BACH and TUNING By Johnny Reinhard © 2009 Bust of Johann Sebastian Bach in a small park in Anhalt-Cöthen Photo: Johnny Reinhard Dedicated to Ted Coons Palace entrance in Anhalt-Cöthan Photo: Johnny Reinhard Bach and Tuning by Johnny Reinhard © 2009 212-517-3550 /
[email protected] www.afmm.org American Festival of Microtonal Music 318 East 70th Street, Suite 5-FW New York, New York 10021 USA 2 FOREWORD A new Baroque chromaticism was born in the late 17th century, and Johann Sebastian Bach was its master. Following the needs and interests of organists, and as a natural consequence of the obsolescence of meantone, an original tuning emerged. Keyboardists have since transitioned from supporting artists into virtuosic soloists. The irregular-sized steps of well temperament, not equal temperament, was the compromise entered upon to cement chromaticism to the Baroque. Among the heroes in this endeavor is Andreas Werckmeister, the pioneer who ushers in the concept of a closed circle of twelve major and twelve minor keys in music. Other protagonists include: Johann Gottfried Walther, Johann Philipp Kirnberger, Princess Anna Amalia van Preussen, and Johann Nicolaus Forkel. Irregularly shaped scales provide resources for a different narrative, a catalyst to perceiving a missing dimension in Johann Sebastian Bach’s music. The aim here is to return lost color to Bach’s music which has been stripped away by equal temperament hegemony. Finally, there is good reason to re-record the masterworks. 3 Foreword 3 CONTENTS 4 Chapter 1: Johann Gottfried Walther 7 Walther was like a brother to J.S. Bach throughout his lifetime, an eyewitness to his cousin’s musical world, and author of the first music lexicon of the German Baroque.