Rise of the Molecular Machines Euan R
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Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties
ISBN 0 85403 604 0 © The Royal Society 2004 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to: Science Policy Section The Royal Society 6–9 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5AG email [email protected] Typeset in Frutiger by the Royal Society Proof reading and production management by the Clyvedon Press, Cardiff, UK Printed by Latimer Trend Ltd, Plymouth, UK ii | July 2004 | Nanoscience and nanotechnologies The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties Contents page Summary vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Hopes and concerns about nanoscience and nanotechnologies 1 1.2 Terms of reference and conduct of the study 2 1.3 Report overview 2 1.4 Next steps 3 2 What are nanoscience and nanotechnologies? 5 3 Science and applications 7 3.1 Introduction 7 3.2 Nanomaterials 7 3.2.1 Introduction to nanomaterials 7 3.2.2 Nanoscience in this area 8 3.2.3 Applications 10 3.3 Nanometrology -
Bottom-Up Self-Assembly Based on DNA Nanotechnology
nanomaterials Review Bottom-Up Self-Assembly Based on DNA Nanotechnology 1, 1, 1 1 1,2,3, Xuehui Yan y, Shujing Huang y, Yong Wang , Yuanyuan Tang and Ye Tian * 1 College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; [email protected] (X.Y.); [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (Y.T.) 2 Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China 3 Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 9 September 2020; Accepted: 12 October 2020; Published: 16 October 2020 Abstract: Manipulating materials at the atomic scale is one of the goals of the development of chemistry and materials science, as it provides the possibility to customize material properties; however, it still remains a huge challenge. Using DNA self-assembly, materials can be controlled at the nano scale to achieve atomic- or nano-scaled fabrication. The programmability and addressability of DNA molecules can be applied to realize the self-assembly of materials from the bottom-up, which is called DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanotechnology does not focus on the biological functions of DNA molecules, but combines them into motifs, and then assembles these motifs to form ordered two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) lattices. These lattices can serve as general templates to regulate the assembly of guest materials. In this review, we introduce three typical DNA self-assembly strategies in this field and highlight the significant progress of each. -
Intelligent Nanosystems Based on Molecular Motors
Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures Vol. 4, No. 4, December 2009, p. 613 - 621 APPLICATIONS OF MOLECULAR MOTORS IN INTELLIGENT NANOSYSTEMS H. R. Khataeea, A. R. Khataeeb* aDepartment of Computer Engineering, Payam Noor University of Hashtrood, Hashtrood, Iran bCorresponding author: Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran All cells of living organisms contain complex transport systems based on molecular motors which enable movement on their polymer filaments. Molecular motors are responsible for various dynamical processes for transporting single molecules over small distances to cell movement and growth. Molecular motors are far more complex than any motors that have yet been artificially constructed. Molecular motors are ideal nanomotors because of their small size, perfect structure, smart and high efficiency. Recent advances in understanding how molecular motors work has raised the possibility that they might find applications as nanorobots. Constructing of biomimetic nanorobots and nanomachines that perform specific tasks is a long-term goal of nanobiotechnology. Thus, in this paper we have summarized some of potential applications of molecular motors. Our reviewing of potential applications of molecular motors indicates that these extraordinary systems can be had potential applications in nanorobots, nanodevices and nanomedicine. This review indicate that molecular motors might be the key to yet unsolved applications in vast variety of sciences that are only imagined today. (Received September 1, 2009; accepted Septemberv 27, 2009) Keywords: Nanobiotechnology, Nanorobots, Nanomachines, Nanodevices, Nanomedicine, Molecular motors 1. Introduction It is obvious that movement, in one form or another, is an essential feature of all life at both the macroscopic and cellular level. -
Molecular Nanotechnology - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Molecular nanotechnology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_manufacturing Molecular nanotechnology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Molecular manufacturing) Part of the article series on Molecular nanotechnology (MNT) is the concept of Nanotechnology topics Molecular Nanotechnology engineering functional mechanical systems at the History · Implications Applications · Organizations molecular scale.[1] An equivalent definition would be Molecular assembler Popular culture · List of topics "machines at the molecular scale designed and built Mechanosynthesis Subfields and related fields atom-by-atom". This is distinct from nanoscale Nanorobotics Nanomedicine materials. Based on Richard Feynman's vision of Molecular self-assembly Grey goo miniature factories using nanomachines to build Molecular electronics K. Eric Drexler complex products (including additional Scanning probe microscopy Engines of Creation Nanolithography nanomachines), this advanced form of See also: Nanotechnology Molecular nanotechnology [2] nanotechnology (or molecular manufacturing ) Nanomaterials would make use of positionally-controlled Nanomaterials · Fullerene mechanosynthesis guided by molecular machine systems. MNT would involve combining Carbon nanotubes physical principles demonstrated by chemistry, other nanotechnologies, and the molecular Nanotube membranes machinery Fullerene chemistry Applications · Popular culture Timeline · Carbon allotropes Nanoparticles · Quantum dots Colloidal gold · Colloidal -
Dynamic DNA Nanotechnology: Toward Functional Nanoscale Devices Cite This: Nanoscale Horiz., 2020, 5,182 Marcello Deluca,A Ze Shi,B Carlos E
Nanoscale Horizons View Article Online REVIEW View Journal | View Issue Dynamic DNA nanotechnology: toward functional nanoscale devices Cite this: Nanoscale Horiz., 2020, 5,182 Marcello DeLuca,a Ze Shi,b Carlos E. Castrocd and Gaurav Arya *a Dynamic DNA nanotechnology involves the creation of nanoscale devices made of DNA whose primary function arises from their ability to undergo controlled motion or reconfiguration. In the past two Received 8th August 2019, decades, dynamic DNA nanotechnology has evolved to the point where it is now being employed in Accepted 15th October 2019 devices intended for applications in sensing, drug delivery, computation, nanorobotics, and more. In this DOI: 10.1039/c9nh00529c review article, we discuss the design of dynamic DNA nanodevices and the characterization and prediction of device behavior. We also identify a number of continuing challenges in dynamic DNA rsc.li/nanoscale-horizons nanotechnology and discuss potential solutions to those challenges. 1 Introduction DNA is highly programmable. Sequences of DNA bind specifi- cally to each other via strict base-pairing rules.1 This means DNA nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field that uses DNA as that the lengths, positions, and orientations of the hybridized, a material for creating nanoscale structures and devices. DNA is double-helical elements of the structure can be readily and an attractive candidate for this application for several reasons. rationally programmed into the DNA sequence. Lastly, DNA can Firstly, DNA is truly nanoscopic. Its smallest structural unit, the be readily synthesized at reasonable cost and its properties are nucleotide, occupies approximately the space of a 0.34 nm wide also generally well understood. -
Weak Functional Group Interactions Revealed Through Metal-Free Active Template Rotaxane Synthesis
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14576-7 OPEN Weak functional group interactions revealed through metal-free active template rotaxane synthesis Chong Tian 1,2, Stephen D.P. Fielden 1,2, George F.S. Whitehead 1, Iñigo J. Vitorica-Yrezabal1 & David A. Leigh 1* 1234567890():,; Modest functional group interactions can play important roles in molecular recognition, catalysis and self-assembly. However, weakly associated binding motifs are often difficult to characterize. Here, we report on the metal-free active template synthesis of [2]rotaxanes in one step, up to 95% yield and >100:1 rotaxane:axle selectivity, from primary amines, crown ethers and a range of C=O, C=S, S(=O)2 and P=O electrophiles. In addition to being a simple and effective route to a broad range of rotaxanes, the strategy enables 1:1 interactions of crown ethers with various functional groups to be characterized in solution and the solid state, several of which are too weak — or are disfavored compared to other binding modes — to be observed in typical host–guest complexes. The approach may be broadly applicable to the kinetic stabilization and characterization of other weak functional group interactions. 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. 2These authors contributed equally: Chong Tian, Stephen D. P. Fielden. *email: [email protected] NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2020) 11:744 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14576-7 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14576-7 he bulky axle end-groups of rotaxanes mechanically lock To explore the scope of this unexpected method of rotaxane Trings onto threads, preventing the dissociation of the synthesis, here we carry out a study of the reaction with a series of components even if the interactions between them are not related electrophiles. -
The Bottom-Up Construction of Molecular Devices and Machines*
Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 80, No. 8, pp. 1631–1650, 2008. doi:10.1351/pac200880081631 © 2008 IUPAC Nanoscience and nanotechnology: The bottom-up construction of molecular devices and machines* Vincenzo Balzani‡ Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy Abstract: The bottom-up approach to miniaturization, which starts from molecules to build up nanostructures, enables the extension of the macroscopic concepts of a device and a ma- chine to molecular level. Molecular-level devices and machines operate via electronic and/or nuclear rearrangements and, like macroscopic devices and machines, need energy to operate and signals to communicate with the operator. Examples of molecular-level photonic wires, plug/socket systems, light-harvesting antennas, artificial muscles, molecular lifts, and light- powered linear and rotary motors are illustrated. The extension of the concepts of a device and a machine to the molecular level is of interest not only for basic research, but also for the growth of nanoscience and the development of nanotechnology. Keywords: molecular devices; molecular machines; information processing; photophysics; miniaturization. INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology [1–8] is a frequently used word both in the scientific literature and in the common lan- guage. It has become a favorite, and successful, term among America’s most fraudulent stock promot- ers [9] and, in the venture capital world of start-up companies, is perceived as “the design of very tiny platforms upon which to raise enormous amounts of money” [1]. Indeed, nanotechnology is a word that stirs up enthusiasm or fear since it is expected, for the good or for the bad, to have a strong influence on the future of mankind. -
Rotaxanes and Catenanes by Click Chemistry
Mini Review Rotaxanes and Catenanes by Click Chemistry Ognjen Sˇ. Miljanic´a, William R. Dichtela, b, Ivan Aprahamiana, Rosemary D. Rohdeb, Heather D. Agnewb, James R. Heathb* and J. Fraser Stoddarta* a California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA, E-mail: [email protected] b Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Catenanes, Click chemistry, Interlocked molecules, Rotaxanes, Self-assembly, Surface chemistry Received: June 1, 2007; Accepted: July 11, 2007 DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200740070 Abstract Copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between terminal alkynes and azides – also known as the copper (Cu)-catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) – has been used in the syntheses of molecular compounds with diverse structures and functions, owing to its functional group tolerance, facile execution, and mild reaction conditions under which it can be promoted. Recently, rotaxanes of four different structural types, as well as donor/acceptor catenanes, have been prepared using CuAAC, attesting to its tolerance to supramolecular interactions as well. In one instance of a rotaxane synthesis, the catalytic role of copper has been combined successfully with its previously documented ability to preorganize rotaxane precursors, i.e., form pseudoro- taxanes. The crystal structure of a donor/acceptor catenane formed using the CuAAC reaction indicates that any secondary [p···p] interactions between the 1,2,3-triazole ring and the bipyridinium p-acceptor are certainly not destabilizing. Finally, the preparation of robust rotaxane and catenane molecular monolayers onto metal and semiconductor surfaces is premeditated based upon recent advances in the use of the Huisgen reaction for surface functionalization. -
The Metastability of an Electrochemically Controlled
[28]W. L. Jorgensen, J. Tirado-Rives, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 1657. guise of bistable [2]rotaxanes in which the ring component can [29]Gaussian 98 (Revision A.11.3), M. J. Frisch, G. W. Trucks, H. B. Schlegel, G. E. be induced[5] to move relative to the dumbbell-shaped one by Scuseria, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheeseman, V. G. Zakrzewski, J. A. Montgomery, R. E. Stratmann, J. C. Burant, S. Dapprich, J. M. Millam, A. D. Daniels, K. N. altering the redox characteristics of the molecules. Such Kudin, M. C. Strain, O. Farkas, J. Tomasi, V. Barone, M. Cossi, R. Cammi, B. precisely controllable nanoscale molecular machines and Mennucci, C. Pomelli, C. Adamo, S. Clifford, J. Ochterski, G. A. Petersson, switches have attracted a lot of attention[2, 3] because of their P. Y. Ayala, Q. Cui, K. Morokuma, D. K. Malick, A. D. Rabuck, K. Raghava- potential to meet the expectations of a visionary[6] and to act as chari, J. B. Foresman, J. Cioslowski, J. V. Ortiz, B. B. Stefanov, G. Liu, A. Liashenko, P. Piskorz, I. Komaromi, R. Gomperts, R. L. Martin, D. J. Fox, T. some of the smallest components for the engineering of Keith, M. A. Al-Laham, C. Y. Peng, A. Nanayakkara, C. Gonzalez, M. nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMs) and the fabrication of Challacombe, P. M. W. Gill, B. G. Johnson, W. Chen, M. W. Wong, J. L. nanoelectronic devices.[7] Andres, M. Head-Gordon, E. S. Replogle, J. A. Pople, Gaussian, Inc., Although the redox-switching properties of numerous bista- Pittsburgh, PA, 2002. -
Molecular Nanoelectronics
Proceedings of the IEEE, 2010 1 Molecular Nanoelectronics Dominique Vuillaume photo-, electro-, iono-, magneto-, thermo-, mechanico or Abstract—Molecular electronics is envisioned as a promising chemio-active effects at the scale of structurally and candidate for the nanoelectronics of the future. More than a functionally organized molecular architectures" (adapted from possible answer to ultimate miniaturization problem in [3]). In the following, we will review recent results about nanoelectronics, molecular electronics is foreseen as a possible nano-scale devices based on organic molecules with size way to assemble a large numbers of nanoscale objects (molecules, nanoparticules, nanotubes and nanowires) to form new devices ranging from a single molecule to a monolayer. However, and circuit architectures. It is also an interesting approach to problems and limitations remains whose are also discussed. significantly reduce the fabrication costs, as well as the The structure of the paper is as follows. Section II briefly energetical costs of computation, compared to usual describes the chemical approaches used to manufacture semiconductor technologies. Moreover, molecular electronics is a molecular devices. Section III discusses technological tools field with a large spectrum of investigations: from quantum used to electrically contact the molecule from the level of a objects for testing new paradigms, to hybrid molecular-silicon CMOS devices. However, problems remain to be solved (e.g. a single molecule to a monolayer. Serious challenges for better control of the molecule-electrode interfaces, improvements molecular devices remain due to the extreme sensitivity of the of the reproducibility and reliability, etc…). device characteristics to parameters such as the molecule/electrode contacts, the strong molecule length Index Terms—molecular electronics, monolayer, organic attenuation of the electron transport, for instance. -
Supramolecular Chemistry of Nanomaterials
Supramolecular Chemistry of Nanomaterials Joachim Steinke Ramon Vilar Lecture 6 – Towards the Development of Molecular Machines Department of Chemistry Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine [email protected] [email protected] Lecture 6 - Outline •Concepts and introduction •Natural molecular machines •ATP synthase •Supramolecular springs •Developing synthetic molecular machines •Molecular muscle •Molecular wires •Insulated molecular wires •Current problems for the development of molecular machines Definitions Machine: Any system, usually of rigid bodies formed and connected to alter, transmit, and direct applied forces in a predetermined manner to accomplish a specific objective such as the performance of useful work. Motor: Device that converts any form of energy into mechanical energy. Molecular motors convert chemical energy into mechanical force and movement. As for their macroscopic counterparts, molecular machines are characterised by: (i) the kind of energy input supplied to make them work (ii) the kind of movement performed by their components (iii) the way in which their operation can be controlled (iv) the possibility to repeat the operation at will (v) the time scale needed to complete a cycle of operation (vi) the function performed Although molecular machines are widespread in Nature, the development of synthetic molecular machines is still in the very early stages. To date, several components of such potential machines have been produced, but there is still a lack of actual molecular machines. Some of such components are schematically shown in this slide: From previous lecture: Molecular level plug Molecular Switch (Logic Gate) Balzani et al. Acc. Chem. Res., 34 (6), 445 -455, 2001 Photocontrollable Abacus V. -
Molecular Machines Operated by Light
Cent. Eur. J. Chem. • 6(3) • 2008 • 325–339 DOI: 10.2478/s11532-008-0033-4 Central European Journal of Chemistry Molecular machines operated by light Invited Review Alberto Credi*, Margherita Venturi Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2 – 40126 Bologna, Italy Received 11 February 2008; Accepted 22 Arpil 2008 Abstract: The bottom-up construction and operation of machines and motors of molecular size is a topic of great interest in nanoscience, and a fascinating challenge of nanotechnology. Researchers in this field are stimulated and inspired by the outstanding progress of mo- lecular biology that has begun to reveal the secrets of the natural nanomachines which constitute the material base of life. Like their macroscopic counterparts, nanoscale machines need energy to operate. Most molecular motors of the biological world are fueled by chemical reactions, but research in the last fifteen years has demonstrated that light energy can be used to power nanomachines by exploiting photochemical processes in appropriately designed artificial systems. As a matter of fact, light excitation exhibits several advantages with regard to the operation of the machine, and can also be used to monitor its state through spectroscopic methods. In this review we will illustrate the design principles at the basis of photochemically driven molecular machines, and we will describe a few examples based on rotaxane-type structures investigated in our laboratories. Keywords: Molecular device • Nanoscience • Photochemistry • Rotaxane • Supramolecular Chemistry © Versita Warsaw and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 1. Introduction Richard Feynman stated in his famous talk in 1959 [4]. Research on supramolecular chemistry has shown that molecules are convenient nanometer-scale building The development of civilization has always been strictly blocks that can be used, in a bottom-up approach, related to the design and construction of devices – to construct ultraminiaturized devices and machines from wheel to jet engine – capable of facilitating man [5].