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STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOP) for INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) Version: 01; June, 2014 Dr. S. N. Sushil Plant Protection Advisor Dte. of PPQ&S, Faridabad June 5, 2014 Ram Asre Addl. PPA (IPM) Dte. of PPQ&S, Faridabad List of Contributors Technical guidance and Supervision: Dr. S. N. Sushil, Plant Protection Adviser & Ram Asre, Addl. Plant Protection Adviser (IPM) Sl. Chapter Contributors No. (1) Dr. V.K. Srivastava, JD (PP), HQ, Faridabad; Group Leader Standardization of FFS Curriculum, HRD; (2) Dr. Jasveer Singh, DD (E), HQ, Faridabad Orientation Training (2 1. (3) Sh. R. Murali, DD (E), HQ, Faridabad days), Refresher Training (5 days) and SLTP (long (4) Dr. G.P. Singh, AD (E), CIPMC, Gorakhpur duration) (5) Sh. Yogesh Kunwar, PPO (WS), HQ, Faridabad Conservation & (1) Sh. Ram Asre, APPA (IPM), HQ, Faridabad 2. A ugmentation of Bio- (2) Dr. C. S. Patni, PPO (PP), CIPMC, Faridabad control agents (1) Dr. K.S. Kapoor, DD (E); Co-ordinator, HQ, Faridabad Pests Surveillance & 3. Monitoring (2) Sh. P.K. Ghosh, AD (E), CIPMC, Kolkata (1) Dr. Shbhas Kumar, DD (WS), HQ, Faridabad Weed ecology and 4. (2) Sh. Arunabha Chakraborty, PPO (E), HQ, Faridabad Management (3) Sh. Yogesh Kunwar, PPO (WS), HQ, Faridabad (1) Dr. M. S. Akhtar, AD (E), CIPMC, Faridabad Member Secretary Laboratory Manual for 5. M ass Rearing of Bio- (2) Dr. Umesh Kumar, PPO (PP), CIPMC, Lucknow control agents (3) Dr. Navendu Nair, PPO (E), CIPMC, Agartala 6. C ompiled by (1) Dr. M. S. Akhtar, AD (E), CIPMC, Faridabad Member Secretary 7. Design & Layout (1) Sh. Arunabha Chakraborty, PPO (E), HQ, Faridabad Contents Foreword Preface List of Contributors Sl. No. CHAPTER PAGE NO. 1. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 1-41 i. Standardization of FFS Curriculum 01 ii. Orientation Training Programme 08 iii. Season Long Training Programme 09 2. CONSERVATION & AUGMENTATION OF BIO-CONTROL AGENTS 42-68 i. Introduction 42 ii. Programmes to be implemented 42 iii. Tools for conservation & augmentation of bio-control agents 42 iv. Items required for conservation & augmentation kit 42 v. Some pests and their common natural Enemies 43 vi. Ways and Means of Conservation of Natural Enemies 44 vii. Conserve & Augment following Bio-agents 45 viii. List of Bio-control agents of different crops 46 ix. Natural enemies of crop pests in India 57 x. Ecological Engineering 48 xi. Recognize natural enemies 50 xii. Cultural practices that affect natural enemies 52 xiii. Identify the natural enemies 52 xiv. Augmentation of Natural enemies 60 xv. Recommended dose of bio-control agents 61 xvi. Biological agents used against different crop insect pests 64 3. PESTS SURVEILLANCE & MONITORING 69-83 i. Surveillance 69 ii. Agencies to be involved for surveillance 69 iii. Aims & objectives of surveillance 69 iv. Why to conduct pest surveillance 70 v. Outcome of the surveillance action 70 vi. Types of survey 71 vii. Electronic-pest surveillance through hand held device 71 viii. Pest surveillance and advisory system in india 72 ix. Sampling 72 x. Items required for survey & surveillance in the kit 73 xi. Sampling methods 74 xii. Disease assessment 75 xiii. Sampling for nematodes 76 xiv. Rodents survey 75 xv. Estimation of weeds 77 xvi. Identification of diseases, pests, weeds, natural enemies in different crops 4. WEED ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 84-97 i. Introduction 84 ii. Classification of Weeds 84 iii. Weed Ecology 90 iv. Survival Mechanisms of Weeds 91 v. Weed competition 92 vi. Principles of Weed Management 93 vii. Integrated Weed Management (IWM) 93 5. LABORATORY MANUAL 98-131 i. Mass Production of Trichogramma sp. and Trichogrammatoidea sp. 98 ii. Mass production of Bracon hebetor 103 iii. Mass production of Goniozus nephantidis 104 iv. Mass production of Chelonus blackburni 104 v. Mass production of Trichoderma viridae 105 vi. Mass production of Beauveria bassiana 107 vii. Production of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa armigera 109 viii. Mass production of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant 111 ix. Mass production of Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricious) 114 x. Mass production of Scymnus coccivora Ayyar 117 xi. Mass production of Anthocorid bugs 120 xii. Mass production of Reduviid predators 122 xiii. Mass production of Chrysopid predetor 126 CBG-IPM: FFS, HRD, OTP, SLTP 1. FARMERS FIELD SCHOOL FOR Essential elements of FFS: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT The group: The group comprises of individuals (30 Farmers Field School (FFS): farmers) with common interests, forming the Farmer Field Schools (FFS) is an agricultural core of a Farmer Field School. The FFS tends school of farmer which is conducted by the to strengthen existing groups or may lead to the farmers on their own fields. This is research formation of new groups based learning through non formal education(NFE) The Field: FFS provide opportunities for learning by The field is the school which has the facilities doing. It teaches basic agricultural and pest of training materials like plants, pests and management skills that make the farmers natural enemies. In most cases, the groups experts and perfect on their farms in decision provide a study site with a shaded area for makings. follow-up discussions. FFS is a forum where farmers and facilitators debate on observations, shows experiences and The Facilitator: present new information to come to the The facicilitator is a technically competent conclusion person who leads group members through the hands-on exercise and facilitates the activities Aims of FFS to arrive on conclusion. Empowering farmers with knowledge and skills Making farmers experts in their own fields. FFS establishment Sharpening the farmers’ ability to make critical Selection of right village for establishing FFS and informed decisions. and the selection of right kind of farmers as Sensitizing farmers in new ways of thinking trainees will greatly contribute to the success of and problem solving the FFS. Prior to starting of FFS at least two Helping farmers learning how to organize visits are required. themselves and their communities to become sound socially and economically. First visit It is expected that the FFS facilitators will be establishing FFS in their own area of posting and hence they should be familiar with the villages profile based on the information that may have already, select potential villages for visiting. 1 Standard Operating Procedures for Integrated Pest Management CBG-IPM: FFS, HRD, OTP, SLTP The farmers should be typical of that area in Criteria and steps for village selection: terms of crop cultivation All approachable location/villages should be Active farmers should be preferred selected Should be energetic and physically fit With maximum pest problems should be SC/ST /Women farmers should be given selected preference High pesticide usage and related problems to be Willing to learn at their own. preferred The village head will help in choosing right Irrigation facilities should be preferred farmers. Too close to city to be avoided Finalize the list of 30 farmers. No IPM training conducted previously Request the selected farmers to attend the next Political sensitiveness should be avoided meeting. Fairly easy access should be preferred Conduct this meeting at least two week before Comfortable rapport between facilitators and commencement of FFS farmers. Conduct signs and symptoms exercise Aware with the purpose of visit by the village Conduct meeting with selected farmers leader Hold participatory discussion to identify local Request him to invite all cotton/rice/vegetable problems related to total crop management growers (depending upon the crop chosen) for Identify local needs general meeting Explain FFS activities in detail Collect village profile Discuss farmers practice Area under crop cultivation Ask the farmers for their own practices to Number of farmers follow in farmers practice plot Pest problems in previous crops Explain the farmers about IPM practices are to Pesticide usage in previous crops be followed in the IPM plot Information about irrigation facilities With the consensus of the farmers, select Request the village head to organize meeting in suitable FFS field and training site the following week. Finalize the inaugural day for FFS and check Women farmers participation is also required out programme The date, time should be fixed in consultation with village leader Criteria and steps for field selection: Social and economic status of the farmers Select minimum of 2 acres The field should be belonging to one farmer To identify potential farmers site selection during It should be easily accessible and should not be second visit: too far from FFS village This visit should be one week prior to the first The filed should be close to the meeting place visit (gathering place) Organize the general meeting as planned Some shady areas should be nearer to the field Ensure participation from farmers, women No water stagnation in the field farmers No abnormalities in the field Discuss the important problems related to crop Identify farmer who is willing to give the land management for conducting field experiments and AESA Discuss about FFS structure He should agree to follow the schedule of Outline of FFS farming operations as finalized by the farmers Nature of training He should agree to meet all the expenditure No provision of honorarium for attending the involved for both the fields except the IPM FFS inputs for pest management. There will be refreshment in each session He should agree to allow the farmer participant
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  • Initiation of Biological Control Against Parthenium Hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) in South Africa

    Initiation of Biological Control Against Parthenium Hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) in South Africa

    Initiation of biological control against Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) in South Africa L.W. Strathie1*, A.J. McConnachie1 & E. Retief2 1Agricultural Research Council-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X6006, Hilton, 3245 South Africa 2Agricultural Research Council-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, 7599 South Africa The annual herbaceous plant, Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) (parthenium), has been a major weed of global significance for several decades, with wide-ranging impacts on agriculture, biodiversity conservation, and human and animal health. Despite this, in 2003, South Africa became the first African country and only the third country worldwide to implement a biological control programme against the weed. It seems that a suite of agents is needed to achieve effective biological control of parthenium under different environmental conditions and in different regions. The rust fungus, Puccinia abrupta Dietel & Holw. var. partheniicola (H.S. Jacks.) Parmelee (Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae), is already present in South Africa. Three agents have been imported and evaluated, namely the leaf rust fungus Puccinia xanthii Schwein. var. parthenii-hysterophorae Seier, H.C. Evans & Á. Romero (Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae), which was released in 2010, and both the leaf-feeding beetle Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) and the stem-boring weevil Listronotus setosipennis (Hustache) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), for which permission to release is being sought. A stem-galling moth Epiblema strenuana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), seed-feeding weevil Smicronyx lutulentus Dietz (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and stem-boring moth Carmenta nr. ithacae (Beutenmüller) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) are also under consideration. Studies conducted in South Africa prior to the release of biological control agents, demonstrated an extensive, but highly variable, soil seed bank.