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Alaskan Inuit Food Security Conceptual Framework: How to Assess the Arctic from an Inuit Perspective

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Alaskan Inuit Food Security Conceptual Framework: How to Assess the Arctic from an Inuit Perspective INUIT CIRCUMPOLAR COUNCIL-ALASKA ALASKAN INUIT FOOD SECURITY CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: HOW TO ASSESS THE ARCTIC FROM AN INUIT PERSPECTIVE ALASKAN INUIT FOOD SECURITY CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: HOW TO ASSESS THE ARCTIC FROM AN INUIT PERSPECTIVE Technical Report INUIT CIRCUMPOLAR COUNCIL-ALASKA All information and concepts within this report are a product of a collaborative effort among 146 contributing authors (all Indigenous Knowledge holders), the project Advisory Committee and the Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska. This project has been managed and facilitated by the Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska’s Indigenous Knowledge/Science Advisor Carolina Behe. The final report was prepared by Carolina Behe in collaboration with the project’s Food Security Advisory Committee members and contributing authors. Information and concepts from this report should be cited as: Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska. 2015. Alaskan Inuit Food Security Conceptual Framework: How to Assess the Arctic From an Inuit Perspective. Technical Report. Anchorage, AK. This report and associated materials can be downloaded for free at iccalaska.org. Graphic design/layout by Northwest Strategies. © 2015, Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska, all rights reserved. This report or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the prior permission of Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska. The Indigenous Knowledge, inclusive of concepts and information derived from this knowledge source in this report, remains the collective intellectual property of the contributing authors who provided such information. Food Security Advisory Committee members: Myron Naneng, Indigenous Knowledge Holder, Suzanne Heckman, Youth Representative for the Austin Swan Sr., Indigenous Knowledge Holder. His President of the Association of Village Council Yukon-Kuskokwim region. Her home community is Pilot home community is Kivalina, Alaska. Presidents. His home community is Hooper Bay, Alaska, Station, Alaska. and he resides in Bethel, Alaska. Denali Whiting, Youth Representative for the Julie Raymond-Yakoubian, Cultural Anthropologist, Northwest Arctic region. Her home community is Tim Andrew, Indigenous Knowledge Holder, Natural Social Science Program Director for Kawerak, Inc. She Kotzebue, Alaska. Resource Director for the Association of Village Council resides in Nome, Alaska. Presidents. His home community is Marshall, Alaska, and Qaiyaan Harcharek, Iñupiaq Hunter and Cultural he resides in Bethel, Alaska. Malorie Johnson, Youth Representative for the Bering Anthropologist for the North Slope Borough Department Strait region. Her home community is Unalakleet, Alaska. of Wildlife Management. His home community is Barrow, Vivian Korthuis, Indigenous Knowledge Holder, Alaska. Vice President of Community Development for the Percy Ballot, Indigenous Knowledge Holder, Buckland Association of Village Council Presidents. Her home Tribal Council President, Maniilaq Association. His home Nicole Kanayurak, Youth Representative for the North community is Emmonak, Alaska, and she resides in community is Buckland, Alaska. Slope Arctic region. Her home community is Barrow, Bethel, Alaska. Alaska. John Goodwin Sr., Indigenous Knowledge Holder. His home community is Kotzebue, Alaska. Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska Tel. +907 274 9058 3900 Arctic Blvd., Suite 203 Fax +907 274 3861 Anchorage, AK 99503 iccalaska.org [email protected] CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Jamie Ablowaluk Lizzy Chimiuqak Rose Julius Wesely G. Okbaok Evelyn Shy Tommy Adams Sr. Annie Cleveland Lee Kayotuk George Olemaun Clara Florence Sittichinli Richard Agayar Doris Davis Abraham A. Kelly Carol Oliver Dale T. Smith Jr. Billy Agimuk Fred T. Davis Elias L. Kelly Moses Owen Samuel Smith Brandon Ahmasuk Randall Jess Dewey Ronald Kirk George Owletuck Mary E. Charlie-Smith Brenna Ahmasuk Sophie Enoch Andrew Koenig Frank K Oxereork Jr. Rhonda Sparks Wesley Aiken John J. Evan Luther C. Komonaseak Thecla Paul Susie A. Sun Nick Alexie Simeon Fairbanks Jr. Merlin Koonooka Nicholai O. Pavilla Sr. Robert Suvlu Wassily Alexie Cynthia Fancyboy Vivian Korthius Benjamin Payenna Joe Swan Mike Andrews Sr. Mildred Foster Arthur J. Lake Frances Pete Sr. Amy Taalak Lily K. Anniskett Deborah Friday-Aguchak John A. Lamont Fred Pete Sr. Terry Tagarook Anders Apassingok Sr. Larry A. George Annie Lampe Robert Pitka Sr. Laura Therchik Karl T. Ashenfelter Bivers Gologergen William Leavitt Sr. Clyde Ramoth Sr. Nick Therchik Sr. Barbara Atoruk John Goodwin Sr. Robert Lekander Emma Ramoth Henry H. Tikiun Jr. Ben Atoruk Pearl Goodwin John Lockwood Pauline Ramoth Henry Tikiun Sr. Beulah Ballot Willie Goodwin Jr. Peter P. Martin Sr. Ralph Ramoth Sr. Virginia Tom Grant Ballot Bessie M. Green Alexis Matthias Minnie Redfox Marie Tracey Percy Ballot Cyrus Harris Vera Metcalf Edward Rexford Sr. Branson Tungiyan Ernest Barger Sr. Pauline Harvey Andrew L. Milligrock Paul Rookok Sr. Clement Ungott Andrew Beaver Suzanne A. Heckman Charles J. Moses Katherine A. Sakar Nancy Walunga George J. Berry Bruce Inglangasak Robert Myers Leslie O. Sampson Willis Walunga Julia Bill Nick A. Isaac Sheldon E. Nagaruk Marrie Savok Raymond Waska Sr. Mildred Black Henry E. Ivanoff Anna Nageak Pete Schaeffer Albert Williams David A. Bobby Jacob Ivanoff Morris L. Nashoanak Sr. Debra Seetook Annie Lou Williams Charlie Brower Robert C. Iyatunguk Carolyn A. Nicholai Elmer Seetot Jr. Peggy S. Williams Flora Brower Axel Jackson Harry G. Nick Raymond Seetook Sr. Ethel S. Wood Sr. Harry Brower Sr. Michael A. Jimmy Rex J. Nick Lenora A. Sereadlook Julia D. Brown Simeon John Edward Nukapigak Pete Sereadlook Amil Carter Sr. Walter A. Johnson Thomas S. Nukapigak Elena E. Sergie Ickeley J. Charles Alice Grace Julius Tommy Obruk Alex T. Sheldon Sr. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska is grateful to the Tribal Councils Thank you to the note-takers, language interpreters and photographers: for providing feedback, logistical planning and support throughout this Joann S. Andrew, Barbara Atoruk, Grant Ballot, Kevin Bartley, Caroline project and to the contributing authors listed. We are also grateful to Cannon, Virginia Charlie, Elizabeth Cravalho, Heather Dingman, those individuals who chose not to be listed but continued to provide Alvira Downey, Michelle Durant, Jeffrey Egoak, Pauline Harvey, Kevin information and review of the project. Jernigan, Nicole Kanayurak, Maija Lukin, Freida Moon-Kimoktoak, Doris Mute, Chloe Naylor, Nicole Ranklin, Julie Raymond-Yakoubian, Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska wishes to thank the project’s Food Sharon Rodgers, Josaphine Sampson, Millie Stalker, Robert Suvlu, Security Advisory Committee for their guidance and information Meghan Topkok, Diane Wasuli-Dock, Denali Whiting, Angie provided throughout the project and for the contributions provided to Whitman and Martha Whitman-Kassock. this report. Thank you to everyone who provided photographs that assist in Thank you to the funders of this project: Alaska Native Fund at Alaska demonstrating what Alaskan Inuit food security is: Carolina Behe, Conservation Foundation, Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, Calista Ronald Brower, Jackie Cleveland, Heather Dingman, Kelly Eningowuk, Corporation, ConocoPhillips, Donlin Gold LLC, Maniilaq Association, Jenny Irene Miller, Maija Lukin, Minnie Naylor, North Slope Borough, NANA Regional Corporation, North Slope Borough, Northwest Amos Oxereok, Julie Raymond-Yakoubian, Mary Sage and Arctic Borough, Norton Sound Economic Development Corporation, Sam Towarak. Oak Foundation and World Wildlife Fund. We are grateful for those that provided friendly reviews of the technical Thank you to the organizations that provided important, invaluable in- report. Thank you to Raychelle Daniel, Heather Dingman, Leanna kind contributions: Alaska Commercial Company, Association of Village Elsworth, Henry Huntington, Eva Krummel, and Phil Loring. Council Presidents, Atmautluak Traditional Council, Bering Air, City of Emmonak, Hanson Trading Company (Safeway), Iñupiat Heritage During this project we lost three Elders who served as contributing Center, Kawerak, Inc., Kobuk Clinic, Lower Kalskag Tribal Council, authors and/or provided invaluable guidance during the project. We National Park Service, North Slope Borough Department of Health are humbled by their knowledge and thankful for their generosity in and Social Services, North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife sharing information. Quyana, Chief Paul John, John J. Evan and Mike Management, Northwest Strategies, Pilot Station Tribal Council, Andrew Sr. Shungnak Tribal Council and Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center. TABLE OF CONTENTS About Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska and the Inuit Circumpolar Council 4 Alaskan Inuit Arctic Ecosystem 5 Forward 7 Executive Summary 8 Introduction 13 Section 1: Key Concepts, Recommendations and Barriers 16 Section 2: Project Location and Methodology 25 Section 3: Defining Terms and Conceptualizing Relationships 31 Section 4: Understanding Alaskan Inuit Food Security 36 Alaskan Inuit Food Security Conceptual Framework 38 Connectivity and Cumulative Impacts 44 Drivers of Food (in)Security 45 Understanding the Dimensions of Food (in)Security and Drivers 48 Section 5: Assessments Process 80 Conclusion 101 Appendix 1: Examples of Disturbances 102 Appendix 2 Methodology 104 Appendix 3 Glossary 110 References 114 Photo courtesy of Jackie Cleveland Photo courtesy of Mary Sage LISTS OF BOXES, FIGURES AND TABLES Box 1 What Is Indigenous Knowledge? 15 Box 2 Arctic Boundaries One 26 Box 3 Arctic Boundaries
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