Ebook Code: REUK5044

Key Stages 2/3 (Ages 9 - 13) Fantastic Inventions

The earliest and most recent land, air and sea creations which will both engage and amaze. Contents

Teachers' Notes 4 Comprehension Activity 1 26 Curriculum Links 5 Comprehension Activity 2 27 Flights into Space 1 28 SECTION 1: LAND Flights into Space 2 29 Early Design Space Technology 30 The Innovations of Otto, Langen and Wankel 7 Space Activity 1 31 Comprehension Activity 8 Space Activity 2 32 Creative Activity 9 Space Activity 3 33 Modern Car Design Top Secret Space Plane 34 10 Piston Engines Activity 11 SECTION 3: SEA Gears 12 Under the Water Gears Template 13 Submarines 36 Technology and the Environment 14 Submarine Activity 37 Technology and the Environment Activity 15 Diesel Electric and Nuclear Submarines 1 38 Diesel Electric and Nuclear Submarines 2 39 of the Future Comparing Early and Modern Submarines 40 Future Designs 16 Comparing Early and Modern Submarines Future Designs Activity 17 Activity 41 Future Designs 2 18 Life in a Modern Submarine 1 42 Future Designs Activity 2 19 Life in a Modern Submarine 2 43 Nuclear Submarines and the Environment 44 SECTION 2: AIR Other Submarines 45 Aircraft Design Submarine Stories 46 Aerodynamic Forces 22 Build a Submarine 47 Aerodynamic Forces Activity 23 Examining Technological Leaps Answers 48 The Technological Innovations of the Wright Brothers 24 The Flyer and The Modern Day Airbus 25

3 LAND

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6 NEarly CarN Design The Innovations of Otto, Langen and Wankel

Read the information below.

NicolausNicolaus Otto,Otto, WikimediaWikimedia CCommonsommons Eugen Langen,Langen, Wikimedia CommonsCommons Wankel rotary , Wikimedia Commons

Nicolaus Otto was bornSample in 1832 in Germany In 1876, Otto and Langen built a two stroke and died in 1891. He fi nished school at 16 and engine in their own factory. Their invention delivered groceries to make a living. When he won a gold medal at the World’s Fair, where was growing up, trains and cars were powered new inventions were showcased to the world. by steam. Steam driven cars were so heavy that Also, in 1876, Otto built the fi rst four stroke they damaged roads in Europe and BritainSample and piston cycle internal combustion engine. It were very impractical for the unsealed roads burned air and fuel. Over the next ten years, in Australia. 30,000 of these engines were sold. Otto was deeply interested in technical Today, 100s of millions of these engines are inventions and during his lifetime he invented Samplesold for boats, tractors, aircraft, motorcycles engines which were powered by coal, gas and and industrial engines. air. The ‘explosion’ of fuel was contained inside the engines. These types of engines generated Felix Wankel was another great inventor born far more power and were safe machines. The in Germany. In 1957, he invented the Wankel petrol designed engines that we know today rotary engine. A rotary engine contains a rotar are based on Otto’s designs. or turning piston, which moves in a circular motion, so it goes around instead of having Otto patented the fi rst successful two stroke pump up and down. engine in 1861 together with Eugen Langen. This engine was practical for everyday Mazda have shown a lot of interest in the transport. Langen owned a sugar cane factory, Wankel rotary engine and have managed to so he could aff ord to help Otto set up the rstfi improve it. engine manufacturing company in the world.

7 NEarly CarN Design Comprehension Activity

 Reread the passage on page 7 and write the words in bold and their meanings in the table below. An example has been done for you.

SPELLING WORD MEANING Manufacturing Making or producing items using physical labour or machinery.

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Sample NQuestions 1. Who invented the four stroke piston cycle internalSample combustion engine? ______

2. Work out how many years we have been using this engine. ______

3. Approximately how many internal combustion engines are in use today? ______

4. Who invented the rotary engine? ______

5. What car company are particularly interested in the rotary engine? ______

8 NEarly CarN Design Creative Activity

Look at the pictures of the Patent Motorwagen and the modern day car and fi ll in the table below.

Benz Patent Motorwagen powered by a four stroke engine based on Otto's design. Wikimedia Commons.

How have cars developed in terms of:

car safety:

comfort: Sample

extra features available: Sample NDesign a Poster Make a poster for your classroom which describes and shows the extra features Sample on a modern day car. • Explain what features you would alter or remove from the car to improve it. • Draw and label bonus features that you would like added to the modern day car. • Use the space opposite and the back of this sheet to brainstorm ideas and draft/ plan your poster.

9 AIR

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21 NAircraftN Design Aerodynamic Forces

Read the information below.

There are four aerodynamic forces: lift, thrust, weight and drag. WEIGHT = Heaviness. Keeps the plane on the ground. LIFT = Upward movement. The lift of the plane must be equal to its weight to remain level. By increasing power and lift, the plane rises. If this power and lift fails, the plane descends. DRAG = Force created when an object is slowed by the resistance of the wind. Drag is the force created when the plane is slowed as the wind meets the resistance of the plane’s body. Try holding a small object out of the window of a moving car (not your hands as it is too dangerous). The air ‘push’ is very obvious! THRUST = Forward movement. Thrust happens when air is forced past the blades of the propeller or pulled into the valve (two way opening device). Note, for the jet engine, the process is the opposite. The jet engine pushes its way through the fl ow of air. Forward power through the air must be greater than drag for a plane to be able to move forward.

Sample REMEMBER • For a plane to fl y, the forces of lift and thrust must overcome weight (and therefore gravity) and drag. GRAVITY • Airfoil (wing design) and angle of attack (the direction and = force that attracts angle of the wingtip) assists lift and thrust to overcome weight objects toward the and drag.Sample A streamlined design (a smooth and sleek aircraft ground and slows lift. shape) reduces wind resistance and prevents drag. The dotted lines below show one possible pathway for the wind. Note: the design of the plane’s rudder may reduce wind resistance and drag and increase stability so POWER the plane is not pushed from sideSample to side as much. = the energy created

by the engine assists Lift• lift and thrust, but it angle of must not be too heavy. attack

Drag • Thrust STABILITY = plane parts being Weight• strong enough to withstand all four forces. wind under the wings

This diagram will give you an idea of the position and direction of each force.

22 NAircraftN Design Aerodynamic Forces Activity

Read the information on page 22 to help you to complete the activities on this page.

NQuestions

1. Write down your own defi nition of drag.

______

2. Which aerodynamic forces must be greater than drag and weight for a plane to move forward?

______

3. Name the two forces which pull a plane towards the ground and slow lift. • ______• ______4. What is anotherSample name for the design of a plane wing? ______NLabel the diagram Draw air pressure (wind) around the plane, then label the four aerodynamic forcesSample and indicate where the angle of attack lies.

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