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Life Table Study of Pentalonia Nigronervosa & P. Caladii

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Life Table Study of Pentalonia Nigronervosa & P. Caladii LIFE TABLE STUDY OF PENTALONIA NIGRONERVOSA & P. CALADII ON BANANA & VECTOR TRANSMISSION OF BANANA BUNCHY TOP VIRUS (BBTV) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENTOMOLOGY MAY 2012 By April M. Greenwell Thesis Committee: Alberto Bressan, Chairperson Mark G. Wright Russell H. Messing Keywords: aphid, vector, life history, BBTV, life table, Pentalonia caladii, banana DEDICATION Nandy, thank you for teaching me how to fish. Love you. ii Acknowledgements I want to acknowledge my gratitude to my advisor, Alberto Bressan, who fed and clothed me and my family for the past few years. Of course, I also am grateful to my committee members, Mark Wright and Russell Messing, who shared constructive criticisms and statistical expertise. I am also indebted to Scot Nelson for taking me on as a research assistant and for sharing his office space with me so that I could write in peace. Thanks to my husband for believing in me and supporting me to pursue higher education and for taking care of our little Oliver while I ran PCR’s and wrote these pages. I am thankful to the USDA for 2 minor crop grants that funded my research. I would also like to recognize the Drs. Au Yeung, Sui Shan, and Emmet Richard Easton Scholarship at CTAHR for supporting my lodging at the Pacific Branch Entomological Society of America Meeting on the Big Island to present my findings on my life table studies of Pentalonia. In addition, I would like to recognize the Edward M. Ehrhorn Entomological Scholarship and the Graduate Student Organization Grants and Awards Committee for supporting my travel to the Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting to disseminate my research on BBTV. I am also extremely grateful to the Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences for supporting me through the UH-Manoa Achievement (Merit) Scholarship while writing this thesis. Thank you Jeana Cadby, my greenhouse girl, and also thank you to Vanessa Lui who’s help was invaluable throughout all my experiments. Thanks to Mark Ladao, Thomas Park, and Christopher Turpin for grinding in the hood. I am also grateful to those fellow graduate students who have inspired me; Ming-Yi Chou, Elsie Burbano, Makena Mason, Rosalie Liener, my fellow Linnaean Games teammates and countless others. I want to especially thank Ming Yi because when I was her assistant she encouraged me to pursue graduate school and when I became a student at UHM she made me feel comfortable within the department immediately. Thanks also go to my lab mates: Clesson Higashi, Shizu Watanabe, and Darlene Cabanas for advice and support. I would also like to thank Marciana Galambao for genotyping the 12 aphid colonies. Thank you all who have made a difference in my life and my career!! iii Abstract Pentalonia nigronervosa, the banana aphid, (Hemiptera: Aphididae) vector- transmits Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV): the greatest constraint for banana (Musa sp.) crop production in Hawaii. Prior to 2010, Pentalonia caladii, the cardamom aphid, was regarded in synonymy with P. nigronervosa, therefore, earlier studies of Pentalonia aphids may not accurately reflect the true nature of each species. This research compares the life history, colonization ability and transmission competence of genotypically distinct P. nignonervosa and P. caladii asexual lineages collected from taro, heliconia, red ginger and banana using banana leaf discs or plants. Life history and developmental parameters were similar for both species when reared on banana leaf discs, but P. caladii from taro colonized banana plants with difficulty. All lineages of P. caladii vectored BBTV in leaf disc transmission assays, but only the P. caladii lineage from taro and P. nigronervosa from banana were able to vector BBTV to plantlets. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii List of Plates ...................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Aphid feeding ............................................................................................................ 2 Aphid reproduction ................................................................................................... 3 Asexual lineages ........................................................................................................ 4 Virus transmission ..................................................................................................... 4 Banana ....................................................................................................................... 6 Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) ............................................................................ 6 The genus Pentalonia ................................................................................................ 9 BBTV management ................................................................................................. 11 Structure of thesis .................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2: Effect of species, genotype and host plant on the development, reproduction and survival of Pentalonia aphids on banana ................................................................... 14 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 14 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 15 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................. 17 Aphid source ........................................................................................................... 17 Aphid identification ................................................................................................. 17 Host plant source ..................................................................................................... 18 Life table and developmental parameters ................................................................ 18 Plant assay ............................................................................................................... 20 Results .......................................................................................................................... 20 Aphid identification ................................................................................................. 20 Life table and developmental parameters ................................................................ 21 Colonization of banana plants ................................................................................. 22 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 23 Tables ........................................................................................................................... 27 Plates ............................................................................................................................ 35 Figures .......................................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 3: Transmission of Banana bunchy top virus by asexual lineages of aphids from the genus Pentalonia (Hemiptera: Aphididae) ................................................................. 42 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 42 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 43 Material and Methods .................................................................................................. 45 Aphid collection and rearing ................................................................................... 45 Aphid identification ................................................................................................. 45 Plants ....................................................................................................................... 46 v Leaf disc transmission assay ................................................................................... 47 Plant transmission assay .......................................................................................... 47 BBTV detection and statistical analysis .................................................................. 48 Results .......................................................................................................................... 49 Aphid identification ................................................................................................. 49 Leaf disc transmission
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