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Electrospinning‐Based Strategies for Battery Materials

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Electrospinning‐Based Strategies for Battery Materials PROGRESS REPORT www.advenergymat.de Electrospinning-Based Strategies for Battery Materials Xiaoyan Li, Weichen Chen, Qingrong Qian, Haitao Huang, Yuming Chen,* Ziqiang Wang,* Qinghua Chen,* Jing Yang,* Ju Li,* and Yiu-Wing Mai* In honor of John B Goodenough 1. Introduction Electrospinning is a popular technique to prepare 1D tubular/fibrous nanomaterials that assemble into 2D/3D architectures. When combined Energy storage systems such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lithium–sulfur (Li–S) bat- with other material processing techniques such as chemical vapor teries, and solid-state alkali-metal batteries deposition and hydrothermal treatment, electrospinning enables powerful are considered as the most promising synthesis strategies that can tailor structural and compositional features power sources for portable devices and elec- of energy storage materials. Herein, a simple description is given of the tric vehicles (EVs) (Figure 1b).[1] With the basic electrospinning technique and its combination with other synthetic fast-growing demands in electronic devices and EVs, it is urgent to develop next-gener- approaches. Then its employment in the preparation of frameworks and ation batteries with long cycle life and high scaffolds with various functions is introduced, e.g., a graphitic tubular energy density.[2] The bottlenecks of energy network to enhance the electronic conductivity and structural integrity of the storage systems include structural insta- electrodes. Current developments in 3D scaffold structures as a host for Li bility, sluggish redox kinetics, and loss of metal anodes, sulfur cathodes, membrane separators, or as a 3D matrix for electronic conductivity and active materials, polymeric solid-state electrolytes for rechargeable batteries are presented. The leading to short cycling life and low energy density.[3] For example, high-capacity anode use of 1D electrospun nanomaterials as a nanoreactor for in situ transmission materials suffer from large volume change electron microscopy (TEM) observations of the mechanisms of materials up to 400% during cycling, resulting in synthesis and electrochemical reactions is summarized, which has gained structural instability and electronic and popularity due to easy mechanical manipulation, electron transparency, ionic transport degradation.[4] As another electronic conductivity, and the easy prepositioning of complex chemical example, the main problem in Li–S bat- teries is the sulfur cathode with the issues ingredients by liquid-solution processing. Finally, an outlook on industrial of nonconductivity and dissolved poly- production and future challenges for energy storage materials is given. sulfides upon cycling, causing low capacity Prof. X. Y. Li, Prof. Q. R. Qian, Dr. Y. M. Chen, Prof. Q. H. Chen Prof. Q. H. Chen College of Environmental Science and Engineering Fujian Polytechnic Normal University Fujian Normal University Fuqing, Fujian Province 350300, China Fuzhou 350007, China Dr. J. Yang E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; [email protected] Department of Chemical Engineering Prof. H. T. Huang Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Applied Physics Cambridge, MA 02139, USA The Hong Kong Polytechnic University E-mail: [email protected] Hong Kong, China Prof. Y.-W. Mai W. C. Chen Centre for Advanced Materials Technology (CAMT) School of Energy and Chemical Engineering School of Aerospace Xiamen University Malaysia Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering J07 Darul Ehsan, Sepang, Selangor 43900, Malaysia The University of Sydney Dr. Y. M. Chen, Dr. Z. Q. Wang, Prof. J. Li Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of E-mail: [email protected] Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000845. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202000845 Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 2000845 2000845 (1 of 24) © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim www.advancedsciencenews.com www.advenergymat.de and short cycle life.[5] 80% volume change of sulfur upon cycling exacerbates the problem.[6] For solid-state alkali-metal batteries, Xiaoyan Li received her Ph.D. although polymeric solid-state electrolytes (SEs) show good con- in 2015 from The Hong tact with alkali metal, their low ionic conductivity yields low rate Kong Polytechnic University capability of batteries.[7] under Prof. Haitao Huang, The performance of these energy storage systems depends Prof. Yiu-Wing Mai and Prof. significantly on the characteristics of the electrode.[8] Generally, Limin Zhou. During her the electrode, which is a composite material, should maintain PhD program, she worked structural stability of the components upon cycling to obtain with Prof. Xiaodong Chen long cycle life.[9] Also, the electrode should possess proper porous in Nanyang Technological architecture to promote dual transport of alkali-metal ions and University as a visiting stu- free electrons.[10] Hence, the development of synthetic tech- dent. She received the Award niques to enable the electrode materials with tailored structure, Program for Minjiang Scholar morphology and composition is critical for high-performance Professorship. Her research energy storage materials.[11] 1D nanostructured hybrid electrodes interests mainly focus on electrospinning, environment- have been developed to tackle these problems in various energy friendly materials, and energy storage. storage systems.[12] Electrospinning is a cheap and easily tunable synthetic technique to create 1D fibers (with multiple embedded Yuming Chen received his phases) that can assemble into 2D or 3D architectures.[13] Fur- Ph.D. in 2014 from The Hong ther, when combining with other means, such as CVD, carboth- Kong Polytechnic University ermal reduction of metal (Ni0) particles and their migration and under Prof. Yiu-Wing Mai etching, and hydrothermal method, electrospinning enables a and Prof. Limin Zhou. powerful strategy to tailor the structural and compositional fea- During his Ph.D. program, tures of energy storage materials.[14] 1D nanomaterials synthe- he worked with Prof. John sized via the combined approaches can also work as nanoreac- B Goodenough in The tors for in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observa- University of Texas at Austin tions to characterize the mechanisms of the materials synthesis in 2013 as a visiting student. process and electrochemical reaction behaviors.[15] His research interests include electrospinning, in situ TEM, and energy storage. 2. Electrospinning and Associated Synthetic Methods Yiu-Wing Mai is University Professor in Mechanical Electrospinning technology has received increasing attention, Engineering at the University especially from the nanomaterials community. It is one of the of Sydney. He obtained his simplest and most effective methods to synthesize 1D nanostruc- Ph.D. on fracture mechanics tured fibers with diameter ranging from few nanometers up to from the University of micrometers.[16] As shown in Figure 1a, an electrospinning setup Hong Kong and pursued is generally composed of a high voltage power supply (1–100 kV), postdoctoral research at the a spinneret with a hollow needle nozzle (inner diameter of University of Michigan and 0.1–1.0 mm) and a metallic collector (rotating drum, shifting Imperial College London. plate, etc.). The electrospinning process can be divided into three His current interest is on steps. First, the surface of an electrically conductive polymer solu- multifunctional polymer tion (or melt) is charged when a high electrical potential is applied nanocomposites. He is a between a collector and a spinneret separated by distance h (about fellow of the Royal Society and a foreign member of the of 20 cm). A liquid tip with a conical shape called the Taylor cone Chinese Academy of Engineering. will be formed due to the electrostatic forces that deviates from the spherical tip shape demanded by the surface tension alone. Second, a charged jet will be ejected from the spinneret tip when produce polymer nanofibers by dissolving the polymer precursors the electrostatic force overcomes the surface tension of the liquid. in solvent in 1934.[17] Besides the original polymeric materials, And then the charged jet in free flight experiences a complex electrospun materials now also include metals, ceramics, semi- bending, stretching and whipping motion due to the repulsive conductors and proteins, and combinations thereof.[13a] Due to the forces between the surface charges carried to form a long thread. large specific surface area, high porosity, and unique nanostruc- Third, the jet will further elongate and become thinner, accom- tural and composite characteristics,[18] electrospun nanofibers panied by the evaporation of the solvent therein; the solidified encompass great application potential in energy storage,[19] drug nanofibers will form and finally gather on the collector within a release,[20] biosensing,[21] and filtration.[22] Nowadays, the electro- collection diameter D (same order as h ≈ 20 cm since the flying spinning technology is not only limited to research in the labora- fibers are confined in a big-cone shaped 3D envelop shown in tory but has also been applied to realistic industrial productions, Figure 1a). The electrospinning technique was first exploited to demonstrating its general scalability.[23] Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 2000845
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