BACH and TUNING by Johnny Reinhard
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The Organ Ricercars of Hans Leo Hassler and Christian Erbach
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The 17-Tone Puzzle — and the Neo-Medieval Key That Unlocks It
The 17-tone Puzzle — And the Neo-medieval Key That Unlocks It by George Secor A Grave Misunderstanding The 17 division of the octave has to be one of the most misunderstood alternative tuning systems available to the microtonal experimenter. In comparison with divisions such as 19, 22, and 31, it has two major advantages: not only are its fifths better in tune, but it is also more manageable, considering its very reasonable number of tones per octave. A third advantage becomes apparent immediately upon hearing diatonic melodies played in it, one note at a time: 17 is wonderful for melody, outshining both the twelve-tone equal temperament (12-ET) and the Pythagorean tuning in this respect. The most serious problem becomes apparent when we discover that diatonic harmony in this system sounds highly dissonant, considerably more so than is the case with either 12-ET or the Pythagorean tuning, on which we were hoping to improve. Without any further thought, most experimenters thus consign the 17-tone system to the discard pile, confident in the knowledge that there are, after all, much better alternatives available. My own thinking about 17 started in exactly this way. In 1976, having been a microtonal experimenter for thirteen years, I went on record, dismissing 17-ET in only a couple of sentences: The 17-tone equal temperament is of questionable harmonic utility. If you try it, I doubt you’ll stay with it for long.1 Since that time I have become aware of some things which have caused me to change my opinion completely. -
Kūnqǔ in Practice: a Case Study
KŪNQǓ IN PRACTICE: A CASE STUDY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THEATRE OCTOBER 2019 By Ju-Hua Wei Dissertation Committee: Elizabeth A. Wichmann-Walczak, Chairperson Lurana Donnels O’Malley Kirstin A. Pauka Cathryn H. Clayton Shana J. Brown Keywords: kunqu, kunju, opera, performance, text, music, creation, practice, Wei Liangfu © 2019, Ju-Hua Wei ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to the individuals who helped me in completion of my dissertation and on my journey of exploring the world of theatre and music: Shén Fúqìng 沈福庆 (1933-2013), for being a thoughtful teacher and a father figure. He taught me the spirit of jīngjù and demonstrated the ultimate fine art of jīngjù music and singing. He was an inspiration to all of us who learned from him. And to his spouse, Zhāng Qìnglán 张庆兰, for her motherly love during my jīngjù research in Nánjīng 南京. Sūn Jiàn’ān 孙建安, for being a great mentor to me, bringing me along on all occasions, introducing me to the production team which initiated the project for my dissertation, attending the kūnqǔ performances in which he was involved, meeting his kūnqǔ expert friends, listening to his music lessons, and more; anything which he thought might benefit my understanding of all aspects of kūnqǔ. I am grateful for all his support and his profound knowledge of kūnqǔ music composition. Wichmann-Walczak, Elizabeth, for her years of endeavor producing jīngjù productions in the US. -
Download the Just Intonation Primer
THE JUST INTONATION PPRIRIMMEERR An introduction to the theory and practice of Just Intonation by David B. Doty Uncommon Practice — a CD of original music in Just Intonation by David B. Doty This CD contains seven compositions in Just Intonation in diverse styles — ranging from short “fractured pop tunes” to extended orchestral movements — realized by means of MIDI technology. My principal objectives in creating this music were twofold: to explore some of the novel possibilities offered by Just Intonation and to make emotionally and intellectually satisfying music. I believe I have achieved both of these goals to a significant degree. ——David B. Doty The selections on this CD process—about synthesis, decisions. This is definitely detected in certain struc- were composed between sampling, and MIDI, about not experimental music, in tures and styles of elabora- approximately 1984 and Just Intonation, and about the Cageian sense—I am tion. More prominent are 1995 and recorded in 1998. what compositional styles more interested in result styles of polyphony from the All of them use some form and techniques are suited (aesthetic response) than Western European Middle of Just Intonation. This to various just tunings. process. Ages and Renaissance, method of tuning is com- Taken collectively, there It is tonal music (with a garage rock from the 1960s, mendable for its inherent is no conventional name lowercase t), music in which Balkan instrumental dance beauty, its variety, and its for the music that resulted hierarchic relations of tones music, the ancient Japanese long history (it is as old from this process, other are important and in which court music gagaku, Greek as civilization). -
Keyboard Playing and the Mechanization of Polyphony in Italian Music, Circa 1600
Keyboard Playing and the Mechanization of Polyphony in Italian Music, Circa 1600 By Leon Chisholm A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Music in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Kate van Orden, Co-Chair Professor James Q. Davies, Co-Chair Professor Mary Ann Smart Professor Massimo Mazzotti Summer 2015 Keyboard Playing and the Mechanization of Polyphony in Italian Music, Circa 1600 Copyright 2015 by Leon Chisholm Abstract Keyboard Playing and the Mechanization of Polyphony in Italian Music, Circa 1600 by Leon Chisholm Doctor of Philosophy in Music University of California, Berkeley Professor Kate van Orden, Co-Chair Professor James Q. Davies, Co-Chair Keyboard instruments are ubiquitous in the history of European music. Despite the centrality of keyboards to everyday music making, their influence over the ways in which musicians have conceptualized music and, consequently, the music that they have created has received little attention. This dissertation explores how keyboard playing fits into revolutionary developments in music around 1600 – a period which roughly coincided with the emergence of the keyboard as the multipurpose instrument that has served musicians ever since. During the sixteenth century, keyboard playing became an increasingly common mode of experiencing polyphonic music, challenging the longstanding status of ensemble singing as the paradigmatic vehicle for the art of counterpoint – and ultimately replacing it in the eighteenth century. The competing paradigms differed radically: whereas ensemble singing comprised a group of musicians using their bodies as instruments, keyboard playing involved a lone musician operating a machine with her hands. -
Ninth, Eleventh and Thirteenth Chords Ninth, Eleventh and Thirteen Chords Sometimes Referred to As Chords with 'Extensions', I.E
Ninth, Eleventh and Thirteenth chords Ninth, Eleventh and Thirteen chords sometimes referred to as chords with 'extensions', i.e. extending the seventh chord to include tones that are stacking the interval of a third above the basic chord tones. These chords with upper extensions occur mostly on the V chord. The ninth chord is sometimes viewed as superimposing the vii7 chord on top of the V7 chord. The combination of the two chord creates a ninth chord. In major keys the ninth of the dominant ninth chord is a whole step above the root (plus octaves) w w w w w & c w w w C major: V7 vii7 V9 G7 Bm7b5 G9 ? c ∑ ∑ ∑ In the minor keys the ninth of the dominant ninth chord is a half step above the root (plus octaves). In chord symbols it is referred to as a b9, i.e. E7b9. The 'flat' terminology is use to indicate that the ninth is lowered compared to the major key version of the dominant ninth chord. Note that in many keys, the ninth is not literally a flatted note but might be a natural. 4 w w w & #w #w #w A minor: V7 vii7 V9 E7 G#dim7 E7b9 ? ∑ ∑ ∑ The dominant ninth usually resolves to I and the ninth often resolves down in parallel motion with the seventh of the chord. 7 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ & ˙ ˙ #˙ ˙ C major: V9 I A minor: V9 i G9 C E7b9 Am ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ? ˙ ˙ The dominant ninth chord is often used in a II-V-I chord progression where the II chord˙ and the I chord are both seventh chords and the V chord is a incomplete ninth with the fifth omitted. -
Spiegel Der Orgelmacher Und Organisten" Z 1511 Roku
Piotr Towarek Arnolta Schlicka traktat "Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten" z 1511 roku Studia Elbląskie 6, 191-216 2004/2005 Ks. Piotr TOW AREK Sliulia Elbląskie Lublin V1/2004-2005 ARNOLTA SCHLICKA TRAKTAT SPIEGEL DER ORGELMACHER UND ORGANISTEN Z 1511 ROKU Organy — odwieczny „król instrumentów” — zrośnięte z wnętrzami monumen talnych katedr, wiejskich kościołów i sal koncertowych, są największym i najbar dziej skomplikowanym narzędziem muzycznym. Zadziwiają swymi rozmiarami, strukturą architektoniczną, precyzją konstrukcji licznych mechanizmów, bogact wem i potęgą brzmienia1. Stanowią przedmiot zainteresowań specjalistów wielu dziedzin, głównie muzykologów, muzyków i historyków sztuki. Ich wykonanie zawsze wymagało bardzo rozległej wiedzy teoretycznej i praktycznej. Przekazywa nie tych umiejętności odbywało się najczęściej w ramach rodziny organmistrzow- skiej, z drugiej zaś strony w ujęciu systematycznym poprzez traktaty i opracowania teoretyczne, które są niezwykle cennym źródłem wiedzy o dawnych organach i sposobie ich budowania. Już w starożytnej Grecji i w Rzymie technika budowy organów stała na wysokim poziomie2. O greckich organach, jak również wzorowanych na nich udoskonalonych organach rzymskich, pisał w I w. po Chr. Witruwiusz w traktacie Dc Architectura libri decem, a także Martianus Felix Capella w swym encyk lopedycznym dziele De nuptiis z V w. po Chr.1 Także w Europie Zachodniej od VI w. wraz z zainteresowaniem się muzyką organową i organami, zaczynają stopniowo powstawać traktaty teoretyczne. W cią gu kilku następnych wieków, szczególnie IX-XI w„ kształtuje się średniowieczna teoria budowy organów4. Żyjący na przełomie wieku XI i XII Teofil Presbiter pisze dzieło Diversarum Artium Schedula\ Z tego okresu pochodzą również traktaty: De m ensura (1037) Notkera Labeo oraz De mensuris organicarum fistularum Hucbal- da6. -
The Unexpected Number Theory and Algebra of Musical Tuning Systems Or, Several Ways to Compute the Numbers 5,7,12,19,22,31,41,53, and 72
The Unexpected Number Theory and Algebra of Musical Tuning Systems or, Several Ways to Compute the Numbers 5,7,12,19,22,31,41,53, and 72 Matthew Hawthorn \Music is the pleasure the human soul experiences from counting without being aware that it is counting." -Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) \All musicians are subconsciously mathematicians." -Thelonius Monk (1917-1982) 1 Physics In order to have music, we must have sound. In order to have sound, we must have something vibrating. Wherever there is something virbrating, there is the wave equation, be it in 1, 2, or more dimensions. The solutions to the wave equation for any given object (string, reed, metal bar, drumhead, vocal cords, etc.) with given boundary conditions can be expressed as a superposition of discrete partials, modes of vibration of which there are generally infinitely many, each with a characteristic frequency. The partials and their frequencies can be found as eigenvectors, resp. eigenvalues of the Laplace operator acting on the space of displacement functions on the object. Taken together, these frequen- cies comprise the spectrum of the object, and their relative intensities determine what in musical terms we call timbre. Something very nice occurs when our object is roughly one-dimensional (e.g. a string): the partial frequencies become harmonic. This is where, aptly, the better part of harmony traditionally takes place. For a spectrum to be harmonic means that it is comprised of a fundamental frequency, say f, and all whole number multiples of that frequency: f; 2f; 3f; 4f; : : : It is here also that number theory slips in the back door. -
Onomastica Uralica 8
ONOMASTICA PatrocinySettlementNames inEurope Editedby VALÉRIA TÓTH Debrecen–Helsinki 2011 Onomastica Uralica President of the editorial board István Nyirkos, Debrecen Co-president of the editorial board Ritva Liisa Pitkänen, Helsinki Editorial board Terhi Ainiala, Helsinki Sándor Maticsák, Debrecen Tatyana Dmitrieva, Yekaterinburg Irma Mullonen, Petrozavodsk Kaisa Rautio Helander, Aleksej Musanov, Syktyvkar Guovdageaidnu Peeter Päll, Tallinn István Hoffmann, Debrecen Janne Saarikivi, Helsinki Marja Kallasmaa, Tallinn Valéria Tóth, Debrecen Nina Kazaeva, Saransk D. V. Tsygankin, Saransk Lyudmila Kirillova, Izhevsk The articles were proofread by Terhi Ainiala, Helsinki Andrea Bölcskei, Budapest Christian Zschieschang, Leipzig Lector of translation Jeremy Parrott Technical editor Valéria Tóth Cover design and typography József Varga The work is supported by the TÁMOP 4.2.1./B-09/1/KONV-2010-0007 project. The project is implemented through the New Hungary Development Plan, co-financed by the European Social Fund and the European Regional Development Fund. The studies are to be found at the Internet site http://mnytud.arts.unideb.hu/onomural/ ISSN 1586-3719 (Print), ISSN 2061-0661 (Online) ISBN 978-963-318-126-3 Debreceni Egyetemi Kiadó University of Debrecen Publisher: Márta Virágos, Director General of University and National Library, University of Debrecen. Contents Foreword ................................................................................................... 5 PIERRE -HENRI BILLY Patrociny Settlement Names in France .............................................. -
A Non-Definitive List of Most of the Concerts and Work (And the Odd Function) Presented, Promoted and Performed by the Bach Society of Queensland and the Bach Choir
A non-definitive list of most of the concerts and work (and the odd function) presented, promoted and performed by The Bach Society of Queensland and the Bach Choir. Regular occasions such as The Annual Bach Prizes, some Messiah Performances, Carol Singing and Soirees have not all been listed individually each and every year. Blue denotes items of significance. 1971 8 Jul First Fundraising Concert: JS Bach Sonata No 2 for Violin and Harpsichord; Granados Six Tornadillas; German lieder songs; Prokofiev 4th Piano Sonata 1 Aug The Inaugural Bach Society Concert JS Bach Fifth Brandenburg Concerto, the B-Minor Flute Suite, The Coffee Cantata 1972 18 Jun The Bach Choir under John Thompson: Vivaldi Four Violin Concertos, Klavier Concerto in B Minor; JS Bach Sinfonia Concertante in A Minor Plus three items by (their premier performance) Aug/Sept Sponsored Recitals by internationally acclaimed harpsichordist Dorothy White 27 Nov “Monday-Evening-with-Bach” free 1973 18 Feb JS Bach Concerto in F Major; Telemann Concerto in C Minor 15 Apr QYO Brass Ensemble: two Gabrieli Canzone; JS Bach Sonata No 3 for unaccompanied ‘Cello, Brandenburg Concerto No 3 21 July An instructive evening on Bach’s Preludes and Fugues 10/11 Aug JS Bach St Matthew Passion: rarely heard in Brisbane before 11 Nov JS Bach Cantata #10 Meine Seel erhebt den Herren, Brandenburg Concerto No 5 in D 1974 21 Apr At home - soiree. The first of many. JS Bach Ah My Savior from Christmas Oratorio, Have Mercy Lord from St Matthew Passion 1975 26 May Together with Concert Society Orchestra - JS Bach Magnificat : (the biggest challenge the choir had yet faced); Johann Christian Bach Sinfonia in E for Two Orchestras, Op 18 No 5; JS Bach The Third Brandenburg Concerto in G for Strings 16 Jun Bach-B-Que at Rosevale, near Ipswich the first of many. -
A Study of Microtones in Pop Music
University of Huddersfield Repository Chadwin, Daniel James Applying microtonality to pop songwriting: A study of microtones in pop music Original Citation Chadwin, Daniel James (2019) Applying microtonality to pop songwriting: A study of microtones in pop music. Masters thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34977/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ Applying microtonality to pop songwriting A study of microtones in pop music Daniel James Chadwin Student number: 1568815 A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Huddersfield May 2019 1 Abstract While temperament and expanded tunings have not been widely adopted by pop and rock musicians historically speaking, there has recently been an increased interest in microtones from modern artists and in online discussion. -
The American Bach Society the Westfield Center
The Eastman School of Music is grateful to our festival sponsors: The American Bach Society • The Westfield Center Christ Church • Memorial Art Gallery • Sacred Heart Cathedral • Third Presbyterian Church • Rochester Chapter of the American Guild of Organists • Encore Music Creations The American Bach Society The American Bach Society was founded in 1972 to support the study, performance, and appreciation of the music of Johann Sebastian Bach in the United States and Canada. The ABS produces Bach Notes and Bach Perspectives, sponsors a biennial meeting and conference, and offers grants and prizes for research on Bach. For more information about the Society, please visit www.americanbachsociety.org. The Westfield Center The Westfield Center was founded in 1979 by Lynn Edwards and Edward Pepe to fill a need for information about keyboard performance practice and instrument building in historical styles. In pursuing its mission to promote the study and appreciation of the organ and other keyboard instruments, the Westfield Center has become a vital public advocate for keyboard instruments and music. By bringing together professionals and an increasingly diverse music audience, the Center has inspired collaborations among organizations nationally and internationally. In 1999 Roger Sherman became Executive Director and developed several new projects for the Westfield Center, including a radio program, The Organ Loft, which is heard by 30,000 listeners in the Pacific 2 Northwest; and a Westfield Concert Scholar program that promotes young keyboard artists with awareness of historical keyboard performance practice through mentorship and concert opportunities. In addition to these programs, the Westfield Center sponsors an annual conference about significant topics in keyboard performance.