gas Exchange Abnormalities during Experimental Group B Streptococcal Infusion GREGORY K. SORENSEN, GREGORY J. REDDING, AND WILLIAM E. TRUOG ABSTRACT. Group B streptococcal sepsis in newborns obtained from GBS (5, 6). Arterial Poz fell by 9 torr in association produces pulmonary arterial hypertension and hypoxemia. with the increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (4). In contrast, The purpose of this study was to investigate the mecha- the neonatal piglet infused with GBS demonstrated both pul- nisms by which hypoxemia occurs. Ten anesthetized, ven- monary arterial hypertension and profound arterial hypoxemia tilated piglets were infused with 2 x lo9 colony forming (7). These results suggest that the neonatal pulmonary vascula- unitstkg of Group B streptococci over a 30-min period. ture may respond to bacteremia differently from that of adults. Pulmonary arterial pressure rose from 14 ? 2.8 to 38 ? The relationship between Ppa and the matching of alveolar 6.7 torr after 20 min of the bacterial infusion (p< 0.01). ventilation and pulmonary perfusion, a major determinant of During the same period, cardiac output fell from 295 to arterial oxygenation during room air breathing (8), has not been 184 ml/kg/min (p< 0.02). Arterial Po2 declined from 97 studied in newborns. The predictable rise in Ppa with an infusion 2 7 to 56 2 11 torr (p< 0.02) and mixed venous Po2 fell of group B streptococcus offers an opportunity to delineate the from 39.6 2 5 to 28 2 8 torr (p< 0.05). -
Development and Structure of the Excretory System the Nephron
Biology 224 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Week 7; Lecture 1; Monday Dr. Stuart S. Sumida Development and Structure of the Excretory System The Nephron DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF EXCRETORY SYSTEM EXCRETORY SYSTEM REVIEW • Kidneys derived from INTERMEDIATE MESODERM. • Kidney starts out as a SEGMENTAL STRUCTURE. • Bladder, as part of embryonic gut tube: lining derived from endoderm. • Note, this is EXCRETION, NOT “ELIMINATION.” EARLY KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT • There is a segment of intermediate mesoderm for every body segment. • Earliest kidney appears in the cervical region of the body! (About week 3.) Called the PRONEPHROS. • Develop very close to the gonads. (They battle it out for the nearby ducts.) THE PRONEPHROS • The early anteriorly developed kidney parts. • Has NO EXCRETORY FUNCTION. • Functions to INDUCE DEVELOPMENT of middle segments of intermediate meosderm into the MESONEPHROS. THE MESONEPHROS • Some think it is the functioning embryonic kidney. Some think is has no excretory function. • WE DO KNOW that the duct that attaches to it (THE MESONEPHRIC DUCT) is very important in INDUCING DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAUDAL KIDNEY SEGMENTS (the METANEPHROS). Mesonephric Duct reaches all the way to end of gut tube (cloaca). We need to... • Attach the ducts to the hindend kidney (the metanephros). • Split the bladder away from the gut tube. After the mesonephric duct attaches to cloaca, the embryonic URETER grows from caudal to cranial to attach to mass of metanephric kidney. A septum, the URORECTAL SEPTUM, grows between the more dorsal part of the gut tube and the more ventral part that will become the bladder. Note that attached to the bladder are right and left ueters, the allantois (an extraembryonic membrane). -
The Contribution of Nasal Countercurrent Heat Exchange to Water Balance in the Northern Elephant Seal, Mirounga Angustirostris
J. exp. Biol. 113, 447-454 (1984) 447 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1984 THE CONTRIBUTION OF NASAL COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGE TO WATER BALANCE IN THE NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL, MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS BY ANTHONY C. HUNTLEY, DANIEL P. COSTA Long Marine Laboratory, Center for Marine Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, U.SA. AND ROBERT D. RUBIN Department of Life Sciences, Santa Rosa Junior College, Santa Rosa, California, U.SA Accepted 29 May 1984 SUMMARY 1. Elephant seals fast completely from food and water for 1-3 months during terrestrial breeding. Temporal countercurrent heat exchange in the nasal passage reduces expired air temperature (Te) below body temperature (Tb)- 2. At a mean ambient temperature of 13'7°C, Te is 20*9 °C. This results in the recovery of 71-5 % of the water added to inspired air. 3. The amount of cooling of the expired air (Tb~Te) and the percentage of water recovery varies inversely with ambient temperature. 4. Total nasal surface area available for heat and water exchange, located in the highly convoluted nasal turbinates, is estimated to be 720 cm2 in weaned pups and 3140 cm2 in an adult male. 5. Nasal temporal countercurrent heat exchange reduces total water loss sufficiently to allow maintenance of water balance using metabolic water production alone. INTRODUCTION Northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostis (Gill), are exceptional among pin- nipeds in the duration of their terrestrial breeding fast. During this time, they volun- tarily forgo both food and water while remaining active on the rookery. The length of these fasts varies with age, sex and social status. -
Part Two Physical Processes in Oceanography
Part Two Physical Processes in Oceanography 8 8.1 Introduction Small-Scale Forty years ago, the detailed physical mechanisms re- Mixing Processes sponsible for the mixing of heat, salt, and other prop- erties in the ocean had hardly been considered. Using profiles obtained from water-bottle measurements, and J. S. Turner their variations in time and space, it was deduced that mixing must be taking place at rates much greater than could be accounted for by molecular diffusion. It was taken for granted that the ocean (because of its large scale) must be everywhere turbulent, and this was sup- ported by the observation that the major constituents are reasonably well mixed. It seemed a natural step to define eddy viscosities and eddy conductivities, or mix- ing coefficients, to relate the deduced fluxes of mo- mentum or heat (or salt) to the mean smoothed gra- dients of corresponding properties. Extensive tables of these mixing coefficients, KM for momentum, KH for heat, and Ks for salinity, and their variation with po- sition and other parameters, were published about that time [see, e.g., Sverdrup, Johnson, and Fleming (1942, p. 482)]. Much mathematical modeling of oceanic flows on various scales was (and still is) based on simple assumptions about the eddy viscosity, which is often taken to have a constant value, chosen to give the best agreement with the observations. This approach to the theory is well summarized in Proudman (1953), and more recent extensions of the method are described in the conference proceedings edited by Nihoul 1975). Though the preoccupation with finding numerical values of these parameters was not in retrospect always helpful, certain features of those results contained the seeds of many later developments in this subject. -
Aquatic Primary Productivity Field Protocols for Satellite Validation and Model Synthesis (DRAFT)
Ocean Optics & Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation IOCCG Protocol Series Volume 7.0, 2021 Aquatic Primary Productivity Field Protocols for Satellite Validation and Model Synthesis (DRAFT) Report of a NASA-sponsored workshop with contributions (alphabetical) from: William M. Balch Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Maine, USA Magdalena M. Carranza Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, California, USA Ivona Cetinic University Space Research Association, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, USA Joaquín E. Chaves Science Systems and Applications, Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, USA Solange Duhamel University of Arizona, Arizona, USA Zachary K. Erickson University Space Research Association, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, USA Andrea J. Fassbender NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Washington, USA Ana Fernández-Carrera Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany Sara Ferrón University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii, USA E. Elena García-Martín National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK Joaquim Goes Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, New York, USA Helga do Rosario Gomes Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, New York, USA Maxim Y. Gorbunov Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA Kjell Gundersen Plankton Research Group, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway Kimberly Halsey Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Oregon, USA Toru Hirawake -
Gas-Liquid Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors for Different Applications
Review Gas-Liquid Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors for Different Applications Stepan D. Bazhenov 1,*, Alexandr V. Bildyukevich 2 and Alexey V. Volkov 1 1 A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; [email protected] 2 Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk 220072, Belarus; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-495-647-5927 (ext. 202) Received: 14 September 2018; Accepted: 2 October 2018; Published: 10 October 2018 Abstract: Gas-liquid membrane contactors that were based on hollow fiber membranes are the example of highly effective hybrid separation processes in the field of membrane technology. Membranes provide a fixed and well-determined interface for gas/liquid mass transfer without dispensing one phase into another while their structure (hollow fiber) offers very large surface area per apparatus volume resulted in the compactness and modularity of separation equipment. In many cases, stated benefits are complemented with high separation selectivity typical for absorption technology. Since hollow fiber membrane contactors are agreed to be one of the most perspective methods for CO2 capture technologies, the major reviews are devoted to research activities within this field. This review is focused on the research works carried out so far on the applications of membrane contactors for other gas-liquid separation tasks, such as water deoxygenation/ozonation, air humidity control, ethylene/ethane separation, etc. A wide range of materials, membranes, and liquid solvents for membrane contactor processes are considered. Special attention is given to current studies on the capture of acid gases (H2S, SO2) from different mixtures. -
Gas Exchange in the Prone Posture
RESPIRATORY CARE Paper in Press. Published on May 30, 2017 as DOI: 10.4187/respcare.05512 Gas Exchange in the Prone Posture Nicholas J Johnson MD, Andrew M Luks MD, and Robb W Glenny MD Introduction Overview of Gas Exchange Lung Structure Normal Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Abnormal Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Gas Exchange in the Prone Posture Under Normal Conditions Spatial Distribution of Ventilation Spatial Distribution of Perfusion Ventilation and Perfusion Matching Mechanisms by Which the Prone Posture Improves Gas Exchange in Animal Models of ARDS Additional Physiologic Effects of the Prone Posture Clinical Trials Summary The prone posture is known to have numerous effects on gas exchange, both under normal condi- tions and in patients with ARDS. Clinical studies have consistently demonstrated improvements in oxygenation, and a multi-center randomized trial found that, when implemented within 48 h of moderate-to-severe ARDS, placing subjects in the prone posture decreased mortality. Improve- ments in gas exchange occur via several mechanisms: alterations in the distribution of alveolar ventilation, redistribution of blood flow, improved matching of local ventilation and perfusion, and reduction in regions of low ventilation/perfusion ratios. Ventilation heterogeneity is reduced in the prone posture due to more uniform alveolar size secondary to a more uniform vertical pleural pressure gradient. The prone posture results in more uniform pulmonary blood flow when com- pared with the supine posture, due to an anatomical bias for greater blood flow to dorsal lung regions. Because both ventilation and perfusion heterogeneity decrease in the prone posture, gas exchange improves. -
Gas Exchange and Gas Transfer
Gas exchange and gas transfer •Red: important •Black: in male / female slides •Pink: in female slides only Editing file •Blue: in male slides only •Yellow: notes •Gray: extra information Twitter account •Textbook: Guyton + Linda Objectives 1. Define partial pressure of a gas 2. Understand that the pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases is independent of the pressure exerted by the other gases (Dalton's Law) 3. Understand that gases in a liquid diffuse from higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure (Henry’s Law) 4. Describe the factors that determine the concentration of a gas in a liquid. 5. Describe the components of the alveolar-capillary membrane (i.e., what does a molecule of gas pass through). 6. Knew the various factors determining gas transfer: - Surface area, thickness, partial pressure difference, and diffusion coefficient of gas 7. State the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, alveolar gas, at the end of the pulmonary capillary, in systemic capillaries, and at the beginning of a pulmonary capillary. Gas exchange through the respiratory membrane After the alveoli are ventilated with fresh air, the next step in the respiratory process is diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the pulmonary blood and diffusion of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction, out of the blood. Female’s slides only Composition of alveolar air and its relation to atmospheric air: The dry atmospheric air Alveolar air is partially O2 is constantly CO2 constantly diffuses enters the respiratory replaced by atmospheric absorbed from the from the pulmonary passage is humidified air with each breath. -
Diffusion at Work
or collective redistirbution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] ofor Th e The to: [email protected] Oceanography approval Oceanography correspondence POall Box 1931, portionthe Send Society. Rockville, ofwith any permittedUSA. articleonly photocopy by Society, is MD 20849-1931, of machine, this reposting, means or collective or other redistirbution article has This been published in hands - on O ceanography Oceanography Diffusion at Work , Volume 20, Number 3, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2007 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systemmatic reproduction, reproduction, Republication, systemmatic research. for this and teaching article copy to use in reserved.by The 2007 is rights ofAll granted journal Copyright Oceanography The Permission 20, NumberOceanography 3, a quarterly Society. Society. , Volume An Interactive Simulation B Y L ee K arp-B oss , E mmanuel B oss , and J ames L oftin PURPOSE OF ACTIVITY or small particles due to their random (Brownian) motion and The goal of this activity is to help students better understand the resultant net migration of material from regions of high the nonintuitive concept of diffusion and introduce them to a concentration to regions of low concentration. Stirring (where variety of diffusion-related processes in the ocean. As part of material gets stretched and folded) expands the area available this activity, students also practice data collection and statisti- for diffusion to occur, resulting in enhanced mixing compared cal analysis (e.g., average, variance, and probability distribution to that due to molecular diffusion alone. -
What Is the Difference Between Osmosis and Diffusion?
What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion? Students are often asked to explain the similarities and differences between osmosis and diffusion or to compare and contrast the two forms of transport. To answer the question, you need to know the definitions of osmosis and diffusion and really understand what they mean. Osmosis And Diffusion Definitions Osmosis: Osmosis is the movement of solvent particles across a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution into a concentrated solution. The solvent moves to dilute the concentrated solution and equalize the concentration on both sides of the membrane. Diffusion: Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. The overall effect is to equalize concentration throughout the medium. Osmosis And Diffusion Examples Examples of Osmosis: Examples of osmosis include red blood cells swelling up when exposed to fresh water and plant root hairs taking up water. To see an easy demonstration of osmosis, soak gummy candies in water. The gel of the candies acts as a semipermeable membrane. Examples of Diffusion: Examples of diffusion include perfume filling a whole room and the movement of small molecules across a cell membrane. One of the simplest demonstrations of diffusion is adding a drop of food coloring to water. Although other transport processes do occur, diffusion is the key player. Osmosis And Diffusion Similarities Osmosis and diffusion are related processes that display similarities. Both osmosis and diffusion equalize the concentration of two solutions. Both diffusion and osmosis are passive transport processes, which means they do not require any input of extra energy to occur.