DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis Draft-Final Version

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis Draft-Final Version Looking Ahead By Looking Back “Understanding evolution of innovation in manufacturing” A thesis SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Hammad Naeem IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT Supervisors Dr. Emmanuel Enemuoh J. Moe Benda September, 2018 © Hammad Naeem 2018 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Acknowledgement I want to thank all of my teachers, colleagues, friends and fellow classmates for their support and fruitful advice in completion of this thesis. I want to especially thank my supervisor, Dr. Emmanuel Enemuoh for his consistent guidance, valuable advice, patience, strong believe in me and most importantly providing me due freedom to explore my research potential during the completion of this thesis. His calm nature amalgamated with years of experience offered me to learn a lot academically as well as professionally. I also want to thank Mr. Moe Benda for in depth discussions about the idea of this thesis and providing all the insight from his professional experience. His idea “look ahead by looking back” remained the driving force of this thesis. I also like to thank my wife Hareema, whose resolute support and patience, providing me all the time I need to complete this thesis, which eventually helped me concentrate on my thesis. I also like to thank my parents whose prayers and encouraging words helped me in the completion of my project. i Abstract To understand the evolution of manufacturing and its future requires multidimensional study of different historical milestones, systems developed over a period of time and some concrete analysis amalgamated with experimental results. This thesis is about identifying major milestones in the manufacturing history and then using this information to understand the evolution of innovation process and innovative models. Further, using knowledge obtained from the study of innovation processes to understand the modern trends in manufacturing industry. Experimental analysis is performed using modern machine learning techniques like deep learning to correctly identify human facial expressions. The increasing utility of artificial intelligence was the driving force to exploit modern machine learning techniques that have proven that now decision power can be carefully delegated or shared with these intelligent systems. The Deep Learning based approach using convolutional neural network is tested on human facial expression recognition and accuracy of over 86% is achieved which is higher than other mathematical based machine learning models. These modern machine learning algorithms are also tested on numerical dataset to prove their flexibility and adaptability for different applications which can be faced in any modern day manufacturing industry. The results from this study show that these modern machine learning algorithms have outperformed old decision making methodologies due to their capacity and intelligence in learning different patterns present in the data and correspondingly helping in correct decision making. As a future recommendation, a hybrid system is proposed which is a combination of predictive as well as corrective maintenance. The proposed system is based on deep learning using convolutional neural network to predict end of life of a part. ii Table of Contents: List of Figures ……………………………………………………………….………….. v List of Tables …..……………………………………………………………………...... vi Chapter 1: Craftsmanship to High-tech Production .................................................................. 1 1.1 Importance of Manufacturing .................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Composition of Thesis ............................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2: History of Manufacturing .......................................................................................... 5 2.1 History of Manufacturing through Centuries: ............................................................................ 5 2.1.1 Sixteenth Century .............................................................................................................. 11 2.1.2 Seventeenth Century ......................................................................................................... 14 2.1.3 Eighteenth Century ........................................................................................................... 19 2.1.4 Nineteenth Century ........................................................................................................... 27 2.1.5 Twentieth Century ............................................................................................................ 33 2.1.6 Twenty First Century ........................................................................................................ 46 Chapter 3: Innovation Management .......................................................................................... 50 3.1 Innovation Management Models ......................................................................................... 54 3.1.1 Technology Push Model ............................................................................................... 54 3.1.2 Market Pull Model ........................................................................................................ 55 3.1.3 Coupling Model ............................................................................................................ 55 3.1.4 Integrated Model ........................................................................................................... 55 3.1.5 Functional Integration Innovation model ...................................................................... 55 3.2 Innovation Process Models .................................................................................................. 56 3.3 Innovation Processes and Routines ...................................................................................... 57 3.3.1 Idea Generation and Searching ..................................................................................... 58 3.3.2 Idea Selection ................................................................................................................ 58 3.4 Factors Effecting Innovation Management .......................................................................... 61 3.4.1 Environment and Organizational Factors ..................................................................... 61 3.4.2 Country Environment .................................................................................................... 61 3.4.3 External Factors ............................................................................................................ 61 3.4.4 Organizational Demography ......................................................................................... 62 iii 3.4.5 Organizational Structure ............................................................................................... 62 3.4.6 Facilitate Resources ...................................................................................................... 63 3.4.7 Team Composition ........................................................................................................ 63 3.4.8 Communication Patterns ............................................................................................... 64 3.4.9 Finding Alternative solutions ........................................................................................ 64 3.5 Characteristics of CEO or Top Management ....................................................................... 64 3.5.1 Personal Traits of CEO or Top Management ................................................................ 65 3.6 Future of Manufacturing: Computer based Innovative Manufacturing ............................... 66 3.6.1 Future of Innovation: Role of Computers ..................................................................... 67 Chapter 4: Deep Learning Based Learning ............................................................................... 70 4.1 Overview of Proposed Approach ......................................................................................... 73 4.2 Model Architecture .............................................................................................................. 74 4.3 Deep Expression Convolutional Networks .......................................................................... 76 4.4 Supervised Regression ............................................................................................................. 80 Chapter 5: Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 84 Chapter 6: Future Recommendations ........................................................................................ 87 6.1 A Deep Learning Approach for Predictive Decision Making .................................................. 87 6.1.1 Deep Learning ................................................................................................................... 87 6.1.2 Technology Forecasting .................................................................................................... 88 6.1.3 Deep Learning Based Technology Forecasting ................................................................ 89 References ....................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • View Sample Pages
    Ebook Code REAU5044 SAMPLE Contents Teachers' Notes 4 Comprehension Activity 1 26 Curriculum Links 5 Comprehension Activity 2 27 Flights into Space 1 28 SECTION 1: LAND Flights into Space 2 29 Early Car Design Space Technology 30 The Innovations of Otto, Langen and Wankel 7 Space Activity 1 31 Comprehension Activity 8 Space Activity 2 32 Creative Activity 9 Space Activity 3 33 Modern Car Design Top Secret Space Plane 34 Piston Engines 10 Piston Engines Activity 11 SECTION 3: SEA Gears 12 Under the Water Gears Template 13 Submarines 36 Technology and the Environment 14 Submarine Activity 37 Technology and the Environment Activity 15 Diesel Electric and Nuclear Submarines 1 38 Diesel Electric and Nuclear Submarines 2 39 Cars of the Future Comparing Early and Modern Submarines 40 Future Designs 16 Comparing Early and Modern Submarines Future Designs Activity 17 Activity 41 Future Designs 2 18 Life in a Modern Submarine 1 42 Future Designs Activity 2 19 Life in a Modern Submarine 2 43 Nuclear Submarines and the Environment 44 SECTION 2: AIR SAMPLEOther Submarines 45 Aircraft Design Submarine Stories 46 Aerodynamic Forces 22 Build a Submarine 47 Aerodynamic Forces Activity 23 Examining Technological Leaps Answers 48 The Technological Innovations of the Wright Brothers 24 The Flyer and The Modern Day Airbus 25 3 Teachers’ Notes Fantastic Inventions examines how past, current The Air Section focuses on the Wright brothers’ and future inventions consistently affect our early plane. This method of transport is modes of transport, our lifestyles and the compared to the Boeing 747 and the new environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Ammonia Powered Engine
    Ammonia Powered Engine A Major Qualifying Project Submitted to the faculty of Worcester Polytechnic Institute In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree in Bachelor of Science In Mechanical Engineering By: ___________________________ Alexander James Baldino ___________________________ Brendan Walter Gallagher ___________________________ Hayden George Furcolo Date: 5/18/2020 Project Advisor ___________________________ Professor Robert Daniello Acknowledgements We would like to thank our project advisor Professor Robert Daniello for his knowledge and guidance throughout our entire MQP process. We would also like to thank Barbara Fuhrman of the Mechanical Engineering Office for her help in acquiring material for our project and her dedication to our success. Additionally, we would like to thank Ian Anderson and James Loiselle, as well as the entirety of the Washburn Shops staff, for their help during our manufacturing processes. 1 | P a g e Abstract Cars are a significant source of carbon emissions into the atmosphere and with a growing number of cars on the road, this is negatively affecting the atmosphere. The carbon emissions cars emit comes from the gasoline being burned in the engine. While battery/electrics provide one solution, energy density and speed of refueling are favorable with internal combustion engines. A potential candidate for replacing hydrocarbons as the fuel for combustion engines is ammonia. A molecule of ammonia is composed of one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms producing nitrogen gas and water upon combustion. Neither product of combustion is harmful to our environment and the ammonia itself can be produced through “green” renewable energy processes. Using a small engine from a snow blower, we aimed to modify the engine to run off of ammonia as the fuel source.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin 173 Plate 1 Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum
    U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 173 PLATE 1 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 173 CATALOG OF THE MECHANICAL COLLECTIONS OF THE DIVISION OF ENGINEERING UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BY FRANK A. TAYLOR UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1939 For lale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 50 cents ADVERTISEMENT Tlie scientific publications of the National Museum include two series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings series, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collec- tions of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organi- zations and to specialists and others interested in the different sub- jects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. Tlie series of Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, contains separate publications comprising monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogs of type specimens and special collections, and other material of simi- lar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear vol- umes under the heading Contrihutions from the United States Na- tional Eerharium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum.
    [Show full text]
  • Transportation: Past, Present and Future “From the Curators”
    Transportation: Past, Present and Future “From the Curators” Transportationthehenryford.org in America/education Table of Contents PART 1 PART 2 03 Chapter 1 85 Chapter 1 What Is “American” about American Transportation? 20th-Century Migration and Immigration 06 Chapter 2 92 Chapter 2 Government‘s Role in the Development of Immigration Stories American Transportation 99 Chapter 3 10 Chapter 3 The Great Migration Personal, Public and Commercial Transportation 107 Bibliography 17 Chapter 4 Modes of Transportation 17 Horse-Drawn Vehicles PART 3 30 Railroad 36 Aviation 101 Chapter 1 40 Automobiles Pleasure Travel 40 From the User’s Point of View 124 Bibliography 50 The American Automobile Industry, 1805-2010 60 Auto Issues Today Globalization, Powering Cars of the Future, Vehicles and the Environment, and Modern Manufacturing © 2011 The Henry Ford. This content is offered for personal and educa- 74 Chapter 5 tional use through an “Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike” Creative Transportation Networks Commons. If you have questions or feedback regarding these materials, please contact [email protected]. 81 Bibliography 2 Transportation: Past, Present and Future | “From the Curators” thehenryford.org/education PART 1 Chapter 1 What Is “American” About American Transportation? A society’s transportation system reflects the society’s values, Large cities like Cincinnati and smaller ones like Flint, attitudes, aspirations, resources and physical environment. Michigan, and Mifflinburg, Pennsylvania, turned them out Some of the best examples of uniquely American transporta- by the thousands, often utilizing special-purpose woodwork- tion stories involve: ing machines from the burgeoning American machinery industry. By 1900, buggy makers were turning out over • The American attitude toward individual freedom 500,000 each year, and Sears, Roebuck was selling them for • The American “culture of haste” under $25.
    [Show full text]
  • Seminar: Statistical Decay of Complex Systems (Nuclei)
    W. W. Udo Schröder,2015 Energy: Science Technology & Society 1 Time Line Tools & Fuels (Western Cultures) Before Common Era (BCE) 0 // Common Era (CE) -3000 -2000 -1000 0 // 1000 // 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 | | | || | | | | | | | - 2.5 Ma Transport/ Age of Wind Power/Manufacture Electricity 2 Age of Hydro Power Electricity Age of Steam Power Electricity Age of Combustion Age of Electro Power Tools/Engines Biomass Geothermal (dung, Solar wood,..) Coal Carriers Oil, Gas Industrial Revolution/ Machine Machine Age Industrial Revolution/ Industrial Industrial Mass Production Technological Revolution Technological Medieval Technological Revolution Technological Medieval Second Machine Age Primary Energy Primary U, Th,.. Energy: Science Technology & Society First First Advent of internal combustine engine, discovery of crude oil as fuel, S&T of electro-magnetismelectricity as carrier, nuclear power W. Udo Schröder, 2015 The Internal Combustion Engine Internal combustion engine built by Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir (Paris, 1860). Double-acting engine running on illuminating gas (18 liter, 2 hp, 4% efficiency). 3 Nicolaus Otto saw Nicolaus Otto Karl Benz engine on visit to Paris. 1832-1891 1844-1929 Lenoir engine Modern Otto Motor 1876: Otto and Langen created first internal combustion engine with compression of fuel mixture prior to combustion. higher Energy: Science Technology & Society efficiency. Piston, cylinder intake & exhaust valves, camshaft. First practical automobile Karl Benz:Mannheim, 1885. W. Udo Schröder, 2015 Early Liquid Transportation Fuels 1885 Daimler “Petroleum Reitwagen” = motor bike with Otto engine, hot-tube ignition, fuel= ligroin. Fuel used until the early 1900s. 4 Replaced by petroleum gasoline (Petrol, gas, Benzin,..) Gasoline filled jar, Wikipedia Wikipedia Ligroin mixture of various volatile, highly flammable, hydrocarbon mixtures used chiefly as nonpolar solvents.
    [Show full text]
  • Four Stroke IC Engine
    आधुनिक आवर् त सारणी ✓ Multiple courses in Single Subscription ✓ Unlimited Access ✓ Live polls & Leaderboard ✓ Interact with Educator ✓ Test Series & Analysis ✓ LIVE Doubt Clearing Session ✓ PDF of Every class आधुनिक आवर् त सारणी Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycles ➢ Case 1: Same Compression Ratio and Heat Rejection: Otto cycle has the highest work output and efficiency. Diesel cycle has the least efficiency and Dual cycle having the efficiency between the two. Wifistudy | Neeraj Sir 14 Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycles Wifistudy | Neeraj Sir 15 Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycles ➢ Case 2: Same Peak Pressure, Peak Temperature and Heat Rejection: The Diesel cycle efficiency is greater than the Otto cycle efficiency and Dual cycle having the efficiency between the two. Wifistudy | Neeraj Sir 16 Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycles Wifistudy | Neeraj Sir 17 Internal Combustion Engine and Its Type ➢ An internal combustion engine is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the engine itself. ➢ In 1872, American George Brayton invented the first commercial liquid-fueled internal combustion engine. In 1876, Nicolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, four-stroke cycle engine. ➢ It is used mainly in all type of automobiles. Wifistudy | Neeraj Sir 18 Internal Combustion Engine and Its Type ➢ According to working cycle completion IC engines are classified as : 1. Two Stroke IC Engine 2. Four Stroke IC Engine ➢ According to fuel ignition mechanism IC engines are classified as : 1.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Internal Combustion Engine
    1 2 THE HISTORY OF THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE Sorin RAŢIU1 1UNIVERSITY « POLITEHNICA » TIMIŞAORA FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA ABSTRACT The article presents a brief outline of the history of the internal combustion engine industry. Engine design and car design were integral activities, almost all of the engine designers mentioned in the article also designed cars, and a few went on to become major manufacturers of automobiles. All of these inventors and more made notable improvements in the evolution of the internal combustion vehicles. KEYWORDS history, internal combustion engine 1. INTRODUCTION An internal combustion engine is any engine that uses the explosive combustion of fuel to push a piston within a cylinder - the piston's movement turns a crankshaft that then turns the car wheels via a chain or a drive shaft. The different types of fuel commonly used for car combustion engines are gasoline (or petrol), diesel, and kerosene. Many people claimed the invention of the internal combustion engine in the 1860's, but only one has the patent on the four stroke operating sequence. In 1867, Nikolaus August Otto, a German engineer, developed the four-stroke "Otto" cycle, which is widely used in transportation even today. Otto developed the four-stroke internal combustion engine when he was 34 years old. The Diesel Engine came about in 1892 by another German engineer, Rudolph Diesel. The Diesel engine is designed heavier and more powerful than gasoline engines and utilizes oil as fuel. Diesel engines are a commonly used in heavy machinery, locomotives, ships, and some automobiles. It is important to mention that the basic operating principles of these engines have been around for more than a hundred years and they are still in place.
    [Show full text]
  • "A Thermodynamic Based Model for Predicting Piston Engine
    A THERMODYNAMICS BASED MODEL FOR PREDICTING PISTON ENGINE PERFORMANCE FOR USE IN AVIATION VEHICLE DESIGN A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty By Justin L. Highley In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology April 2004 A THERMODYNAMICS BASED MODEL FOR PREDICTING PISTON ENGINE PERFORMANCE FOR USE IN AVIATION VEHICLE DESIGN Approved By: Dr. Daniel P. Schrage, Advisor Dr. Jimmy Tai Mr. Mark Waters Date Approved: April 2, 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Daniel Schrage for encouraging me to pursue a thesis in piston engine analysis, and for providing me with the academic resources necessary to complete the research. I must also thank Dr. Jimmy Tai for working with me throughout the project and providing guidance and mentorship. Particularly in the early stages of research process, he assisted in the development of my specific thesis topic, and helped me create the road map that laid the foundation necessary for success. Finally, I must thank Mr. Mark Waters. Without his constant assistance, suggestions, and sanity checks I would have never obtained the level of fidelity and quality I desired for this project. His eagerness to help and genuine interest in my work made this research much easier and more enjoyable. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fantastic Inventions UK.Indd
    Ebook Code: REUK5044 Key Stages 2/3 (Ages 9 - 13) Fantastic Inventions The earliest and most recent land, air and sea creations which will both engage and amaze. Contents Teachers' Notes 4 Comprehension Activity 1 26 Curriculum Links 5 Comprehension Activity 2 27 Flights into Space 1 28 SECTION 1: LAND Flights into Space 2 29 Early Car Design Space Technology 30 The Innovations of Otto, Langen and Wankel 7 Space Activity 1 31 Comprehension Activity 8 Space Activity 2 32 Creative Activity 9 Space Activity 3 33 Modern Car Design Top Secret Space Plane 34 Piston Engines 10 Piston Engines Activity 11 SECTION 3: SEA Gears 12 Under the Water Gears Template 13 Submarines 36 Technology and the Environment 14 Submarine Activity 37 Technology and the Environment Activity 15 Diesel Electric and Nuclear Submarines 1 38 Diesel Electric and Nuclear Submarines 2 39 Cars of the Future Comparing Early and Modern Submarines 40 Future Designs 16 Comparing Early and Modern Submarines Future Designs Activity 17 Activity 41 Future Designs 2 18 Life in a Modern Submarine 1 42 Future Designs Activity 2 19 Life in a Modern Submarine 2 43 Nuclear Submarines and the Environment 44 SECTION 2: AIR Other Submarines 45 Aircraft Design Submarine Stories 46 Aerodynamic Forces 22 Build a Submarine 47 Aerodynamic Forces Activity 23 Examining Technological Leaps Answers 48 The Technological Innovations of the Wright Brothers 24 The Flyer and The Modern Day Airbus 25 3 Sample Sample LAND Sample 6 NEarly CarN Design The Innovations of Otto, Langen and Wankel Read the information below.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Studies Book 1
    4th Grade Social Studies Book 1 For families who need academic support, please call 504-349-8999 Monday-Thursday • 8:00 am–8:00 pm Friday • 8:00 am–4:00 pm Available for families who have questions about either the online learning resources or printed learning packets. ow us you Sh r #JPSchoolsLove 3rd-5th GRADE DAILY ROUTINE Examples Time Activity 3-5 8:00a Wake-Up and • Get dressed, brush teeth, eat breakfast Prepare for the Day 9:00a Morning Exercise • Exercises o Walking o Jumping Jacks o Push-Ups o Sit-Ups o Running in place High Knees o o Kick Backs o Sports NOTE: Always stretch before and after physical activity 10:00a Academic Time: • Online: Reading Skills o iReady • Packet o Reading (one lesson a day) 11:00a Play Time Outside (if weather permits) 12:00p Lunch and Break • Eat lunch and take a break • Video game or TV time • Rest 2:00p Academic Time: • Online: Math Skills o iReady Math o Zearn Math • Packet o Math (one lesson a day) 3:00p Academic • Puzzles Learning/Creative • Flash Cards Time • Board Games • Crafts • Bake or Cook (with adult) 4:00p Academic Time: • Independent reading Reading for Fun o Talk with others about the book 5:00p Academic Time: • Online Science and Social o Study Island (Science and Social Studies) Studies Para familias que necesitan apoyo académico, por favor llamar al 504-349-8999 De lunes a jueves • 8:00 am – 8: 00 pm Viernes • 8:00 am – 4: 00 pm Disponible para familias que tienen preguntas ya sea sobre los recursos de aprendizaje en línea o los paquetes de aprendizaje impresos.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Fluid Flow and Combustion with Variable Valve Timing
    ^9907007 INSTITUTIONEN FOR VARME- OCH KRAFTTEKNIK FORBRANNINGSMOTORER LUNDS TEKNISKA HOGSKOLA A Study of Fluid Flow and Combustion with Variable Valve Timing by Fredrik Soderberg fpp 2-5 1993 OSTI Thesis for degree of Licentiate of Engineering ISRN LUTMDN/TMHT—98/7029--SE DIVISION OF COMBUSTION ENGINES DEPARTMENT OF HEAT AND POWER ENGINEERING LUND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY P.O. BOX 118, S-221 00 LUND 1998 SWEDEN DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. A Study of Fluid Flow and Combustion with Variable Valve Timing by Fredrik Soderberg Division of Combustion Engines Department of Heat and PowerEngineering Lund Institute of Technology October 1998 List of papers The papers included in this thesis are listed in chronological order: 1. The Effect of Valve Strategy on In-Cylinder Flow and Combustion by Bengt Johansson and Fredrik Soderberg, SAE paper 960582. This paper was presented at the SAE Congress and Exposition Feb. 1996 in Detroit, Michigan by Bengt Johansson. 2. Wavelet Analysis of In-Cylinder LDV Velocity Measurements by Bengt Lindoff, Magnus Wiktorsson, Fredrik Soderberg, Bengt Johansson, SAE paper 961921. This paper was presented at the SAE Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exposition Oct. 1996 in San Antonio, Texas by Magnus Wiktorsson. 3. Fluid Flow and Combustion with Early or Late Inlet Valve Closing by Fredrik Soderberg and Bengt Johansson, SAE paper 972937. Approved for SAE Transactions 1997. This paper was presented by Fredrik Soderberg at SAE Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exposition Oct. 1997 in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
    [Show full text]
  • Grand Prix Facts & Numbers
    There is no way to know when and who exactly invented the internal combustion power concept, but in 1860 Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir patented a gas-fired apparatus with piston, cylinder, connecting rods, and flywheel that became commercially viable. Nikolaus Otto improved the concept into a more efficient four-stroke internal combustion unit in 1876. Then in 1885, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach developed the design further and patented a practical petrol engine. Few months later Daimler constructed the first real automobile, and in 1912 Peugeot introduced the modern twin-cam engine concept. The first racing driver in history was arguably Frenchman Georges Bouton, who raced a De Dion-Bouton alone against the clock from Pont de Neuilly to Bois de Boulogne in Paris as early as 28 April 1887, but the first recorded auto race was held on 22 July 1894 on the route from Paris to Rouen. Within months, more races were held in France, Italy and the USA, and the era of city-to-city auto racing took off. By the turn of the century there were about 25 annual automobile races held in Europe and North America. However, until 1901 there was no proper definition of what constituted ‘an automobile’. The winners of the 1894 Paris-Rouen (Comte Jules de Dijon) and the 1895 Paris- Bordeaux-Paris (Émile Levassor) races were denied prize money because the organizers have decided that their vehicles were not viable as passenger road cars. The steam powered De Dijon-Bouton was classified as a tractor. First petrol engine car across the finish line was a Peugeot of Georges Lemaître, who arrived several minutes after de Dijon.
    [Show full text]