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A THERMODYNAMICS BASED MODEL FOR PREDICTING PISTON ENGINE PERFORMANCE FOR USE IN AVIATION VEHICLE DESIGN A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty By Justin L. Highley In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology April 2004 A THERMODYNAMICS BASED MODEL FOR PREDICTING PISTON ENGINE PERFORMANCE FOR USE IN AVIATION VEHICLE DESIGN Approved By: Dr. Daniel P. Schrage, Advisor Dr. Jimmy Tai Mr. Mark Waters Date Approved: April 2, 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Daniel Schrage for encouraging me to pursue a thesis in piston engine analysis, and for providing me with the academic resources necessary to complete the research. I must also thank Dr. Jimmy Tai for working with me throughout the project and providing guidance and mentorship. Particularly in the early stages of research process, he assisted in the development of my specific thesis topic, and helped me create the road map that laid the foundation necessary for success. Finally, I must thank Mr. Mark Waters. Without his constant assistance, suggestions, and sanity checks I would have never obtained the level of fidelity and quality I desired for this project. His eagerness to help and genuine interest in my work made this research much easier and more enjoyable. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF SYMBOLS ..........................................................................................................ix SUMMARY..................................................................................................................... xiii INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 SCOPE................................................................................................................................ 2 METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................. 2 PISTON ENGINE BACKGROUND................................................................................. 4 Piston Engine Basics....................................................................................................... 4 Piston Engine Operation............................................................................................. 4 Piston Engine Geometry............................................................................................. 5 Four Stroke Cycle Analysis ........................................................................................ 8 Measuring Engine Performance...................................................................................... 9 Calculating Engine Work.......................................................................................... 10 Calculating Engine Power......................................................................................... 12 Additional Engine Parameters .................................................................................. 13 IDEAL ENGINE CYCLES .............................................................................................. 15 Working Fluid Models.................................................................................................. 16 Combustion Models ...................................................................................................... 17 Comparison of Actual and Ideal Cycles ....................................................................... 20 IDEAL GAS STANDARD CYCLE PERFORMANCE MODEL....................................... 22 Methodology................................................................................................................. 22 Model Results ............................................................................................................... 26 FUEL-AIR CYCLE PERFORMANCE MODEL .............................................................. 28 Methodology................................................................................................................. 29 Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression........................................................................ 31 Process 2-3: Constant Volume Adiabatic Combustion............................................ 36 Process 3-4: Isentropic Expansion........................................................................... 39 Verification of Burned Gas Fraction......................................................................... 41 Engine Net Work ...................................................................................................... 42 iv Specific Fuel Consumption....................................................................................... 43 Model Results ............................................................................................................... 45 COMPUTER PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT................................................................. 47 CEA Overview.............................................................................................................. 48 CEA Application....................................................................................................... 50 CEA Integration........................................................................................................ 54 Parent Computer Program............................................................................................. 56 Input Module............................................................................................................. 57 State Points and Work Module ................................................................................. 60 Power Output Module ............................................................................................... 62 Engine Deck.............................................................................................................. 64 Computer Program Results ........................................................................................... 67 Computer Program Summary....................................................................................... 69 PERFORMANCE MODEL CORRELATION................................................................. 70 O-320-E2A Engine Specifications................................................................................ 70 Model Modifications..................................................................................................... 71 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................... 75 FUTURE WORK.............................................................................................................. 77 APPENDIX A: Ideal Gas Standard Cycle Performance Model Calculations ................. 79 APPENDIX B: Fuel-Air Cycle Performance Model Calculations ................................... 81 APPENDIX C: PEPP Computer Code ............................................................................. 84 Create Input File Module .............................................................................................. 85 Run CEA Module ......................................................................................................... 87 Read Output File Module.............................................................................................. 88 Performance Calculations Module................................................................................ 90 Combustion Products Module....................................................................................... 97 Power Chart Module ..................................................................................................... 99 Engine Deck Module .................................................................................................. 102 Miscellaneous Functions Module ............................................................................... 108 APPENDIX D: Piston Engine Performance Program (PEPP) User's Manual ............... 109 Overview..................................................................................................................... 110 Setup............................................................................................................................ 110 Using pepp .................................................................................................................. 111 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 120 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Test Case Data ................................................................................................... 26 Table 2: Ideal Gas Standard Cycle Model Results ........................................................... 27 Table 3: Test Case Data ................................................................................................... 45 Table 4: Fuel-Air Cycle Model Results ........................................................................... 46 Table 5: CEA Problem Types .......................................................................................... 49 Table 6: State Point Comparison: Thermodynamic Tables vs.
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