DOCSLIB.ORG

Harnessing Nanotechnology to Expand the Toolbox of Chemical Biology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Harnessing Nanotechnology to Expand the Toolbox of Chemical Biology PERSPECTIVE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-020-00690-6 Harnessing nanotechnology to expand the toolbox of chemical biology Ryan M. Williams 1,2,7, Shi Chen3,4,7, Rachel E. Langenbacher2,5, Thomas V. Galassi2,5, Jackson D. Harvey2,5, Prakrit V. Jena2, Januka Budhathoki-Uprety 6 ✉ , Minkui Luo 3,5 ✉ and Daniel A. Heller 2,5 ✉ Although nanotechnology often addresses biomedical needs, nanoscale tools can also facilitate broad biological discovery. Nanoscale delivery, imaging, biosensing, and bioreactor technologies may address unmet questions at the interface between chemistry and biology. Currently, many chemical biologists do not include nanomaterials in their toolbox, and few investigators develop nanomaterials in the context of chemical tools to answer biological questions. We reason that the two fields are ripe with opportunity for greater synergy. Nanotechnologies can expand the utility of chemical tools in the hands of chemical biolo- gists, for example, through controlled delivery of reactive and/or toxic compounds or signal-binding events of small molecules in living systems. Conversely, chemical biologists can work with nanotechnologists to address challenging biological questions that are inaccessible to both communities. This Perspective aims to introduce the chemical biology community to nanotechnolo- gies that may expand their methodologies while inspiring nanotechnologists to address questions relevant to chemical biology. hemical biologists leverage chemical tools to interrogate, many of these may not exhibit ideal functionality in vivo due to lim- manipulate, and perturb systems for biological discovery. ited solubility, stability, biocompatibility, poor pharmacokinetics, CWhereas chemical biology primarily relies on chemical prin- and/or off-target activity3. Nanotechnologists have developed tools ciples to address biological questions, nanotechnology focuses on to deal with the delivery and pharmacokinetic issues of otherwise the manipulation of nanoscale synthetic materials, often in biologi- poorly behaved molecules via encapsulating active cargos and tar- cal systems1. Nanomaterials are unique due to their tunable and geting specific types of tissues, cells, or organelles. Specifically, nano- distinct physical, chemical, and biological properties compared to materials are developed to deliver these chemicals via encapsulation bulk materials (Fig. 1). Because of their complementary goals and and subsequent controlled release within subcellular organelles or toolkits, chemical biology and nanotechnology can potentially be specific organs and tissues in live animals (Fig. 1, red quadrant). explored in a collaborative, synergistic manner. Synthetic nanoma- Although these benefits of nanomaterials have typically been terials can interact with biological processes on cell surfaces, inside applied for medical needs, the principles are expected to be read- living cells, and even within specific intracellular compartments. ily transferred to the delivery of bioactive chemicals to interro- The size, physicochemical control, and resulting biological interac- gate biological systems. In addition, pharmacokinetic properties tions of nanomaterials have facilitated abundant investigative direc- of delivered molecules, such as their half-life, can be enhanced by tions, including chemical-, cell-, and mechanobiology, for studying nanocarrier loading. This strategy allows substantial accumula- a wide range of biomolecules and cellular processes. Multiple broad tion and functional modifications of encapsulated molecules at classes of nanomaterials, from inorganic to biodegradable polymers, nanoparticle-targeted sites compared to free diffusion4. For general have been developed for molecular delivery, enzymatic catalysis, consideration of chemical biologists, three important aspects of molecular imaging, and molecular sensing. In addition, a number formulating nanocarriers are to encapsulate bioactive molecules, to of nanomaterial applications have reached the clinic2. The unique target them to desired intra/extracellular loci, and to control their features of nanomaterials can be of great interest to chemical biolo- temporal and spatial release. gists, although most of these technologies have yet to be extensively A wide range of materials have been explored as nanocarriers of implemented for biological discovery. We envision the expansion of bioactive cargos (Table 1), including lipids, polymers, metals, and nanomaterial utility as, or together with, chemical tools for broad other inorganic materials. Liposomes, highly organized hollow lipid biological applications (i.e., nanochemical biology). There are also bilayer nanoparticles, were first described in 1965 and are currently existing challenges in chemical biology that nanotechnologists can used in the clinic to encapsulate doxorubicin (Doxil), daunoru- collaboratively address, as described herein. bicin (DaunoXome)2,5, and other drugs. Their amphiphilic struc- ture makes liposomes suitable for delivery of various compounds. Nanocarriers of bioactive chemicals Less-ordered lipoplexes such as Lipofectamine may form a com- While chemical biologists have developed highly potent plex with nucleic acids to result in nanoparticles for transfecting modulators (agonists, antagonists, degraders, etc.) of biomolecules, cells in culture. Other materials include biodegradable polymers 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA. 2Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 3Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 4Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 5Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA. 6Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. 7These authors contributed equally: Ryan M. Williams, Shi Chen. ✉e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Nature CHEMIcal BIOLOGY | www.nature.com/naturechemicalbiology PERSPECTIVE NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY Controlled or burst Fluorescence; hydrophobic small molecules loaded into the aqueous core or release via particle radioactive decay; MRI; or bond degradation CT; PET; Raman Nanoparticles loaded the lipid bilayer, respectively. Crystalline formulations represent Detection with imaging agent; 5,9 Release intrinsically fluorescent another strategy . Hydrophobic drugs are often encapsulated modalities quantum dots, single- 10 Intracellular/organ Intrinsic vs. walled carbon nanotubes within a hydrophobic polymeric matrix via co-precipitation , localization via incorporated physiochemical allowing controlled release. Alternatively, chemical conjugation Mo modulation; surface Targeting le im c y u functionalization r ag methods often involve a labile linker, such as a pH-responsive e Nanoparticle i la Live-cell v n r 11 li examples g In vitro fluorescence; in vivo e hydrazine–carbonyl condensation bond . Solid or hydrogel matrix D vs. radioactive decay or Carbon 100 nm infrared fluorescence nanotubes Metallic in vivo nanoparticle systems may also be conjugated with drugs via dithiol Ecapsulation Liposomes nanoparticles linkages to facilitate release12. Layer-by-layer assembly13 is another Polymeric or liposomal Radioactive nanoparticles Live cell via particles; crystalline; Protein In vitro strategy for loading cargoes into a polymeric nanoparticle. Porous fluorescence or layer-by-layer; direct nanoparticles Polymer vs. g n E nanoparticles electrochemical; metal–organic frameworks are also loaded via adsorption and trap- conjugation; protein a n in in vivo n z s in vivo by fluorescence 14 association o ym n r e Se or self-assembly ping of drug molecules . Regulation ea ct Compartmentalization; ors Analyte Nanoparticles often enter cells via endocytosis, sequestering pH sensitivity; direct diversity functionalization Enhancement Metabolites; lipids; particles in late endosomes and lysosomes. The physicochemical Reaction Detection nucleic acids; proteins; Stability; stress pH; redox properties of nanocarriers can be modified to control their local- resistance; direct cascade modalities interface Use of multiple Fluorescense; ization within specific subcellular compartments, allowing deliv- enzymes; multiplexed electrochemical; reactions self-assembly ery of active cargoes to specific organelles, which can be useful with non-specific inhibitors. For example, to facilitate the escape Fig. 1 | Major classes of potential contributions of nanotechnology to of nanoparticles from late endosomes and lysosomes into the cyto- chemical biology. Potential contributions of nanotechnology to chemical sol, particles may be engineered to swell, fuse with the endosome biology are classified into four modules: nanocarriers of bioactive membrane, destabilize the membrane, or cause an increase in 15 chemicals or delivery (upper-left red quadrant), enzymatic nanoreactors osmotic pressure . Targeting of nanomaterials to the nucleus has (bottom-left blue quadrant), nanoparticle-based molecular imaging been achieved via the attachment of natural or synthetic nuclear 16 (upper-right yellow quadrant), and nanoscale sensors (bottom-right localization signals . Localization to the endoplasmic reticu- green quadrant). lum and Golgi apparatus can occur by receptor-mediated retro- grade trafficking, whereas mitochondrial localization has been
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sub-10 Nm Fabrication: Methods and Applications Yiqin Chen, Zhiwen Shu, Shi Zhang, Pei Zeng, Huikang Liang, Mengjie Zheng and Huigao Duan
    https://iopscience.org/ijem ESCI,EI, SCOPUS, INSPEC, CAS, DOAJ, etc. International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing Sub-10 nm fabrication: methods and applications Yiqin Chen, Zhiwen Shu, Shi Zhang, Pei Zeng, Huikang Liang, Mengjie Zheng and Huigao Duan oscopy ectr N sp an ed og Highlights: c ap an s h Smart pattern e n transfer BCP-based le e c s DSA t p ro a d g Tip-based e o s n nanofabrication ● The role and significance of sub-10 nm fabrication in basic a n c ods Templated i eth n m self-assembly y o h research and device applications are introduced. p m a s r M N a g a l High-energy beam e o c n P h h o direct writing t i Sub-10-nm a t Mechanical i L n ● The sub-10 nm fabrication methods are summarized. p i cracking s Fabrications c a f o l e r Q and n f i Photolithography a u e b a l d ● Several types of typical application examples of sub-10 nm applications l n i Post- n e t g assembling u m m i s fabrication are given out. d s e P i v o o s n Subtractive t t g ic rimmin Additive s e strategy o s strategy u r c ● The challenges and opportunities associated with sub-10 nm e G e ne fabrication topic are discussed. ti c s eq uen ips cing IC ch View online:https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2631-7990/ac087c Article Download: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2631-7990/ac087c/pdf Citation: Chen Y Q, Shu Z W, Zhang S, Zeng P, Liang H K et al.
    [Show full text]
  • A Modular DNA Origami-Based Enzyme Cascade Nanoreactor† Cite This: Chem
    ChemComm View Article Online COMMUNICATION View Journal | View Issue A modular DNA origami-based enzyme cascade nanoreactor† Cite this: Chem. Commun., 2015, 51,5351 ab ab a Veikko Linko,‡ Marika Eerika¨inen‡ and Mauri A. Kostiainen* Received 27th October 2014, Accepted 11th January 2015 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08472a www.rsc.org/chemcomm In this communication, we present a nanoscale reactor assembled used method to fabricate arbitrary spatially well-controlled from tuneable and spatially addressable tubular DNA origami units. two- (2D)16 and three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures.17 The We can controllably combine separate origami units equipped with customized shapes and the nanoscale addressability of materials on glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and demon- DNA structures through rational design have yielded various inter- Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. strate efficient GOx/HRP enzyme cascade reaction inside the tube. The esting bionanotechnological applications including sophisticated reactor could be utilized as a nanoscale diagnostic tool, and modularity drug delivery vehicles,18 artificial ion channels,19 gatekeepers of the proposed system would further enable more complex reactions. for solid-state nanopores20–22 molecular scale electronic circuit boards,23–25 and plasmonic devices.26,27 Nanoscale engineering has shown substantial potential to A DNA origami technique could be equally utilized in assembling revolutionize a wide range of scientific fields making e.g. novel enzyme systems
    [Show full text]
  • Polymer Capsules for Enzymatic Catalysis in Confined Environments
    catalysts Review Polymer Capsules for Enzymatic Catalysis in Confined Environments Francesca Cuomo *, Andrea Ceglie, Antonella De Leonardis and Francesco Lopez Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) and Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy; [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (A.D.L.); [email protected] (F.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0874-404-635 Received: 12 November 2018; Accepted: 13 December 2018; Published: 20 December 2018 Abstract: Catalysis is at the base of a series of biological and technological application processes. In recent years, the tendency has developed to carry out catalyzed reactions within confined structures, thus forming systems called micro or nanoreactors. Compartmentalized structures are cavities delimited by a wall where specific functions are introduced with a defined concentration and in the desired sites. These containers are generally referred to as nano or microcapsules, assuming the function of reactors in the presence of chemical reactions. Among the various types of existing structures, one of the most interesting is represented by systems made with polymers. This review aims to highlight some of the current advances in the use of functionalized structures that are useful for catalysis reactions, paying particular attention to polymer capsules and enzymes. The built-up methods used for the production of polymer capsules, as well as the aspects that influence membrane permeability and reactivity to environmental conditions, are discussed. Recent advances on biocatalysis confined in polymeric capsules are illustrated, and the strengths and weaknesses of the principal nanoreactors are considered.
    [Show full text]
  • RSC Advances
    RSC Advances PAPER View Article Online View Journal | View Issue Dissipative particle dynamics simulation of multicompartment micelle nanoreactor with Cite this: RSC Adv.,2018,8, 37866 channel for reactants Seung Min Lee,a Nicholas Bond,a Connor Callaway,a Benjamin Clark,a Emily Farmer,a MacKensie Mallarda and Seung Soon Jang *abcd The structural variation of multicompartment micelles is investigated using a dissipative particle dynamics simulation method for nano-reactor application. It turns out that well-defined multicompartment micelles with channel structures can be generated through the self-assembly of triblock copolymers consisting of a hydrophilic (A), a lipophilic (B), and a fluorophobic (C) block arranged in a B–A–C sequence: The corona and core are formed by the hydrophilic A block and the fluorophilic C block, respectively while the channel between the aqueous phase and core is formed by the lipophilic B block and the core. By performing a set of simulations, it is confirmed that channel size can be controlled as Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. a function of the block length ratios between blocks A and B. Furthermore, it is also confirmed that the reactants pass through such channels to reach the micelle core by analyzing the pair correlation Received 22nd August 2018 functions. By monitoring the change of the number of reactants in the multicompartment micelle, it is Accepted 6th November 2018 revealed that the diffusion of reactants into the core is slowed down as the concentration gradient is DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07023g decreased. This work provides mesoscopic insight for the formation of multicompartment micelles and rsc.li/rsc-advances transport of reactants for use in the design of micelles as nanoreactors.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of Novel Titanium Dioxide-Based Multifunctional Electrochemical Cells
    Design of Novel Titanium Dioxide-Based Multifunctional Electrochemical Cells by Gregory Lui A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering (Nanotechnology) Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2018 © Gregory Lui 2018 Examining Committee Membership The following served on the Examining Committee for this thesis. The decision of the Examining Committee is by majority vote. External Examiner NAME: Paul Charpentier Title: Professor Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Supervisor(s) NAME: Aiping Yu Title: Associate Professor Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo NAME: Michael Fowler Title: Professor Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo Internal Member(s) NAME: William Anderson Title: Professor Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo NAME: Michael Pope Title: Assistant Professor Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo Internal-external Member NAME: Siva Sivoththaman Title: Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo Other Member(s) n/a ii Author’s Declaration This thesis consists of material all of which I authored or co-authored: see Statement of Contributions included in the thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. iii Statement of Contribution The body of this thesis is based on a combination of published work. Various sections are adapted from the following list of publications. Chapter 4 Lui, G.; Li, G.; Wang, X.; Jiang, G.; Lin, E.; Fowler, M.; Yu, A.; Chen, Z., Flexible, three- dimensional ordered macroporous TiO2 electrode with enhanced electrode–electrolyte interaction in high-power Li-ion batteries.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanotechnological Applications Based on Bacterial Encapsulins
    nanomaterials Review Nanotechnological Applications Based on Bacterial Encapsulins Javier M. Rodríguez 1 , Carolina Allende-Ballestero 1, Jeroen J. L. M. Cornelissen 2 and José R. Castón 1,3,* 1 Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (J.M.R.); [email protected] (C.A.-B.) 2 Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; [email protected] 3 Nanobiotechnology Associated Unit CNB-CSIC-IMDEA, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Encapsulins are proteinaceous nanocontainers, constructed by a single species of shell protein that self-assemble into 20–40 nm icosahedral particles. Encapsulins are structurally similar to the capsids of viruses of the HK97-like lineage, to which they are evolutionarily related. Nearly all these nanocontainers encase a single oligomeric protein that defines the physiological role of the complex, although a few encapsulate several activities within a single particle. Encapsulins are abundant in bacteria and archaea, in which they participate in regulation of oxidative stress, detoxification, and homeostasis of key chemical elements. These nanocontainers are physically robust, contain numerous pores that permit metabolite flux through the shell, and are very tolerant of genetic manipulation. There are natural mechanisms for efficient functionalization of the outer and inner shell surfaces, and for the in vivo and in vitro internalization of heterologous proteins. These characteristics render encapsulin an excellent platform for the development of biotechnological Citation: Rodríguez, J.M.; applications. Here we provide an overview of current knowledge of encapsulin systems, summarize Allende-Ballestero, C.; Cornelissen, the remarkable toolbox developed by researchers in this field, and discuss recent advances in the J.J.L.M.; Castón, J.R.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Electrospun Nanofibers for Applications in Energy Harvesting and Generation Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/01h168g7 Author Yu, Sooyoun Publication Date 2020 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Electrospun Nanofibers for Applications in Energy Harvesting and Generation A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical and Environmental Engineering by Sooyoun Yu September 2020 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Nosang Vincent Myung, Chairperson Dr. Juchen Guo Dr. Ian Wheeldon Copyright by Sooyoun Yu 2020 The Dissertation of Sooyoun Yu is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside AKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to dedicate this great honor to a handful of people. First and foremost, I give my greatest gratitude to my principal investigator, Professor Nosang Vincent Myung. He has been my rock, my teacher, my mentor, my friend. Throughout these years, he has been one of the most consistent aspects of my life, during which I had my fair share of struggles and stressful days. My five years at UC Riverside would not have been so fruitful and nothing short of a blessing had it not been for his guidance and support. He truly lives up to his “nickname” of my academic father. I am so grateful to have him on my side and excited that I still have more to learn from him. Secondly, my family. My parents, who live in South Korea, have more than made up for the physical distance that keeps us apart; their unconditional love, support, and faith in me, their countless prayers, advice, virtual hugs and kisses I received made me more confident in myself.
    [Show full text]
  • A Microfluidic Approach to the Study of Cellular Responses to Oxidative Stress
    A Microfluidic Approach to the Study of Cellular Responses to Oxidative Stress Kapiraj Chandrabalan, BSc. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Hull and the University of York Hull York Medical School September 2015 Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop a method for exposing biological and chemical components to defined levels of (extracellular) oxidative stress, and to study their effects using conventional methods. Photodynamic therapy (PDT)-mimicking extracellular oxidative stress reactions (OSR); microbatch OSR (MBOSR) and microfluidic flow OSR (MFOSR) were carried out using colon carcinoma COLO320 cell line. An instrument was built and used in all the photosensitisation OSR. Several microfluidic chip configurations were designed, fabricated, studied for flow properties and used in the surface treatment reactions. Different types of photosensitisers were successfully covalently immobilised onto surfaces of the microfluidic channels, and their presence was verified using spectroscopic, colorimetric and photo-oxidation reactions. To conduct the MFOSR; syringe-, pressure- and peristaltic-pumping systems were tested to optimise the flow system and cell recovery was improved. Initially MFOSR with immobilised porphyrin were carried out. To determine the optimum OSR conditions, MBOSR were carried out having the photosensitiser, aluminium (III) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AlPcS4) in solution, and the best set of photosensitisation effect inducing conditions were used in conducting the MFOSR with photosensitiser in solution. The treated samples were analysed to determine the levels of LDH released into supernatants, percentages of cells recovered, cell viability, and the modes of cellular disintegrations induced. MFOSR with immobilised photosensitiser showed high variations with no statistically significant differences, whereas MFOSR with AlPcS4 in solution showed significant induction of photosensitisation effects.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Recent Progress of Glycan-Based Surfactant Micelles As Nanoreactor Systems for Chemical Synthesis Applications
    Review A Review on Recent Progress of Glycan-Based Surfactant Micelles as Nanoreactor Systems for Chemical Synthesis Applications Bahareh Vafakish and Lee D. Wilson * Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-306-966-2961; Fax: +1-306-966-4730 Abstract: The nanoreactor concept and its application as a modality to carry out chemical reactions in confined and compartmentalized structures continues to receive increasing attention. Micelle- based nanoreactors derived from various classes of surfactant demonstrate outstanding potential for chemical synthesis. Polysaccharide (glycan-based) surfactants are an emerging class of biodegradable, non-toxic, and sustainable alternatives over conventional surfactant systems. The unique structure of glycan-based surfactants and their micellar structures provide a nanoenvironment that differs from that of the bulk solution, and supported by chemical reactions with uniquely different reaction rates and mechanisms. In this review, the aggregation of glycan-based surfactants to afford micelles and their utility for the synthesis of selected classes of reactions by the nanoreactor technique is discussed. Glycan-based surfactants are ecofriendly and promising surfactants over conventional synthetic analogues. This contribution aims to highlight recent developments in the field of glycan-based Citation: Vafakish, B.; Wilson, L.D. A surfactants that are relevant to nanoreactors, along with future opportunities for research. In turn, Review on Recent Progress of coverage of research for glycan-based surfactants in nanoreactor assemblies with tailored volume Glycan-Based Surfactant Micelles as and functionality is anticipated to motivate advanced research for the synthesis of diverse chemical Nanoreactor Systems for Chemical species.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Microsystems for Biodiagnosis
    micromachines Review DNA Microsystems for Biodiagnosis Alana Torres Vidal 1, Igor L. Medintz 2 and Hieu Bui 1,* 1 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA; [email protected] 2 Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 April 2020; Accepted: 22 April 2020; Published: 23 April 2020 Abstract: Researchers are continuously making progress towards diagnosis and treatment of numerous diseases. However, there are still major issues that are presenting many challenges for current medical diagnosis. On the other hand, DNA nanotechnology has evolved significantly over the last three decades and is highly interdisciplinary. With many potential technologies derived from the field, it is natural to begin exploring and incorporating its knowledge to develop DNA microsystems for biodiagnosis in order to help address current obstacles, such as disease detection and drug resistance. Here, current challenges in disease detection are presented along with standard methods for diagnosis. Then, a brief overview of DNA nanotechnology is introduced along with its main attractive features for constructing biodiagnostic microsystems. Lastly, suggested DNA-based microsystems are discussed through proof-of-concept demonstrations with improvement strategies for standard diagnostic approaches. Keywords: diagnosis; DNA nanotechnology; DNA-based medicine; nucleic acids 1. Introduction Although researchers continuously achieve progress towards the diagnostics and treatment of numerous diseases, there are still major issues that challenge medical procedures and methods [1]. Emerging bionanotechnology, in particular DNA nanotechnology, can be incorporated in microsystems for biomedicine to help overcome current obstacles, such as disease detection.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2011-2012
    Annual Report 2011-2012 Government of India Department of Science & Technology Ministry of Science & Technology New Delhi CONTENTS Page No. Overview ..........................................................................................................................................................v 1. STRENGTHENING OF HUMAN CAPACITY IN RESEARCH ............................................................................. 1 Atmospheric Sciences............................................................................................................................................. 1 Earth Sciences ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Life Sciences ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Health Sciences ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 Plant Sciences ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Physical Sciences .................................................................................................................................................. 31 Engineering Sciences ...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Applications of Radiation in Nanotechnology Proceedings of a Consultants Meeting Held in Bologna, Italy, 22–25 March 2004
    IAEA-TECDOC-1438 Emerging applications of radiation in nanotechnology Proceedings of a consultants meeting held in Bologna, Italy, 22–25 March 2004 March 2005 IAEA-TECDOC-1438 Emerging applications of radiation in nanotechnology Proceedings of a consultants meeting held in Bologna, Italy, 22–25 March 2004 March 2005 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Industrial Applications and Chemistry Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria EMERGING APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION IN NANOTECHNOLOGY IAEA, VIENNA, 2005 IAEA-TECDOC-1438 ISBN 92–0–100605–5 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2005 Printed by the IAEA in Austria March 2005 FOREWORD Nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing new areas in science and engineering. The subject arises from the convergence of electronics, physics, chemistry, biology and material sciences to create new functional systems of nanoscale dimensions. Nanotechnology deals with science and technology associated with dimensions in the range of 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanotechnology is predicted to have a major impact on the manufacturing technology 20 to 30 years from now. The ability to fabricate structures with nanometric precision is of fundamental importance to any exploitation of nanotechnology. Nanofabrication involves various lithographies to write extremely small structures. Radiation based technology using X rays, e-beams and ion beams is the key to a variety of different approaches to micropattering. Other studies concern formation and synthesis of nanoparticles and nanocomposites. Radiation synthesis of copper, silver and nanoparticles of other metals is studied. Metal and salt–polymer composites are synthesized by this method.
    [Show full text]