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Aquatic Primary Productivity Field Protocols for Satellite Validation and Model Synthesis (DRAFT)

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Aquatic Primary Productivity Field Protocols for Satellite Validation and Model Synthesis (DRAFT) Ocean Optics & Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation IOCCG Protocol Series Volume 7.0, 2021 Aquatic Primary Productivity Field Protocols for Satellite Validation and Model Synthesis (DRAFT) Report of a NASA-sponsored workshop with contributions (alphabetical) from: William M. Balch Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Maine, USA Magdalena M. Carranza Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, California, USA Ivona Cetinic University Space Research Association, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, USA Joaquín E. Chaves Science Systems and Applications, Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, USA Solange Duhamel University of Arizona, Arizona, USA Zachary K. Erickson University Space Research Association, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, USA Andrea J. Fassbender NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Washington, USA Ana Fernández-Carrera Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany Sara Ferrón University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii, USA E. Elena García-Martín National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK Joaquim Goes Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, New York, USA Helga do Rosario Gomes Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, New York, USA Maxim Y. Gorbunov Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA Kjell Gundersen Plankton Research Group, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway Kimberly Halsey Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Oregon, USA Toru Hirawake Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan Tomonori Isada Akkeshi Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan Lauren W. Juranek College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Oregon USA Gemma Kulk Earth Observation Science and Applications, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth UK Chris Langdon Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Florida, USA Ricardo Letelier College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Oregon, USA Daffne C. López-Sandoval Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia Antonio Mannino National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, USA John F. Marra Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College, New York, USA Patrick Neale Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Maryland USA David. P. Nicolson Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts, USA Greg Silsbe University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Maryland, USA Rachel H. Stanley Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College, Massachusetts, USA Ryan A. Vandermeulen Science Systems and Applications, Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, USA Edited by: Ryan A. Vandermeulen and Joaquín E Chaves 2 Correct citation for this volume: IOCCG Protocol Series (2021). Aquatic Primary Productivity Field Protocols for Satellite Validation and Model Synthesis. Balch, W.M., Carranza, M., Cetinic, I., Chaves, J.E., Duhamel, S., Erickson, Z., Fassbender, A., Fernandez-Carrera, A., Ferrón, S., García-Martín, E., Goes, J., Gomes, H., Gorbunov, M., Gundersen, K., Halsey, K., Hirawake, T., Isada, T., Juranek, L., Kulk, G., Langdon, C., Letelier, R., López-Sandoval, D., Mannino, A., Marra, J., Neale, P., Nicholson, D., Silsbe, G., Stanley, R., Vandermeulen, R.A. IOCCG Ocean Optics and Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation, Volume 7.0, edited by R.A. Vandermeulen, J. E. Chaves, IOCCG, Dartmouth, NS, Canada. http://dx.doi.org/[DOI] Acknowledgements: We thank the Editorial Review Board Members for their constructive comments on this document: Member 1 Affiliation Member 2 Affiliation Member 3 Affiliation Member 4 Affiliation Member 5 Affiliation Member 6 Affiliation Member 7 Affiliation Member 8 Affiliation Member 9 Affiliation Member 10 Affiliation http://www.ioccg.org Published by the International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG), Dartmouth, NS, Canada, in conjunction with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Doi: http://dx.doi.org/[DOI] ©IOCCG 2021 3 4 PREFACE In 2018, a working group sponsored by the NASA Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, and ocean Ecosystem (PACE) project, in conjunction with the International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG), European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), was assembled with the aim to develop community consensus on multiple methods for measuring aquatic primary productivity used for satellite validation and model synthesis. A workshop to commence the working group efforts was held December 05-07, 2018 at the University Space Research Association headquarters in Columbia, MD U.S.A., bringing together 26 active researchers from 16 institutions. In this document, we discuss and develop the findings of the workshop as they pertain to measurements of primary productivity, including the essential issues, nuances, definitions, scales, uncertainties, and ultimately best practices for data collection across multiple methodologies. Top row, left to right: Solange Duhamel, Mary Jane Perry, Helga Gomes, Maxim Gorbunov, Gemma Kulk, Greg Silsbe, Roo Nicholson, Rachel Stanley, Patrick Neale, John Marra, Mark Brzezinski, Barney Balch, Tomonori Isada, Laurie Juranek, SeungHyun Son, Toru Hirawake; Bottom row, left to right: Joaquim Goes, Ana Fernandez Carrera, Antonio Mannino, Ryan Vandermeulen, Ricardo Letelier, Kimberly Halsey, Priscila Kienteca Lange, Joaquín Chaves. Other workshop participants (not pictured): Joe Salisbury, Susanne Craig, Jeremy Werdell, Paula Bontempi. 5 Contents 1. Reconciling Estimates of Oceanic Primary Productivity from Cells to Satellites ............ 11 1.1. Why are we doing this?............................................................................................. 11 1.2. One step beyond ........................................................................................................ 12 1.3. References ................................................................................................................. 14 2. The Metabolic Continuum of Primary Productivity ......................................................... 18 2.1. Overview of components of photosynthesis ............................................................. 18 2.2. Primary production: GPP to NCP ............................................................................. 19 2.3. Interconversions: O2 → C via PQ and RQ................................................................ 21 2.4. References ................................................................................................................. 24 3. Carbon-Based Incubations ................................................................................................ 26 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 26 3.1.1. History of 14C methods ..................................................................................... 27 3.1.2. History of 13C methods ..................................................................................... 28 3.2. Supplies and reagents ................................................................................................ 29 3.2.1. 14C measurements ............................................................................................. 29 3.2.2. 13C measurements ............................................................................................. 32 3.3. Incubation methods ................................................................................................... 33 3.3.1. Shipboard sampling procedure ......................................................................... 33 3.3.2. In situ incubations ............................................................................................. 34 3.3.3. On-deck, simulated in situ incubations ............................................................. 35 3.3.4. Photosynthesis-irradiance incubations .............................................................. 37 3.4. Sample processing and analysis ................................................................................ 39 3.4.1. 14C measurements ............................................................................................. 39 3.4.2. 13C measurements ............................................................................................. 42 3.5. Post processing.......................................................................................................... 45 3.5.1. Photosynthesis-irradiance models ..................................................................... 45 3.5.2. Calculation of daily depth integrated primary production. ............................... 46 3.6. Additional approaches .............................................................................................. 47 3.6.1. Dissolved Organic Carbon production.............................................................. 47 3.6.2. Cell-specific techniques .................................................................................... 48 6 3.6.3. Phytoplankton calcification rates ...................................................................... 54 3.7. Ancillary measurements...........................................................................................
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