Los Procesos De Subjetivación En El Coaching Transformacional En México Tesis

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Los Procesos De Subjetivación En El Coaching Transformacional En México Tesis CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES Y ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES EN ANTROPOLOGÍA SOCIAL LOS PROCESOS DE SUBJETIVACIÓN EN EL COACHING TRANSFORMACIONAL EN MÉXICO T E S I S P A R A O B T E N E R E L G R A D O D E: MAESTRA EN ANTROPOLOGÍA SOCIAL PRESENTA: GABRIELA ROMÁN TINAJERO DIRECTOR DE TESIS: Dr. JOSÉ SÁNCHEZ JIMÉNEZ MÉXICO, CDMX, AGOSTO 2019 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quisiera agradecer al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT, por el apoyo que me brindo en mis estudios de maestría. Agradecer de igual modo al CIESAS Ciudad de México por haberme dado el espacio y el tiempo para mi formación académica. Agradezco a mi director de tesis, el Dr. José Sánchez Jiménez, por su disposición, tiempo y orientación en todo el proceso que viví durante el proyecto de investigación, en especial, por las largas pláticas donde aprendí mucho más de la antropología. También agradezco a los lectores, la Dra. Ana Georgina López Zepeda, la Dra. Edith Calderón Rivera y al Dr. José Enrique Eroza Solano, por su tiempo y dedicación que ayudaron a mejorar el texto. Agradezco a mis profesoras, Dra. Eva Salgado, Dra. Frida Villavicencio y la Dra. Teresa Carbó, por su infinita paciencia, sus palabras sabias y su vocación de enseñanza. A mis amigos de la maestría, Daniel, Yareny, Toño, Gemma y Victor, por todo lo que me ayudaron a crecer y madurar en ésta nueva etapa de mi vida. También agradezco a mi familia, mi pareja y todos mis amigos que me ayudaron a encontrar nuevos caminos y formas de ver el mundo, sin ustedes no lo hubiera logrado. Por último agradecer a mis profesores y compañeros de maestría, fue una experiencia inolvidable. 1 Índice Introducción ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Capítulo 1. Los procesos de subjetivación: sujetos y subjetividades contemporáneas .................... 15 1.1 El sujeto neoliberal .................................................................................................................. 17 1.2 El sujeto socialmente construido ............................................................................................ 26 Capítulo 2. Desde la mirada de la antropología semiótica: el lenguaje social en la producción de sentido ............................................................................................................................................... 37 2.1 El lenguaje como acto ............................................................................................................. 38 2.2 El uso del lenguaje y el poder .................................................................................................. 48 2.3 Las emociones y la corporalidad ............................................................................................. 52 2.3 Posición metodológica ............................................................................................................ 58 2.3.1 Incursión en el trabajo de campo ..................................................................................... 64 2.3.2 Construcción del corpus ................................................................................................... 69 Capítulo 3. Contexto social, político y económico del coaching ....................................................... 79 3.1 Estado Moderno, mercado y sociedad: del Estado de Bienestar al Estado Neoliberal .......... 80 3.1.1 El caso de Estados Unidos ................................................................................................ 87 3.1.2 El caso de México ............................................................................................................. 92 3.1.3 El caso de Argentina ......................................................................................................... 98 3.2 ¿Qué es el coaching? Nacimiento, conformación y peregrinación ....................................... 106 3.2.2 El coaching transformacional ......................................................................................... 107 Capítulo 4. Cuando la palabra se vuelve acto: Análisis semiótico del coaching transformacional . 120 4.1 Introduciéndome al objeto de estudio: coaching ontológico ............................................... 120 4.2 Coaching transformacional: Organización del curso ............................................................. 125 4.2.1 Diseño del entorno: cada detalle tiene una función ...................................................... 132 4.2.2. Usos del lenguaje: El poder de la palabra ..................................................................... 135 4.2.3 Apropiación de discursos ............................................................................................... 146 4.2.3. Procesos políticos para la legitimación del Discurso ..................................................... 152 4.2.4 Organización empresarial: Esquema multinivel ............................................................. 156 Capítulo 5. La experiencia de la transformación o cómo se es sujeto ............................................ 164 5.1 La experiencia dentro del curso ............................................................................................ 167 5.1.1. El caso de Román .............................................................................................................. 168 5.1.2 El caso de Elvira .............................................................................................................. 172 2 5.2 La experiencia de ser coach .................................................................................................. 176 5.2.1 El caso de Norma ............................................................................................................ 178 5.2.2. El caso de Isaac .............................................................................................................. 187 Reflexiones finales ........................................................................................................................... 197 Anexos ............................................................................................................................................. 205 Anexo 1. Guía de entrevista a profundidad ................................................................................ 205 Anexo 2: Guía de preguntas para coachs .................................................................................... 212 Anexo 3. Guía de entrevista: trayectoria de los coachees (clientes) .......................................... 214 Anexo 4: Tabla de listado de datos virtuales de la etnografía virtual ......................................... 217 Anexo 5: Tabla de empresas por estado desglosado .................................................................. 221 Bibliografía ...................................................................................................................................... 224 3 4 Introducción Nos encontramos en un momento en donde una gran cantidad de personas vive estados emocionales de mucha angustia o situaciones de alta incertidumbre, por lo que el coaching transformacional surge como una alternativa para cubrir esas necesidades sociales en las personas que por alguna razón no han podido satisfacerlas en otros espacios y otras relaciones, tales como las relaciones con su familia, vecinos, amigos o de pareja o tal vez en sus comunidades religiosas o el sistema estatal reflejado en las políticas públicas del gobierno del que forman parte. Entonces, el coaching transformacional es una práctica que se inserta en la cotidianidad de los sistemas sociales de los sujetos y se presenta como una oferta de servicios que prometen desaparecer o transformar esos estados de angustia para crear estados de prosperidad. Por lo tanto, el coaching transformacional es una práctica emergente que indica una problemática más profunda en los procesos sociales de nuestra sociedad. La palabra coaching representa un universo complejo de prácticas que a primera vista podrían parecer similares, sin embargo, no todas las variedades del coaching surgen al mismo tiempo, ni tampoco comparten un mismo bagaje de contenidos y estructuras, por lo que en este trabajo me dedicaré a investigar especialmente el coaching transformacional. Así que para aclarar y diferenciar la práctica del coaching transformacional de otros tipos de coaching, explicaré primero en general qué es el coaching, qué otros tipos de coaching existen y finalmente introduciré el objeto de estudio del presente trabajo. El coaching es una práctica relativamente nueva que conjuga una variedad de conceptos, métodos y ejercicios para incidir en el comportamiento, las relaciones sociales, la forma en que piensa o siente la persona o grupo de personas solicitantes del servicio. La relación principal dentro de esa práctica es entre el coach, quien es el experto que guía o dirige a través de preguntas y propuestas, y el coachee, quien es el que solicita el servicio. (Usache, M. 2013; Sans, M., 2012; &, Gonnet, J. P., 2013). 5 El coaching se caracteriza por mezclar una gran diversidad de prácticas provenientes de distintas disciplinas como la filosofía, la psicología, la sociología, lingüística, antropología, administración y deportes, entre muchos otras. También tiene una gran diversidad de aplicaciones: el coaching del deporte, coaching para la organización empresarial, hasta el coaching de vida. Cada uno de ellos tiene una serie de herramientas y contenidos distintos, sin
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