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Emerging Applications of Radiation in Nanotechnology Proceedings of a Consultants Meeting Held in Bologna, Italy, 22–25 March 2004

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Emerging Applications of Radiation in Nanotechnology Proceedings of a Consultants Meeting Held in Bologna, Italy, 22–25 March 2004 IAEA-TECDOC-1438 Emerging applications of radiation in nanotechnology Proceedings of a consultants meeting held in Bologna, Italy, 22–25 March 2004 March 2005 IAEA-TECDOC-1438 Emerging applications of radiation in nanotechnology Proceedings of a consultants meeting held in Bologna, Italy, 22–25 March 2004 March 2005 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Industrial Applications and Chemistry Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria EMERGING APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION IN NANOTECHNOLOGY IAEA, VIENNA, 2005 IAEA-TECDOC-1438 ISBN 92–0–100605–5 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2005 Printed by the IAEA in Austria March 2005 FOREWORD Nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing new areas in science and engineering. The subject arises from the convergence of electronics, physics, chemistry, biology and material sciences to create new functional systems of nanoscale dimensions. Nanotechnology deals with science and technology associated with dimensions in the range of 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanotechnology is predicted to have a major impact on the manufacturing technology 20 to 30 years from now. The ability to fabricate structures with nanometric precision is of fundamental importance to any exploitation of nanotechnology. Nanofabrication involves various lithographies to write extremely small structures. Radiation based technology using X rays, e-beams and ion beams is the key to a variety of different approaches to micropattering. Other studies concern formation and synthesis of nanoparticles and nanocomposites. Radiation synthesis of copper, silver and nanoparticles of other metals is studied. Metal and salt–polymer composites are synthesized by this method. Metal sulphide semiconductors of nanometric matrices are prepared using gamma irradiation of a suitable solution of monomer, sulphur and metal sources. These products find application in photoluminescent, photoelectric and non-linear optic materials. An interesting field of radiation nanotechnological application concerns the development of PC- controlled biochips for programmed release systems. Nano-ordered hydrogels based on natural polymers as polysaccharides (hyaluronic acid, agrose, starch, chitosan) and proteins (keratin, soybean) are potential responsive materials for such biochips and sensors. The nano approach to these biological materials should be developed further. Studies on natural and thermoplastic natural rubber-clay composites have given promising results. Nanomaterials with high abrasion and high scratch resistance will find industrial applications. The International Atomic Energy Agency is promoting the new development in radiation technologies through its technical cooperation programmes, coordinated research projects, consultants and technical meetings and conferences. The Consultants Meeting on Emerging Applications of Radiation Nanotechnology was hosted by the Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photochemistry in Bologna, Italy, from 22 to 25 March 2004. The meeting reviewed the status of nanotechnology worldwide. Applications of radiation for nanostructures and nanomachine fabrication, especially drug delivery systems, polymer based electronic, solar energy photovoltaic devises, etc., were discussed during the meeting. The opportunities of radiation technology applications were amply demonstrated. This report provides basic information on the potential of application of radiation processing technology in nanotechnology. Development of new materials, especially for health care products and advanced products (electronics, solar energy systems, biotechnology, etc.) are the main objectives of R&D activities in the near future. It is envisaged that the outcome of this meeting will lead to new programmes and international collaboration for research concerning the application of various radiation techniques in nanotechnology. The IAEA acknowledges the valuable contribution of all the participants in the consultants meeting. The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was A.G. Chmielewski of the Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences. EDITORIAL NOTE This publication has been prepared from the original material as submitted by the authors. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. CONTENTS SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Molecular nanotechnology. Towards artificial molecular machines and motors.................................... 9 V. Balzani, A. Credi, F. Marchioni, S. Silvi, M. Venturi An overview of recent developments in nanotechnology: Particular aspects in nanostructured glasses..................................................................................... 19 S. Baccaro, Chen Guoron Carbon nanotubes: synthesis and applications ...................................................................................... 39 R. Angelucci, R. Rizzolia, F. Corticellia, A. Parisinia, V. Vinciguerra, F. Bevilacqua, L. Malferrari, M. Cuffiani Synthesis and applications of nanostructured and nanocrystalline silicon based thin films ................. 45 R. Rizzoli, C. Summonte, E. Centurioni, D. Iencinella, A. Migliori, A. Desalvo, F. Zignani Formation during UHV annealing and structure of Si/SiC nanostructures on silicon wafers............... 55 D. Jones, V. Palermo, A. Parisini Light emitting diodes based on organic materials................................................................................. 63 P. Di Marco, V. Fattori, M. Cocchi, D. Virgili, C. Sabatini Organic photovoltaics: Towards a revolution in the solar industry....................................................... 71 G. Ridolfi, G. Casalbore-Miceli, A. Geri, N. Camaioni, G. Possamai, M. Maggini Polymeric functional nanostructures for in vivo delivery of biologically active proteins .................... 85 L. Tondelli, M. Ballestri, L. Magnani, K. Sparnacci, M. Laus Exploring the nanoscale world with scanning probe microscopies....................................................... 91 P. Samori Conventional and radiation synthesis of polymeric nano-and microgels and their possible applications ................................................................................................................ 99 J.M. Rosiak, P. Ulanski, S. Kadłubowski Ionizing radiation induced synthesis of polymers and blends with different structures...................... 121 G. Spadaro, C. Dispensa, G. Filardo, A. Galia, G. Giammona Radiation effects on nanoparticles ...................................................................................................... 125 D. Meisel Solid state radiolysis of drugs-polyester microspheres ....................................................................... 137 A. Faucitano, A. Buttafava Nano- and microgels of poly(vinyl methyl ether) obtained by radiation techniques .......................... 141 J.M. Rosiak Research and development in the nanotechnology field in Malaysia, role of radiation technique.............................................................................................................. 157 Khairul Zaman HJ. Mohd Dahlan, Jamaliah Sharif, Nik Ghazali Nik Salleh, Meor Yahaya Razali Properties of radiation crosslinking of natural rubber/clay nanocomposites....................................... 165 Jamaliah Sharif, Khairul Zaman HJ. Mohd Dahlan, Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus, Mansor HJ. Ahmad Chemical modification of nanoscale pores of ion track membranes................................................... 175 Y. Maekawa, Y. Suzuki, K. Maeyama, N. Yonezawa, M. Yoshida Use of ionizing radiation for and in the electronic industry................................................................ 185 P.G. Fuochi New issues in radiation effects on semiconductor devices.................................................................. 193 A. Paccagnella, A. Cester New challenge on lithography processes for nanostructure fabrication.............................................. 213 L. Scalia Nanotechnology and nanolithography using radiation technique in japan.......................................... 221 Y. Maekawa Plasma-focus based radiation sources for nanotechnology ................................................................. 233 V.A. Gribkov LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ................................................................................................................. 239 SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing new areas in science and engineering. The subject arises from the convergence of electronics, physics, chemistry, biology and materials science to create new functional systems of nanoscale dimensions. Nanotechnology deals with science and technology associated
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