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Greek Terms for "Flax," "Linen," and Their Derivatives; and the Problem of Native Egyptian Phonological Influence on the Greek of Egypt Author(S): Demetrius J

Greek Terms for "Flax," "Linen," and Their Derivatives; and the Problem of Native Egyptian Phonological Influence on the Greek of Egypt Author(S): Demetrius J

Greek Terms for "," "," and Their Derivatives; And the Problem of Native Egyptian Phonological Influence on the Greek of Egypt Author(s): Demetrius J. Georgacas Source: Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 13 (1959), pp. 253-269 Published by: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291138 Accessed: 24/01/2010 15:08

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http://www.jstor.org GREEK TERMS FOR "FLAX," "LINEN," AND THEIR DERIVATIVES; and the Problem of Native Egyptian Phonological Influence on the Greek of Egypt*

DEMETRIUSJ. GEORGACAS

I. ANCIENT, KOINE, MEDIEVAL, AND TERMS AND NAMES

FLAX and LINEN. The Indo-European Mediterranean also cultivated flax2 and its peoples knew flax and linen, as is shown processing and products were known as by the term *lino- "flax, linen": Greek Aivov, early as the Mycenaean age, as the Mycenaean Slavic *l1n6, Baltic lina (all with short i), Greek terms of the fourteenth century B.C. Latin , Celtic (Irish lin), and Germanic that occur on tablets of Pylos and (Gothic lein, Old English lin, etc.) (all with adequately attest: linon "flax," "linen," long i).l The peoples living around the "linen thread," etc. (KN 222, PY 184), lineiai "female flax workers" and * It is a pleasure to acknowledge my in- (PY) lineiaon debtedness to Professors John L. Heller and (gen. plur., PY 8), a derivative of Herbert C. Youtie for their helpful criticism of Alvivs (as paaiXEia fem. "queen" from paam- this paper, and to Dr. Donald C. Swanson and AEus).3 In Aivov is frequently used and Dr. Edmund Berry for stylistic improvements. I should also like to thank Dr. Abdullatif A. Aly 0. Schrader-A. Nehring, Reallexikon der indo- (Cairo), Mr. P. Clark, Curator of german. Altertumswissenschaft2, 1.323ff.; A. Er- Manuscripts of the Library of Princeton nout-A. Meillet, Dictionnaire etymologique de la University, and Dr. J. R. Ashton, Librarian of langue latine3 (Paris, I95I), p. 643f.; A. Walde- the University of , for help in J. B. Hofmann, Lateinisches etymologisches securing papyrological material, and Professor Worterbuch3(Heidelberg, I938-56), i.8iof.; cf. Kurt Latte (G6ttingen) whom I consulted on a C. D. Buck, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms reading in Hesychius. in the Principal Indo-European Languages Some modern Greek material derives from (Chicago, I949), p. 4oof. the Archives of the 'Io-oplK6v AEIKObV-rfi Nkas 2 Victor Hehn, Kulturpflanzen und Haustiere 'EXArivlKfjs( of ) and of the in ihrem Ubergang aus Asien nach Griechenland MEaalcoviKov'ApxEiov (ibidem). I am thankful und Italien, 8. Aufl., neu herausg. von 0. Schrader - to Dr. John Kalleris, Director of the former (Berlin, I9II), p. 192. For more complete institute, for supplying information from the information on flax and linen see Olck, in Historical , as well as to Mr. Nicholas Pauly-Wissowa, Real-encyclopidie der class. Kontosopoulos (Historical Lexicon) and to Altertumswissenschaft, s.v. Flachs, 6 (I909), Dr. Phaedon Bouboulidis ( cols. 2435-2484; Hugo Bliimner, Technologie Archives). Further modern Greek material was und Terminologie der Gewerbe und Kiinste bei received from friends in various parts of Griechen und Romern, I2 (Berlin, 1912), pp. I9I- in answer to two questionnaires sent by me in I99; 0. Schrader-A. Nehring, Reallexikon der December 1956 and October 1958, with kind indogermanischen Altertumskunde2, I (1917-23), support from the office of Dean R. B. Witmer 323b-326b, s. v. Flachs; H. Thedenat, in Ch. of the University of North Dakota. The names Daremberg et E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des anti- of these informants appear in another study quites grecques et romaines, (Paris), 3.2 (1900), (Memorial Volume for Manolis Triandaphyllidis, I260b-I263b, s.v. linum. Cf. H. Michell, The Athens, I960), but I wish to mention here my Economics of , (New York, 1940), obligation to Dr. Demetrios Loucatos (Folklore pp. 58f. (flax), I84f. (linen and ), 290f. Institute, Athens), Mr. Christodoulos Papa- (linen); John Kalleris, Al TrpooTal Xat nri- christodoulou (principal, Venetokleion Gym- OupavroupyiaS EiS -rv nTrTo,EpaiK1V ATyUTr-ov, nasium for Boys, , Greece), Mr. Panayotis (Athens, 1952 = -ETrErrPISpAaoypa,qlKOO' ApXeiou Bournelos (Carystos), Mr. Panayotis Stamos of the Academy of Athens, 6 [1950-51]). (Polygyros), and Mr. Constantine Psychogios 3 See Michael Ventris and John Chadwick, (Lechaina). Documents in , (Cambridge, 1 J. Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologi- I956), pp. I3I, I59, 296f., 320, and (Vocabulary) sches Worterbuch (Bern, I948-58), p. 691; 408 a. 254 DEMETRIUS J. GEORGACAS it occurs as "linen garment" through the Aivoq-96pos Hellenic period to the and AIvoi-rcov(Hesych.) through the middle ages. Egypt as well as the catipAivvo s Byzantine Empire4 produced linen. .The :KKa&IeK&iXWvoS cultivation of flax and the linen industry evveaAwvos were wide spread in Greece itself, as is shown etc. by terms designating production of flax and manufacture of flaxen articles and linen 2. Koine Greek in all periods of the and by place-names derived from the terms ?ivov (and Aivov, name of a place on the for "flax" etc. This is made sufficiently clear Propontis with ethnicon Aivoucios) by the following table of terms. It is worth AlvaTos noting that Egyptian and Greek flax is that A?lv&povand Atv&piv known as linum usitatissimum L. Alv&apos(Lat. linarius) 7ivappitvov I. AlvgrpTopos AivEpyfS, AlvEpycO (-co) linon (Mycenaean) and Aivov(Iliad) lineia "woman flax worker" (Mycenaean) AivEsrfis AivEos (Attic kXvous)"of flax, linen" and IVUoco Aivrn f. "tape measure"; also AIvelos piTos AlvEbilov (Souda) Alvep^6o XAlvpyns,Alvepy& (-co) AlV1KiKf.

AtVOYEV'S AiVIVOS wlv68Eapos Alv68pus Aiv6EoSros XvoEpyiS A?vo6coa-ros Aiv6OlvKTOS Xlvo3{ipasm. AIvoKaaapil AivoScbpag(-prg) AlVoKacapis AlVoKipUKES'oi Ta A7lv&TrcoXoOvTre 7AvoK7aWaIiov AIVOKplS&p (Hesych.) AIvoKpi.9Ti AlV6KpOKOS Alvoj6s Atv6-rrErr?ToS 7uvo6rr6pos AIv6OrrprKTOS Alv6orrrl (XAvo1rrr&l?Hesych., Alvo&rropatl) XIVOTrxA| Aivoppacris AivoTr-AKos "linen-weaver" (cf. 6$ovlowr6AKos) Alvoailvs AivoTrrAXvas[- TrAvras ?]' pipEus (Hesych.) Alv6a-roXoS Alvo-orATqrs(not AlvowrrA-riswith LSJ) Alvoupy6o AiVOrTOi6S(cf. 6OoviOTrrOOS) Alv6iTreposXIVOT1= pOS AIVO=T~puS 4 For the see Edictum Atv6Trupos Diocletiani, ed. Th. Mommsen (Berlin, 1893 = CIL,3, Supplement), ?? 26-29, pp. 39-48 on 7Avo-rrcbATs(cf. 6SoviaKo6, 6SovItowrprqT, O6ovio- Aivov. For Byzantine times cf. Leo Philos., 7rcbAXln"linen merchant") T6o?1TapXtK6v pipXiov, ed. J. Nicole, 2.1; 9.1,6 Alvos m. (= Xivov) and 7; 'Aacriaf KrTTpov,C. Sathas, MEaOaCOVKiK Atv6s "made of linen" (P. Masp. 67006, i.88 BtpAloSqiKrl(Venice), 6.489 (linum brought to Aiva is misac- Byzantine markets from Egypt); Adam Mez, [6th cent.] rrpooKEqaAEa -rpa The Renaissance of Islam (London, 1937), cented as Aiva by Preisigke, Worterbuch, pp. 458-462; cf. G. Zoras, Le corporazioni 2.24 instead of 7Ava); Aiv6v Etym. m. studio sull dell' im- bizantine; TrrapXiK6vplpAiov 566.36-38. This adj. is from anc. Aivo0u, as peratore Leone VI (Rome, I93I), pp. I79--82 &-rr7A6from &arXous,Xpua6o from Xpuvois, etc. (on 6Soviorwp-prac[not 6ocovlowrpa-ra]); Ph. Kou- koules, Buvavtorivv pios Kcal TrwoATIla6oS,2.2 Alv6orraprov (Athens, I948), 22 f. See also the following note. AtlvoTrEp.pa(cf. Aivou a7Tprppa) GREEK TERMS FOR "FLAX" AND "LINEN" 255

AtVOC-rrEpplov 3. Medieval Greek EXalov Alvoo-rrpHlpvov Aivovin medieval Greek is a learned (Koine) AIvooaraaia term;5 as is also the plur. -rTAiva meaning ?AVoo-rcrra(-4o) "white linen" and "hunting net" (Eusta- ?lvo6rripa (Lat. linostema) thius, nTapEKpoAai,I452.60; 574.30). AlvooaroXia iva&piovConst. Porphyrog., De cer. 658.I3, lXv6Oa-po9O 673.5 and 9; Leo Philos., T6o rrapXlKov ipAiov Xivo-rt8Xl1S I3.I (ed. J. Nicole, Geneva, I893, p. 47); Atvo-r6pOt Achmetis Oneirocr.2I9 (ed. F. Drexl, p. 172, Aivoj6iov (see below) lines 12 and 15) Aivapiou 219 (p. 172, line 7AVOUTIV (see below) 14), 2IO (p. 165, line 2); in the latter passage hAvoupylEov Xcbpavklorapj,vrlvAlvapiou should be emended Alvovpyia to read ?lvaplv,which mss. rBS actually Alvoupy6o give; Michael Choniates, 2.365.I3 (ed. Alvovpy?$(-Eo) S. Lambros) & Alvapiou alpeolv uTroKpivETal; rT6SKaicopav rTOU Alvapiou Assises B, ranr(ed. ivoOu[avreia] C. Sathas, MECaICOViKiBipXlOSiKn, 6 [I877], Atvo091S p. 489, line 9); the plur. -ra Xlvapiameans AlVOUjtKO6S also "hunting nets" = anc. Greek -ra Aiva wv60, po (see the preceding). The spoken medieval hwvoOxo5AIVOUOOS form was no doubt Xtvwapv,which is re- AIvoqaKo6 corded in this form by Achmet (see above); XAvoqavrvs(from ?AvoOuvxwrls) Prodr. 1.96 K&ICvco-O lvapiv, 2.35 XAv&piv Alvoq6popyf Kalpaitp6aov; also Steph. Sachlikis in his Aiv6XXAatvo 'AqnyiaEls461, 463 (ed. W. Wagner, p. 95). -OV AXv6XOpTos, Alvapas m. Du Cange, Glossarium Graecit., under the AivupavTr&pio (and AEvuqavraplos s.v.; see the following. influence of perhaps tvnov) AivapoTrouAXrlTrm. Du Cange, ibid., s.v. = Alvuyav-rEov Koine AtvpTrropos,AivoTrrcbns. Alvuqc&vrr15 AlvwAiv:EIS KTnpoaroTrrlv Kac saBiv, Aa'S&vKai XAtlviv Aivucpav-nK6 Prodr. 2.53 (ed. Hesseling-Pernot). Perhaps XvvuappiosAlvugvipKo5 for itviXacov. AlVU>lKOV AXV6s"made of linen": a&pdia iv&a[not Aiva] ypiAaSiaKO6cia Theophan. Contin. (ed. Bonn), Aivvuqos 3I8.I6; EITE Iva&[not ?Ava] Etli EITTE? ?pioou fi Alvcovia 5 alv6XAvos Aivou 6iapavous vyai&uara Gregorii Nyss. Oratio VII (A.D. aKp6oAvos 368/9), Migne, PG, 35.773 D; 'rofisK Aivou Kcaoarlpov dpiolis qaaac,Tao,idem, Orat. a6Avos Sfpa XIV (A.D. 373), ibid., 877 A; ESCoKEV6 ES'sTOU drroXitvc (-6co) AivouT-rV xpCtiv riSTrAaT-rupav &drroauclv Asterii &TrroXivcoats Amaseae episc., Homiliae (ca. A.D. 400), Migne, PG, 40. 65A; EiTa a&rTro TOUTCOv ETi Ta bSia7vito, -opal (not Sia?ivaco, -vG$pal) IE-rTapaivoucVv PiKTa&K AiVOUKai Ep?aSEXovVTa T7rV KCaoxCKEsui S. ?EKAIVico(not KAiv&co) Nili, Liber de monastica exercitatione (A.D. 450), Migne, PG, 79.804B; Tra?K Aivcov CLp&apa-raLeo TrlA1lVEVUTIS Philos., T6 ETrrapXlKVplpAiov, 2.I(ed. J. Nicole, TCOVXETTT CV XiVCOV ErnTtvav'*7Tl rropEEoCSal Toa- Ecrrca Aiva Karl&trn1E- p. 22); i KaCiSiaCavV Ka-r'.6aoIv piv Kal Michael Psellos in rTEIV(Hesych.) avvaycoyfi cavvirlacS C. Sathas, MEaatcoviKif AEUKO6XVOV BipA3oS3rKTi,5 (1876), p. 73; o0 StsaaoSiviStBuo

'-ripasfXns Leo Philos., Tactica,inMigne, PG, thius, lTapeKpo7ai,574.30. I suggest the 107.724 C; drr6 T-Cveciaay6vrcov EcoswV r& Tro1- spelling Sia7ivi'a,, SieAivicraro,(with -vi-) aorraAltv; idem, To -rrapXKo6vPipAlov, 9.1 (ed. in place of transmitted Siacivfirao, sIEXAvV- J. Nicole, p. 39); 'Eav.. .eiSiA 9rr payucrrEia acrrosince the derivative verb is possible AXVoVI PhEAT0osKTA. ibid., 9.6 (p. 40); 01i v -ri in -ico, not in -aco. The word is a Koine rTo7eipyaLo6pevoi Aiv& KT.rX 9.7 (p. 40); i loirrr verb (Phrynichus, Praeparatio Sophistica, &drr AIvoOKal pa&pacKo Achmetis Oneirocr. 225 ed. I. de Borries [Leipzig, I9II], p. 64B = (ed. Drexl, p. I77, line 9); &drr6Epiou i &dTr6b Anecdota Bekker, 36.23, SiaXivicrat,Siaquv- XAvo0?n pappaKos ibid. 229 (p. I80, line I7); Ei yE!V Ev ToTS KUVnyEaiol5 yEVOPIvoV, which 68 pa3apdp3KovviSE q AIVOVibid. 262 (p. 215, is also traditionally written SlaAlvfqja). line I5); -ravvivA?VOV F. Trinchera, Syllabus The entry for Koine and med. Siaivvdco as graecarum membranarum (, 1865), well as the medieval IKAiv&comust be struck p. 324, text no. 240; ot 86 AIVOVXt6xva, ot 8^ out of our lexica. paoAcoTov Glossae Graecobarb. (Du Cange, EKAivico "escape from a hunting net": Glossar.Graecit., s.v. paXAcorTov,858). iSE?ivMlov frroi 81ESipuyE Tr Aiva Eustathius, ?uvopa3cpaKKos"made of linen and ": nlapeKpoXai,574.30; OTE 6 [Loov EpTrEcov Xlvo[pa'paKoviPldrv Prodr. 1.93 (ed. Hesseling- aurois ?KpuIyg,EKivio'al qaciv auTo, p5rTroplKos Pernot). Cf. &-r6oAvoO Kai (il) padppaKoS in 9pp&ovTES ibid., I452.60. Ph. Koukoules6 Achmet (see preceding). correctly argues for the present XKAIViLcoand AIvopveTrov neut. "blue linen cloth": ETEpa against KXivEcoor KAivXco.It is obvious that TrlTcoT-r ?AlvopEveTa EXovTa paAXXov KTEVIOTOV the copyists of mss. created the forms -fijal Const. Prophyrog., De cer. 465I.7; )XEl (EKXvijoal, ?EXiVrjaEv)with -'I- which TrlcoT-rKEVTOUKMl va 6v5E8ugpva AivoPverTa 487.6. lexicographers have unnecessarily per- AXvoE1iSis"like flax": ovouaSpiaKaci aolnlKivSia, petuated. In the thirteenth century EiP6T-repavo[ilco ?AVOEISf EIvat Ammon. Georgius Cyprius, lTapoliiai,3.3 (Leutsch- Alexandr., Migne, PG, 85.I576 A. Schneidewin, Paroemiographi Graeci, AivogpaXoov:s TrlpaTErrl.ov, Alvo6a?ov mantile CGL 2.11.I5) EKTrEp8iK;

4. Modern Greek Legrand, Bibliotheque grecquevulgaire, 2.256, &erro7uvapiSEsf. plur. Cythera "the pulpy line 706; K. Dapontes, Aoyoi TravTiyvptKof, remnants of flax" ('Ia"roplK6vAes

XIVO~VXIIBES. this r, I.I37 (K. N. Sathas, Kpyrix6YKvOE'-rpov, err6?uvosm. (ibid). [Venice, i879], p. I56); (1713) F. Miklosich a-rro7uvcbvcoPontic (ibid.); see Koine &,roXiv6$. and J. Miller, Acta et diplomata, 2 (1887), a-rro7ivcopavneut. Pontic (ibid). p. 1gg.-Today ?uv&aptis common and uvcdalaf. "thin linen ," "cord" dialectal (Bova, , Kerasounda, (Chimara), Pontos (Chaldia, Kerasounda, Trapezounda),m7va&pwv(, Rhodes, etc.), Liveri), Ine'aEpirus (Drymades, etc.), Amvi& 2narin the northern Greek dialect group, Epirus (Droviani, Schoriades, Tsamandas, Xtvip and vAp in Cappadocia (Gurtonos, etc.), Corcyra (Argirades), , Pelopon- Aravan), ?uv&atiin . From Koine nesus (Achaia, , , Olympia, and medieval 7uv&aptv(see above med. ), ?evia "thread" (Avlo- 7lwaptov). nari, Kourouni, Kymi), 7EV1&"piece of ?uvapi&af. "field of flax" from 7uvapai'a. rope" Euboea (Carystos, Ochtonia, Vryses), Awap'pi-rrm. "water in which flax is retted" etc. Some of the more usual meanings are: Crete. There is also the noun 7uvappi-rrlsm. a. thin rope, (synon. anrr&yyos),b. strip as the name of a (Eleftheroudakis, of cloth, c. thread. Another meaning occurs 'EyiuvKuo-rra1i1K6'vAEEK6V, 8.7I9a). in modern Cretan: 7uva'iaor 7ivai f. "odor 7uvapoKo'rravil(w"beat flax" in Mani, Maniaki of burning linen cloth" (synon. 7uvov8i&, in Triphylia and in lexica. Synon. aTowvTriLco 6 Xiv6S,-r6 ?Aw6v).Cf. Koine 1uvaTos. -ro Xiv&pi (Cynouria). ?uvapapi&f. "field of flax" Epirus (Kouren- XtvapoKo1Tavia-rpa f. "woman worker who tochoria, etc.). The suffix -acxii6,earlier pounds flax" in Mani and Maniaki. -apafa, was detached from nouns such as ?uvapoK6TrravoSm. "wooden beater of flax" in Ka7Xapcia,&aTrOKaXapa'Ca, PPlCoKaXapaca, etc. , Mani, Maniaki, Adrianople, and in Cf. also the derivatives ppiLapta&(ppiLa), lexica. Synon. Korravos. Ppopapi& (pppo'rp), KptIatIl& (KpIt9), camKapi6 ?uvapoKov-raAla-rpaf. "woman worker who (qpcat<),etc. The 'Ia-ropwK6vAElKOV -rfiSNiaS removes the stalk of the flax as it is being 'E7Qr1v1Kiss,i.5i2a, gives -apEa'as if the latter pounded" (synon. Kov-rcAhiorrpa).Cf. the suffix were -E'a;see, however, D. J. Geor- phrase KOV-ra7MALCOo,77vapi. gacas in Glotta, 31 (I95I), p. 211ff. Xivap6o'XaSoneut. "" (Eleftheroudakis ?uvapasm. "flax grower or dealer" common 'EyKVK7;o-rfat81K'vAEEIK6V s.v.; etc.). Synon. (also in the lexica of da Somavera, Weigel, iv6o'Xabo. Brighenti, etc.) from med. 7ivapas, q.v. 2ivapopa&yyavoneut. "machine [payyar'v]by In Euboea 7uvapasis the designation of a which the stalk of the flax is crushed" in bird (=~p7X$pos?). many regions. Synon. p&ayyavos (Epirus, Aivapivios "of flax," "flaxen" Elis, Naxos, , Peloponnesus, Pontos, etc.), , (Inare'ius)etc. K6oTpa. Cf. payyaviLcO -r ?uv&pi. Alvapfi$pa f., name of a weed that grows in flax XivapovApi neut. "water in which flax is fields, perhaps delphinium junceum, in washed" Maniaki in Triphylia. (Maniaki, Papoulia, etc.), Zacyn- ?uvap6lravo neut. "linen cloth" in Messenia thus, . (eparchia of Olympia). Synon. Xwv6iTavo, ?uvapaiaxos"of flax" in various places: Tp&apa 7uv6-rravi. Awvapaito"linen cloth" Corcyra;-r6 Avapi'alo 7ivap6aKoWoneut. "rope made of flax" as a noun "place in which flax is cultivated" Peloponnesus, Crete, Cos, etc. Synon. Awiv, Thrace (Saranda Ekklisies). wv6aKovo,arraAap6&pi. 7uv&pineut. "flax": (1722) K. Amantos, Xivap6oxou-ro neut. "coarse rug of linen" in "'H aIxpa?c,aia -roO NlKo7aov AtKIVl'ov," Messenia (eparchia of Olympia). 'EAT1vlKur,ii (1939), p. I53;'loTopoapa -raV KOVKaT ivap6anO-opos m. "flaxseed, linseed" common T'rhvOUyypop7aXi'av -rEAE7aSvTroviTrap'a -roOi (2nar6spurusin the northern Greek dialect PnTTpoTr-rovMvp4cov KJpOUDMcrrSarov, in 'E. territory). Synon. Xiv6aTrropoS. '7 258 DEMETRIUS J. GEORGACAS AMv&A=oneut. "linseed oil" is from the seventeenth century (Agapios Landos, term ?uvk'aiov(synon. ?uva- BipAiov Kca;olipEvovreoTrrovlK6v, [Venice, 1796] p6WaSo),which occurs in a codex of the p. i86, Xtv6?Xabocommon (Jonian Islands, sixteenth century (K. Amantos, 'A$iiva, Adrianople, etc.). Synon. ?ivap6?aao, 43.I51). But modern Aivi7Xaiov"linoleum" 7ivgXaio,Koine AivooarrwpipvovE7.aiov. was adapted from Neo-Latin linoleum Xivop6AXivoS "made of linen and " in (= Greek i

XivooCroAif. "linen suit" (a katharevousa The family name Alv&pnsm. occurs in term); in military language it means "linen fewer places and derives from the term Alv&pt underwear" (for both oKxEXaand ulro8urris). "flax," given to persons as a nickname. Cf. synon. dTrrppouoxa,acbpouxa. Cf. also Aivapirrl m. as a nickname occurs in Re- Koine lvoo-roidaand anc. Greek Alvoa-roos. thymno and as a surname in some villages of AXvoiuianeut. plur. "underwear" and especial- the eparchia of Mylopotamos, both in Crete.6o made of linen cloth woven ly "petticoats Place Names: Place names derived women" in Crete from by (see below). the terms for "flax" and from their derivatives AtvovuSif. and lAvourld (see below). are found in great abundance; for example A?vopopc"wear linen clothing": the participle the following:7 XAvoqop6Ekvosin Thrace (Adrianople) and in lexica (e.g., da Somavera: "vestito di Alvap&Kxneut. in Pylia (Kondogoni) and as lino"). Cf. Koine Aivop6pos. the name of a village in ; plur. Aiv6Xop-roneut., name of the erythraea Atvap&Ktain Naupaktia, Trichonia, and maritima, in Corcyra;from Koine Xv6XopTov. Pylia. PaJyyacvico-rT6 Xlvp "work out the flax by Alvap&am. name of a locality in (Pyrgi). means of a machine called ,Iayyavos"(sou7EIco oCroVAlvapTl, name of a locality in the Pelo- rTOAlvapi oar6 ayyavo): payyavicalovo Xlvapi ponnesus (Dirachi). (synon. oxouvAXivin Cyprus, oKouvAiin Cos, Alvapi neut. in , Calymnos, Euboea oKou?Aov5iin Crete and Cythera, KopKu80a (Carystos, Platanistos), etc.; the plur. in Crete); opposite apayyavo-ro ?tiv&p. Cf. Alv&pia in Aetolia (pronounced lndrja), Alvapopi&yyavo. Epirus (), Calymnos, Symi, and of gAitva; see s. v. AIvos. a village in Argolidocorinthia. AEhAlflco"beat the dry flax so that its Alvap&lf. name of localities in Elis, Aetolia, fall away" in Mani (Kambos of Avia); Rhodes (infive villages), (Pertouli), figuratively "rejoice greatly" in Crete Scyros (harborand village) and as the name (Imbros of Sfakia), probably with the earlier of a place previously called rKopTrLain Elis; meaning of "escape from a hunting net" plur. Awvap&isin Thessaly (Pertouli), Tri- (cf. ~S6iXr[Lco:ksidixtizu "escape from a phylia, Rhodes, Alvapiesin Euboea (Epis- net" in the speech of the island of ). kopi), etc. Also Aivapt f. in , plur. This word derives from med. EXAliviaaaor. Aivapis in Crete (Siteia), Aivapa in Car- of IKAtViLco"to escape from a hunting net pathos and Crete (Viannos). All from the [= Xivov]"(see med. &KAivicoabove). noun Alvapi&,wlvapaia (see above). wt\oAoivi neut. "thin flax" in Triphylia AlvapiSlaneut. plur. in Rhodes (Vati). (Gargaliani) from Wytiv Aivov. Aivapicorpaf. in many places; from the noun *7ivapio7pa (cf. ppLiU-rpa, 1ppopio-rpaetc.). It should be noted that the mod- sixty-five Alvapi-raaf. in Epirus and Evrytania. ern Greek terms above do not consti- given Atvap6KaiTrrosm. in Naupaktia. Cf. Alv6KoKaros. tute a definitive list since it is impossible to Alvapoxcbpaqoneut. in Aetolia. provide an exhaustive list of terms from writ- Atv6f.: O-r/ Aiv6 an area in Scyros where flax ings that have been neither excerpted nor com- was cultivated. or from unrecorded oral pletely published, Alvoiuia neut. plur. name of localities in Greek which constitutes such a rich speech Rhodes (near Lardos). source for medieval and modern Greek. AivoOpaf. in Nisyros. AlvoppoxEiovneut., a medieval 5. Names place-name (M. Goudas, "Bulavrva Wyypaqa-ris v 'AScp Names: Family The family name Alvap&a lEpas Ilovfs TOU BorroTrESiou,"'EirmEnpi m. in occurring many sections of modern ETraipEia Bulavritvcv -rrovuSov, 4 [I927], p. Greece must also have been medieval and 213, line 2 TOo... PUaKos -ro iETrh2TEyoplvov post-medieval, and derives from the occupa- tional term m. "flax and 6a This I learned from Mr.Andreas Stavrou- Axvapas grower" in a "flax dealer." Hence the lakis, letter dated 20 December I958. place-name Alvapr&TKa 7 For some of these names cf. cit. neut. on Kalleris, op. plur. the island of Paxi. (note 2), p. i88, note 5. I7* 2600 DEMETRIUS J. GEORGACAS

AlvoPpoXEiov-roi MENlaaivoiD,and p. 214, AivoiT6TTI&m. name of a pond in Cos. line 34 TO6v SlCaWq(pSEPvTaov'aKa, -r6v E?rrovopa- Aiv6pOKa f. in Cephallenia. L6psvov AwvoppoXEaov-Toii MEXaoCvoi0)and Aivo-r6Trt (-rTjS Kao-ropi'as, year 1622) and -rijs modern in Volissos of Chios; AivoppoXao KcbiIrisAvo-rorriov (-rfis Kao-ropicas,year 1617) in Cythera and Mani; AtvoPpoxu6in Pylia (E. Poulitsas, "'Erinypaqpa1iKca V(JI.PiaES E'K (Mitioti) and in Triphylia (three times), ri s BopEiov 'HTrEipov," 'ETrEirTrnpi''E-rcalpias Cephallenia, Amorgos, Crete, Nisyros, BvlavnrrwvvXlTovu&$v, 5 [1928], pp. 66 and 6i); Rhodes (Arnitha: linovroso); plur. Atvoppo- Awvo-ro'-rriis also the name of a locality in XEia' in Zacynthus, and as the name of a Elis, of a place in Macedoniathrough which winter stream in Seriphos. the river Aliacmon flows, and of a village Awvopp6xxneut. in Elis, Messenia, Carpathos, in the Koritsa area in North Epirus (South Acarnania (pronounced lnuvr69), Leucas; Albania). plur. Aivoppoxia in Cephallenia, , Alv6ocopa neut. in (pronounced lnd- Nisyros, Acarnania, Aetolia. xuma). Aiv6KaCIirrosm. in Zacynthus. Cf. Aivap&Kaprros. etc.

ii. AINOYAION,AINOYTIN, (GHOST-WORD)AINOYrION, ETC.; AINOYAIA (FEM.), AINOYTIA; KYAIAION, ENLAION-ENOIZI, ETC.

rT. tvomMtov derivative of the noun 7uv6vneut. "anything made of "linen The noun Aivo\i8iovis only a late Koine flax," "linen cloth," garment" with the diminutive suffix -oC,8iov. word, being found in papyri of the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries A.D. This Koine noun has survived in modern Greek: 7uvoC'Sianeut. under- So 7uvou'8iovTral81K6v P.Oxy. io66.io, -rip' plur. "linen wear" is in use in Mesara and on the ?uvov8iov P. Stud. XX io6.i Kcaioaaavov Ev island of Crete and 7uvoi,6i"linen Kadi 7uvo'6ila irrnXc'pIa &v'o P. Masp. 67006.66 petticoat" on Crete." This has also the (vol. II, I9I3), etc.8 Its meaning must have yielded place- name Aivot',ia neut. in Rhodes and been "an item of linen clothing" or "linen plur. in the area of Lardos.'2This garment" (P. Oxy. I II4.8 0vo1i55ovi9Tr6pqvpov specifically place- name derived from the flax that [second-third century]) and subsequently probably was cultivated on the island in "linen shirt."9 The same meaning "linen past times, garment," "linen shirt" is carried by the ancient Greek xi-rcTv"linen shirt for women," (1942), pp. 207-215. Cf. Leo Spitzer, "Ad- ditional Note on 'Wool and Linen' in Koine term XivoiDs(or and Jerome," (uv6~) XtTcv ibid., 64 (I943), p. 98f. Also lpari'ovo-rvrrTrirtvov XITCA)VLaKOScamisia (CGL, 3.272.61). The Levit. 13.47 (9v IOcTpCOipeES i' iv.Vcx-ricp a-rrrnrwmv- linen shirt became a customary garment; a Mvo)),vestis lintea in the Vulgate. parallel is Lat. linea (actually from vestis "Communicated by Mrs. Evangelia Frangaki linea), which was "a woman's shirt" while (FilotheY, Athens); cf. Ms. 663, p. io, of the Acad- camisia was " a man's shirt."'0 The noun is a 'io-ropiixv AErlK6v-ris 'EXXijvtiK

and is not AilvoM86afrom Xnrvo*Siv"small vine The first objection to Alvoupyiawould be press" (:AXv65m. "vine press"). For, whereas its difference in meaning from 7ivouyia. The vineyards do not exist in that area, it is second is that a noun Alvo*pyaocould be a likely that flax was cultivated along the derivative of a substantivized adjective banks of a winter stream called (Doviaswhich Alvovpyis -Es (cf. Kamvoupyisand therefrom flows near Lardos. The Rhodian place-names KalvoupyloSon papyri) and, in fact, there are Alvapia f., Aivapitia neut. plur. and Alvoppo- adjectives AlvEpyrisand AivoEpyis"flaxen," XE16 neut. corroborate this thesis. From of linen,"16but there is really no basis for a similar terms we may infer production of flax word livoUpylovin Koine or in medieval or also for the islands of Calymnos (Aivapia),Cos modern Greekas there is no basis for Alvoiyiov. (AlvoTw6T-r),Nisyros (Alvoupaf., Aivoppo6xia It is, moreover, difficult to restore Aivoupyca neut. plur.), and Carpathos. In any case, from XIvouiyla, in which four out of eight though the noun lAvouStv or (without 6) letters cannot, according to Maspero, be AXvoilv (both suffix variants -a9in and -ain safely read. But the word is not AXvou'ia,as are the rule in the modern Rhodian dialect) Preisigke17implies by listing Maspero'sAIvoV- is not in use in the speech of Rhodes but yia under the entry AivoUiIOovwithout further Xlv&plvneut. (with dimin. suff. -aptv) is used comment. in its place, yet AivouSiv must have been Through the mediation of Professor H. C. Rhodian, as the Rhodian place-name in- Youtie, Dr. Abdullatif A. Aly (Cairo) has dicates. kindly read for me the P. Masp. 67006 and reports that the reading in line 85 2. ALvov?jtv is Xlvoiyia (XINOtrRI).18 This is in fact the I should like to show now that in Greek only instance of the word being written XAvo*- Koine there existed a word A?voU6aov(and yla instead of 7Avouitaor Aovouira.In line 66 and in a local form AlvoviSv) Egypt Coptic of the same papyrus the word is Xivotuia, so AlvoUTrov,and but that the spoken AivoTirov, it would be reasonable for us to expect the word which Alvouylov, figures in Greek same form 7Avouitcain line 85. Yet, because the dictionaries and has been used as an ex- spoken form was perhaps Xivovrltawith -T-, of an consonant St ample alleged change of the scribe may have intended to write Alvourla to is in yt, fact a ghost-word form. The in line 85. In either case, lvoruycais a scribal texts come into following papyrus discussion: error. This judgment, with which Mr. Youtie P. Masp. P. Princ. AM and 67006, 896I, concurs, is based on the writing and spelling P. Got. I4. errors of the text, of which Maspero himself says19 that the long of a 3. jlvovytci? fragment marriage contract that appears on the verso of papyrus In a papyrus document of about A.D. 522, 67006 (pp. 23-33) is written "en un grec from located near Minieh in Theodosiopolis, barbare defigure par une abondance insolite the word is Upper Egypt, lAvotSta clearly des fautes d'orthographe. Ecriture assez read: P. Masp. 67006.66 Ka crapavov ?v Kai soignee, mais maladroite (tout a fait negligee AivouSla iTrr 6vo, which ex- [xbpia Maspero a partir de la ligne IoI), sorte d'onciale in a note "Aivov'6ia:etoffes de lin plains (?)."13 grossieremelee de quelques ligatures cursives." In the same line read papyrus, 85, Maspero Though I was myself unable, without the Kal &a?AaAivoiuya 86o TrtXcbpia and in the apparatus he tentatively restores the word 16 On Xlvoepyil (Oppian) and Xlvepyiis lvouryiato Alvoupyia.14Reil gives Alvoiyla (Lycophron, Dionysius Periegeta) without the with a question mark.15 stem vowel -o- cf. nouns in -ospy6o and -epy6o and adjectives in and such as 13 -oEpyiS -epyis Jean Maspero, Papyrus grecs d'ipoque KT-rroupyoS,Xpuoapyos, xpuorpytlS, etc. byzantine. Trouvailles de Kom-Ich-qaou, in 17 Preisigke, op. cit., 2, p. 24. L. R. Palmer, Catalogue general des antiquites egyptiennes du A of the Post-Ptolemaic Papyri, I, i Musee du Caire, I (I9g1), p. 28. (London, 1946), pp. I4, 82, 89, lists only 14 Maspero, ibid., p. 30. Aivovtiov, obviously for his material 15 depending Theodor Reil, Beitrage zur Kenntnis des on Preisigke. Gewerbes im 18 hellenistischen Agypten, Dissert. By letter from Mr. Youtie (May, I958). Leipzig (Borna-Leipzig, 1913), p. ii8. 19Op. cit., p. 22. 262 DEMETRIUS J. GEORGACAS reproduction of the original papyrus, to check This has been the source for all subsequent the eighty-nine examples of the ligature vr treatment of the term Xivoiyia. Bilabel ac- and the ten of the ligature vy in order to cepted Dewing's text without any ascertain whether the one is confused with question about Nivoiuyia.24Ensslin has also the other, which I hope to do in the future, reproduced the text and praised Dewing's I am for the present reasonably certain that exemplary transcription.25He remarks26that ?Avoi?yiain this papyrus represents wovoiSsa the readingAlvouyia in P.Cair.Masp. 67006.85 or Xlvo-rna.Professor Youtie reminds me of is now substantiated by the Princeton papyrus, errors such as E.oiXouviafor Err7Xouvpaand and mentions the entry A7voOiiov"linnenes Eppu[X]ovuovfor Ep?rWXoupOwhich corroborate Hemd" from Preisigke's lexicon. He then the view that Xtvovyia is a miswriting of explains Atvoiylta&vSpiKa as "Mannerhemden" 7lvovTria.20 and AXvoiylai rapKaauTcoSa27Katvoipyia as "neue bortenverzierte Leinenhemden," adds 4. Atvo?vytL(non-existent) that "die XlvouryiaaXXa puaXcorT(. 44) fiigen sich nicht ohne weiteres ein," and In another from suggests papyrus Lycon (or that XuvouiyiapaXAcoT-r would be "als lintea in of A.D. the Lycopolis) Upper Egypt 481, villosa, 'rauhe linnene Tiicher' als Tisch- oder text of a between of dialysis Cyrus, Bishop Handtiicher erklart." Paula Wahrmann, in Lycopolis, and two brothers, first published her bibliographical survey of works on the in I922 by the late Henry B. Dewing, the Greek language published in 1926, likewise editor reads AlvoiuyiaavSplKa 86o and trans- states that the word Alvouyia had been lates it as "two men's ,"21whereas it previously known only from P.Cair.Masp. actually means "two men's linen shirts," and 67006.85, and reminds her readers of Xivoi65ov further ?Avovyta [accent -ra] rrapalKauoco-Ta "linen shirt."28 Finally, Liddell-Scott-Jones KcKavopylaTpia, puaXACOT6vrrapocxaScoTov [accent have taken over this word from Sammelbuch aXAa translated -TOV]iv, Aivovyica lpaAco-Ta8io by and as the same editor as "three new.. one... (7033.40), explain Aivoiryov equivalent .linens, to Xivoi8iovwith the "linen shirt." two otherlinens mixed with meaning woolen, (?) wool,"22 This word is recorded in the reverse indices.29 but "new linen shirts trim- actually meaning 24 med on the edges, one woolen towel trimmed Friedrich Bilabel, Sammelbuchgriechischer Urkundenaus 3 and on the edges, and two other coarse linen Aegypten, (Berlin Leipzig, no. 7033, pp. I90-192. towels." in his article a 1926), Dewing reproduces 25Wilhelm Ensslin, "Ein Prozessvergleich photograph of the part of the papyrus that unter Klerikern vom Jahre 481 (Zu Papyrus includes lines 34-52; in his Commentary23he Princeton 55)," RheinischesMuseum, N.F., 75 makes no remark whatsoever on the (1926), pp. 422-446. The text is on pp. 422-426. reading 26 p. note I. as if it raised no Ibid., 442, XAvoryioa, difficulty. 27 Read: rrapaKcaucoT&c(as it is in the text). This word occurs also in P.Masp. 67006.80 20 In his letter cited in note i8. (Maspero, op. cit., p. 29) picpopta yuvalKia 21 Henry B. Dewing, "A Dialysis of the Fifth rrapaKau8coTra 8EKoa -pla (Maspero, ibid., un- Century A.D. in the Princeton Collection of necessarily comments "pour rrapayauSco5i ( ?)") Papyri," Transactions of theAmerican Philological and 83 Kai aTXa arlmxapa lTapaKcaccoSa KaSlIJIE- Association, 53 (I922), p. 117, line 40. This piva I rTEVT.The normal spelling of the word papyrus was not reedited in Papyri in the was -rrapoyaoncoa&(pron. parayavbotd).On the Princeton University Collections, I, ed. A. C. word rrapayaciSrl(Lat. paragaudis,paragauda) Johnson and H. B. van Hoesen (The Johns cf. Ph. Koukoules, Bulavrwnvovios KcalrroXi- Hopkins University Studies in Archaeology, T'rap6S, 2.2.49 (with bibliography); on an No. 10, ed. M. Robinson [Baltimore, Iranian , L. Th. Lefort, "Le copte I931]); II, ed. Edmund Harris Kase, Jr. source auxiliaire du grec," Melanges Bidez (Princeton University Studies in Papyrology, (, 1934), p. 574, note 2. Medieval No. i, ed. Allan Chester Johnson [Princeton, TrapcyacSiao neut. plur.: Const. Porphyrog., 1936]); III, ed. A. C. Johnson and S. Pullman ed. A. Vogt, i. R. 142 (p. 132, lines 25-26). Goodrich (ibid., No. 4 [I942]). A revision of 28 P(aula) W(ahrmann), "Literaturbericht lines 1-18 of the text and several new readings fur das Jahr 1926," Glotta, 17 (I929), p. 219f. of other lines was given by E. H. Kase, Jr., in 29 Otto Gradenwitzand F. Bilabel, E. Pfeiffer, No. 2 (1936), p. 78f. A. Lauer, Kontrdrindexder 22 Heidelberger griechi- Dewing, op. cit., 122, lines 43-45. schen Papyrusurkunden (Berlin, pp. 26d 23 1931), Ibid., I24, line 7. and I20c; E. Locker, Riickldufiges Wdrterbuch GREEK TERMS FOR "FLAX" AND "LINEN" 263

Thus the word-form ivoojyiov, read by once in the text and has the shape w (in Maspero in one papyrus in I9IO and misread Avyouoarou,line I). In this script there is no in another by Dewing in 1922, has been per- confusion between the letters y and T because petuated up to the present and now stands no gamma has the shape of tau, although a unquestioned. few taus resemble a lower-case gamma. Ensslin and Bilabel were content to rely Thus, my own reading Xivo*riais certain, on Dewing's reading of this same papyrus, and the inevitable conclusion is that the word so that no verification of the word Xzvouiyta Aivou'yiawhich has been perpetuated for the was made. It was H. Idris Bell who, in a last fifty years is a ghost-word caused mainly report on papyri published in I922-23, noted by Dewing's misreading, and that it should that Dewing's "transcription contains some now be permanently eliminated.32 It should obvious errors of reading or restoration, and be added that confusion between the letters he [Dewing] has been kind enough to give me T and y also occurs in manuscripts other than his opinion of various corrections I proposed, papyri; thus CGL 3.430.26 apTuupaTa (which several of which he accepts; but as he is at had been read &pyuiarra),3.431.24 Ouaypos present unable to refer to the original I prefer (previously read ora-rpos),2.31.4 drlCS&acrov not to note them here."30 It is regrettable (previously read d&yltrroEurov),etc.33 that we do not have these corrections. 6. Atvovxrto.(seventh century) 5. Atvovrtoc(fifth century) The word XAvouroais also found in a later had some doubt Having myself about the papyrus and listed in the Heidelberger matter (see above section 2), I checked the Kontririndex and the ReverseIndex of Buck reading on the photograph given by Dewing, and Petersen,34 while Liddell-Scott-Jones and became convinced that the reading have ignored it. The papyrus in question was not Aivovyla correct. The ligature vr is (the end of a private letter), of the seventh the same in exactly the word that Dewing century A.D. and of unknown provenience, reads in Atvoryia (lines 40, 43, 44) as the now located in the collection of the Municipal words and ToTrots(line 45) TroUTaov(line 47). Library of Gdteborg (Sweden), reads as Having subsequently received from the follows: (P. Got. I4.4) Kad TO evoit Kal 6Ujo Princeton University Library a photostat of KaOXaAXvoujTa Koa K?uXiT![a]Kad...35 "and the the entire papyrus,31I was able to study the of the main text in 32 handwriting (lines 1-75) On ghost-words (French mots-fantomes) which the word occurs. see W. W. Skeat, "Report upon 'Ghost-Words', My findings are as follows: in thirty-six or words which have no real existence," in Transactions of the instances (avr-, ovU-, TTrr-, Earr-, TaUT-, Philological Society (London, This deals with ouSapovUTavr-,povorou,O the I885-87), pp. 350-374. study araaruTov) ligature ghost-words and ghost-phrases in English. for rU is written in the shape vr (that is vl Examples from Latin and other languages are with a crossbar -at the upper right), whereas given by Max Niedermann, "Ghost Words," Mu- seum 2 in two cases it is written VT (in TrapKacUrroSov, Helveticum, (1945), PP. 123-136. Greek ghost-words from are Ph. Kou- lines 38 and 44). On the other hand, the papyri given by koules, HapoaTrpritaElKoad iopScdoES IS Tro0s 'EX- letter is written thus: y (gamma) r r -y , or AXIVIKO0SwTOarupous (Athens, 191), P. 14,and "'EK very nearly so. The ligature for uy occurs but TCOv 'EAXviKKOvwVrrcmpoov," BvLavTiS, 2 (I9I2), PP. 485, 487, 495, 502. der griechischen Sprache (G6ttingen, I944), 33 See Koukoules, Byzantinische Zeitschrift, p. 147; C. D. Buck and W. Petersen, A Reverse 20.417 and note 5. Index of Greek Nouns and Adjectives (Chicago, 34 0. Gradenwitz et alii, HeidelbergerKontrar- 1944), p. 64, col. b. index der griechischen Papyrusurkunden, pp. 34b 30 H. Idris Bell, "Bibliography: Graeco- and 120; Buck-Petersen, A Reverse Index of " . A. Papyri (I922-23), The Greek Nouns and Adjectives, I 6a and (s.v. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, IO (London, AivoilOov)64b. 1924), p. i60. 35 Hjalmar Frisk, Papyrus grecs de la 31 Princeton Collection AM 896I (so given by Bibliotheque Municipale de Gothembourg (G6te- E. H. Kase, Jr. [see above, note 21] and no borg, 1929), p. 29 (Goteborgs Hdgskolas Arsskrift longer under no. 55 as given by Dewing, Bilabel, 35: I). The same word very probably occurs and Ensslin, others). also in line i of the same papyrus: A[]yqo-rma. 264 DEMETRIUS J. GEORGACAS

ear-ring and two fine linen shirts and cups [?] mean "cup,"38 but is equivalent to KowAiBtov39 and . ." Professor Frisk, the editor of the (before A.D. 0ooo both ot and v represented papyrus, is, however, dubious concerning the the phonetic value [ii]). Frisk's explanation of word Wivo,rnta,and only confuses the issue by Kv?i5Bia and KvWi-riaas diminutives of KioAiu the following suppositions: (which occurs in P. Strassb. 99.11, second A. He considers the spelling Xivoi&-rtaas century B.C.)40 is not likely, for the normal a lapsus for 7uvov'8ia,also as Ku7T-ria for diminutive of K*Xi'5f. "cup" would have been KvAiSlia,ElpadTa for Elpa8aa, and `voib for KvAiKia "small cups" and a further diminu- &vcbi8tov;consequently in the apparatus: tive would have been *KVXIK{Sia. Frisk says " 1. [= lire 'read'] ?uvoi*Sia," b. &voiL:Finally, 'voili was developed from "1c.6VC " "1. KU7Jslia." It is probably ivoiSwv[pronounced ern:i&in], and in fact for this reason that Liddell-Scott-Jones have EvoiStawith ot is attested in an inscription of ignored the word-form Xivo*-ria. Halicarnassus,41in which ot is to be taken Such corrections are, of course, admissible as a real diphthong [oi]; the latter is from only when corroborated by, not when con- Evc.Siovor gvci8iov42 (cf. p6i5i from P5o15iov). tradicted by, additional evidence. Indeed, Attic ~vcjSiovin turn is not from Ionic the incorrect spelling of words in many cases ivc'olov but from E jCO I43 Parallels of ot reveals to us their actual pronunciation at from cot are KOiSIOV P.Cair.Zen. 20 (third the time when the document containing them century B.C.) for K4StloV "sheepskin, fleece" was written. So the spelling ivoirrTiadoes and KaXof5tov P. Zen. Col. 43 (third century reveal its actual pronunciation in the spoken B.C.) and P.Columb.Inv. 209 for Ka7CXtiov language of the seventh century A.D. in the "cord." In papyri there also occur such region (probably Egypt) where the papyrus spellings as a-rTcoi,6K-rCbt, 6po?oyC,i, &Tro8ta&cot0, was written. yvvfjt, etc. However, the spelling iv65tov, B. Frisk further says in his Commentary36 EvoSicowis attested in papyri from Tebtynis, that &voilbhas Li for 8io and that its final v for which the editor lists this word in the in- has dropped out; in other words, he postulates dex as &vCbStov.44For L from 5 [6] cf. ovVKOpt5ijv here not a misspelling due to carelessness, but P. Hamb. 62.9 (Fayum, A.D. 123), but a word-form reflecting contemporary pro- nunciation. 38 Preisigke, op. cit., i, p. 847, 'Becherchen' Contrary to Frisk's statement, Xivoirrta with a question mark. The same author trans- cannot be a casual misspelling because it lates Kot?d8tovas "Bauchfleisch (Speise)." 39 So s.v. occurs three times in P.Princ. AM 8961 and Liddell-Scott-Jones, i.967 40 Frisk, op. cit., 30. also in P.Got. I4.4. In fact, the occurrence of 41 GIG 2.2663.6-8 ErEtv8iro.rroa7icovI LUYOS this word in a papyrus of the seventh century Kai EVOiI ia Kat Xotpov KT7A.The editor, August actually corroborates my reading of the Boeckh,reads iv[cw]']ci. The word tvot5tacontains Princeton papyrus. not ot [=ii] but a real diphthong [=di]. 42 IG In this connection it should be stressed 22.1377.16 (Traditio Cimeliorum Par- thenonis) ivco5iko SiaMOc,ecXp[vocb]; 22.I388 A I7 that in P.Got. IL not 8 is into every changed -r, KE]yCa7', -Tap&vrj,ivcotS[fi]lc, 8p'pos, Crro&Epis,fjAco so that the change is not really phonetic. 51:1011CP[uOT. (399/8 B.C.); 22.1544.20 (Tabula E.g., in the same papyrus the following words curatorum templi Eleusinii, 322/IT329/8) ETspa Uo with Sare found: I.4 iiUo0;I.6 a&EXpo6v;i.8 &&?A- a-rrvpaXpvaoia 5v'o, ivc't6tia XpI21vur ovv-rEO- ?Xaapiva, Xpuo{a XErr-ra;IG II.2.i99 B 46 ypiv; 1.9 1.io TrraiShaand (, laA?.a8ica; d&Se?p6o. 274 B.c.) Ev'vSta Gaa'crta and B 66 -r Xpu& (Delos, Only specificterms, therefore, show for 5, and 274 B.c.) 8aKT7nAioi 8'o, o Eis E'Xcov7iOov KaXi these must have undergone this change under vcbt5tov Kcai a'Aa XpvJoeiarraTvroSa-ra' Kai &a'.ovt the influence of the native non-Greek SaK-r*AtovK-rT P. Petr. 3, p. 37 (third century speech. P. a. KvJ7d-rla:It must be observed that KvXITia B.C.); Ryl. I24.30 (first century A.D.). 43 On of i from is a doubtful and if epenthesis (Evcvti5ov gvc65iov) reading (viT-r![ia]) that, see E. Mayser, Grammatik der griechischen it stands for Ku\i'Sla, a term found in two Papyri, i (9go6), p. 131, also 73 and io6. For 5 papyri of the fourth century,37 it does not from -r see J. Wackernagel, Philolog. Anzeiger, I5 (i885), p. 199. 36 Ibid., p. 30. 44A. E. R. from 3 Boak, Papyri Tebtynis, Bilabel, Sammelbuch, no. I94I, KOl7ISlOV; Part I, Michigan Papyri, II (Ann Arbor, Mich., P. Lond. 3.I259.38 KvAi'SOV. 1933), PP. 59 and 246a. GREEK TERMS FOR "FLAX" AND "LINEN" 265

auvKoIIijis P. Hamb. 68.27 (Aphrodito, after by Ensslin.49 Preisigke, on the other hand, 550 A.D.).45 correctly adopts pa;okou-rT6s"mit Wolibesatz versehen."50 Though the adjectival suffix -_Cor6sis the normal one in Koine as well as 7. Explanation of the form ALtvO%Ttv in medieval and modern Greek, the form -ou-r6' What precisely is Xsvo*,rsov or 7uvoCrrwv, is possible, the -u- representing the ancient whose plural ?AvoCrrsawe have encountered? -o- as in Kcappovvovfor K'appcovov,ofqoouva for Since the meaning of kSvorlTrov in its aiqcova, etc.; cf. ancient 1apouTr6(IG, 9.2.46i. context is obviously "an item of linen 38). Consequently the papyrus reading paX- clothing," this word must ultimately be a ?ovr6v needs no correction. We find, however, derivative of 7ivov n. "anything made of no such form as ia73ournlvor the like, so that flax," "linen cloth," "linen garment," and ?ivo'JTxv can be related to the adjective 7ivois or the late hardly explained directly from ?ovov-r6v. Koine adjective ?uv6o"flaxen," "linen." The only seems One might be inclined to understand satisfactory explanation ?ivoir'rrovas a diminutive of a substantivized to be that 7uvoviTsa represents the Egyptian pronunciation of ?ivov'8ia. In fact, in Ptole- ivovTo'v neut. of the adjective AIvovrr's for maic papyri the letter -r XtvcoTo6S-fI-6v.There is a parallel adjective sporadically replaces 8, and the -ri is found instead of Si, pCAXco-r6S46as, e.g. b06viov icAioy-or6vin P. Masp as in the case of Xivorroia.51 This is so in the 67006.65 (sixth century), where there is no papyrus P. 6700652 and in other reason for adopting Maspero's suggestion to Masp. many papyri.53 -r is also found instead of a in read .a7Qo-roT6v ("il faut peut-e&re lire i.ia;kX- T6v");47 Maspero's tentative correction has been as a accepted certainty by Reil,48and the 49 Ensslin op. cit. (above, note 25), P. 443. 0be6vtoviacA7Xco-r6v has been 50 Preisigke, op. cit., 2, p. 49. reading reproduced " 51 So oT' for 6'S' (=0SE), 1'T- for 'BE, rOX for 45 GriechischePapyrusurkunden derHamburger 8oX0, ETrwCKccfor 8E8coKCc=,TrcoEKa,rov (for Scoa-), Staats- und Universitc'tsbibliothek, ed. Paul M. -rco8KapliIvov, etc.; a'ly-ri for aclyiSi, pccrilsEw (for Meyer, I, Heft 3, Urkunden 57-II7 und Indices 3a8fLsEv), aEI3iTlov (aEP3i8tov== irruv~iov), -rlav'.c0Y (Leipzigand Berlin, I924). (Si8iipcov), etc. (Edwin Mayser, Grammatik der 4" On the adj. pa7coT-r6Sand the noun derived griechischen Papyri aus der Ptolemiierzeit, I from it see Liddell-Scott-Jones, s.v; Preisigke, [Leipzig, 19o6], p. 176. Cf. Karl Dieterich, Unter- op. Cit., 2, p. 49; , Lexicon of the Roman suchungen zur Geschichteder griechischen Sprache and Byzantine Periods, s.v.; Du Cange, Glossa- von der hellenistischen Zeit bis zum io. Jahrh. n. rium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Graecitatis, CAr. [Leipzig, 1898], p. 84); T{o-riou for ipo8iov 858; pa7Aco-rT6'villosus: Corpus glossariorum (Ostraca Mich., 102.8 and 17; from Karanis, latinorum (= CGL) 3.269.40; pa?Qco-ri'abolla, early fourth cent. A.D). ibid., 3.272.59; malloti bellata 3.I97.9; Buck- 52 I noted the following: line i i ETrva,33 ETVOV A Petersen, Reverse Index of Greek Nouns and (but cf. I28 ESva, 112 E8vcOV), 12 rTO~e(but 71, Adjectives, 526b; K.Amantos. "MaXXcoTr6v-pa7Xvo- 117, 125 ESOOEV), 39 roEv-ra (=8o$'vTa), 77 Trapiov," 'ETTE-rTlpiS'ETaipdiaS BvlaVTIVCSv irrov- To$EvTcoV, 41 and 54 -rTipopov (but 43 SuPolpov), 2 &Sv,V (I925), p. 278f. In medieval Greek 45 -rac(popilS (-Siaq)6poiS), 47 iT-rvpovv (=ori8l- pa\7coTro'v (Prodromos 1.95 Kcd K

to the other stop-consonants K and y, wTand B, be sure, observe in the papyrus he edited66 e.g. &KacAia(for &yacAa), &pKiplov(for dpyiplov), the occurrence of - for 5 in the words AivorTra, TraaiiKfiS (for paaiAlKfis),etc. KuXiTla,and Elpatra, but he seems to have Considering that and Egyptians been unaware of the phonological importance lived together for five hundred years, it is of this change. natural that numerous Greek words should The transformation of ancient Greek 6 [d] have been introduced into the native Egyptian or Koine 8 [a] into [t], that is, in the first tongue. The Greek elements adopted by instance, the devoicing of d, resulting in t, Coptic constitute a significant source for the and, in the second, the substitution of t for 9, Greek Koine of the papyri,62 so that the appears to have been a local phenomenon in treatment of sounds in Coptic (e.g., the the Greek of Egypt and never affected the transformation of y into K,and 6 into T) should language used in Greece. But even in Egypt be considered in conjunction with the same this phenomenon was not at all general (note phenomenon in Greek papyrus texts, as the presence of both 6 and T in the same words: P. Kretschmer63has observed. Such linguistic SE-rcoKaS for 65cSOKaS, T518(cov for iSt80pcv, phenomena evidenced by carefully written i(ScroXosfor id&oXoos,etc.),67 and must have papyri which display no obvious barbarisms been due to the influence of native Egyptian deserve to be recorded and explained. The on the Greek language of Egypt," both in form Alvorriais a case in point. the case of the syllable Si and in other com- The noun XlvoU5iov neut. "linen shirt" binations. (P. Oxy. II4.8 [second century A.D.]; io66.IO The Koine term Aivoui8ov and hAvouSiv [third century]; etc.)64 became AivoOrnv used by the Greeks of Egypt probably [linttin].65 Professor Hjalmar Frisk did, to became Coptic linitin; then the Greeks, 62 the use took it back in its Cf. Lefort, op. cit., 70 note I. hearing it, 3 Glotta, 26 (1938), 42f. H. P. Blok (loc. cit. new form Alvo\htv, a Riickwanderer into [above, note 56], p. 60) had also stressed that Greek speech. "die griechischeDialekt- und Papyrusforschung wird auf die Dauer des reichen koptischen 8. There is no Materials nicht entbehren konnen, wenn man Change 6t->yt einmal zu einem einheitlichen Uberblick fiber We need not consider the of ihr ganzes Gebiet will." possibility gelangen an early forerunner of the diminutive suffix 64 Preisigke, op. cit., 2, p. 24, s.v. AWvo08iov; cf. Liddell-Scott-Jones, s.v. uvoiiS8ov. -oryl, found in the modern Greek dialectal 65On the termination-iv see D. J. Georgacas, speech of Kymi (in Euboea),69 or of the "On the Nominal Endings -is -iv in Later transformation of a j into j before a vowel,70 Greek," Classical Philology, 43 (I948), p. 243ff. It is certainly true that the written language be TO6AOIrrSSV (pronounced P. does not liipdain). Oxy. always keep pace with the contempo- I858.5 (sixth-seventh century form of A.D.) yopcpiv rary speech. When, however, colloquial should be given under lemma yopiaplov,yopcaplv elements appear in papyri, they should not be and not with Prof. Kiessling (Worterbuchder "corrected" by the editors. Thus, in late Koine griech.Papyrusurkunden, under texts 4.437) yoiapliov. nouns terminating in -tv (neut.) should not The noun 6o6ovnv 'Iv8IK6v mar. be Peripl. Erythr., corrected into -iov. E.g. wrerr6vivin an 3I, should not be corrected to 636viov 'IvSIKOv account of unknown provenience of the third (so H. Frisk, Le Piriple de la Mer Erythree A.D. should not be century read 7rEr6vlov, as [G6teborg, 1927], p. Io, line 23) but to dS6vtv. Naphtali Lewis ("Ostraca grecs du Mus6e du 66 See above, p. 263, bf. Etudes de 67 Caire," papyrologie, 3 [I936], p. Io6) H. P. Blok (above, note 56) considers such suggests; KIp3CbTi and d&?caiSivin a papyrus of examples to be the result of and unknown dissimilation, provenience, perhaps of the fourth others such as 6uvao86 (for should Buvcrr6s),6ecrr6oSr century, not be read KplcbnTov and (for 8So6Trrrrl),etc., the result of assimilation. &avaiilov, as Edmund Harris Kase, Jr. (Papyri 68Cf. Eduard GriechischeGramma- in the Schwyzer, Princeton University Collections, II [I936], tik (Munich,I939-53), I.i6of. nos. 95.I5 and 22, p. 87f.) suggests: a&?voiiv 69 S. Karatzas, 'YrroKoplco-rK&Troi and are well-attested forms IlScbpciaroS KipcbTtI like KpE- KOiurnKadl TrpicXbpcov(Diss. Athens, 1944, poC,plv in the same papyrus (95.I7). Thus also published in I954: Collection de 'Ilnstitut -rTOAXT&SIV fourth or fifth (Ostr. 5.7/8; century Franfais d'Athenes, 84), p. 21. Cf. my review in A.D.) which Herbert C. Youtie reads as Xolrri&Sov BZ, 50 (1957),P. 153. (Transactions of the American Philological 70 So D. 60 8I Vayacacos, 'ASriva, (1956), 335, Association, [1950], p. Io6), should probably following Karatzas. 268 DEMETRIUS J. GEORGACAS

not because of the gap between Koine Greek Nevertheless it seems to me that the gloss in Egypt and Greek speech in Greece, but Aivov-iais possible. simply because there is no Koine Greek word The lexicon of Hesychius, preserved in a Aivouylov,but only a ghost-word form by single manuscript of the fifteenth century which my distinguished colleagues S. Karat- (Marcianus Gr. 622), is not now in the form zas71 and A. Tsopanakis72were led to believe in which its author wrote it. Whereas the that the change of [9j] into [j] was an early Marcianus is completely alphabetized with phenomenon. As far as I know, the sub- some displacements and stray entries, the stitution of [j] for [9j] is merely a medieval earlier arrangement of Hesychius and Dioge- dialectal phenomenon which came into being nianus applied alphabetical order to only the after the shrinking of two into one first three or four letters of each entry. (synizesis or yodization) entered the structure Successive recopyings of Hesychius' lexicon of the language. Indeed, in some dialects dj brought about two errors, (i) frequent appears as [jj], i.e. as a double consonant that separation and rearrangement of glosses, and resulted from the assimilation of a to j. On (2) systematic interpolation of the work, the other hand, the use of j instead of 9j is especially with glosses drawn from the familiar to speakers of modern Greek who collection of Cyrillus (an Egyptian Christian may observe children pronounce djo for adjo of the fifth century).77 (written 6SEio),v6ja for v6aja (written P65sa), The order in columns 686-687 is as follows: pejd for peajd (written iraiiSa),etc. Karatzas' MIv statement that the synizesis 5ja in the pre- ?iva position Sia is found in ancient Greek73cannot be considered correct, except, of course, that ''vcttAivayepToU0ovyEpvrourv Vn1 it occurs for metrical reasons. tAivalal tAivacT. AlvSecSat 9. itvovtoc It is not clear whether Hesychius' gloss AivEov XAlvOur.(sic), given in this meaningless form AtvoraulE in the Diogenianian part of Hesychius74can ?lVOK&pUKES possibly be Alvourianeut. plur. or AtvovuTa fem. sing. In any case, the gloss cannot be AIVUtV.r&.75 AlvomrXA(v)Tas I take the noun to be AlvovnTaf. because the gloss is so accented. Such a noun is not ?Aiv67(T)TiS attested as a Greek nominal derivative, yet AIVOTTAfiyES it is possible, as we shall see below. The word AIVOTOr6po Alvovnlaor Xivovuiawould, to be sure, be AivoxiTrov out of its alphabetical order in Hesychius' Aie lexicon and this, according to Professor etc. K. the editor of whom I Latte, Hesychius,76 Thus, if the original gloss was Alvovnraor consulted about this item, is improbable. Aivov5ia it may originally have been placed between the glosses AIvoTO6OIand ?AIvoxiTcav 71 Karatzas, op. cit., pp. 22 and 64. but, after it had been miscopied as ?Avoarria, 72 A. Tsopanakis, BZ, 48 (I955), p. 70. it could easily have been transferred in a 73 Karatzas, op. cit., p. 22. 74 later manuscript to its present place. Hesychii A lexandrini lexicon, editio (altera) minor, ed. Mauricius Schmidt, (Jena, I867), 77 See the preface of Kurt Latte, Hesychii col. 686. In a footnote the gloss MAyvus'KaOTrv6 Alexandrini lexicon, vol. I, A-A, (Hauniae, is separated from and L. Heller's review in American 75 tAwlvcur.a. I953); John The gloss is listed in Liddell-Scott-Jones, Journal of Philology, 76 (I955), pp. 216-218. s.v., Io05a, and is also included in Buck-Petersen, Cf. also J. L. Heller's review of The Herbal of A ReverseIndex of GreekNouns and Adjectives, Rufinus by L. Thorndike and F. S. Benjamin, p. I65a. Jr. (Chicago, in Classical 76 I946), Journal, 43 By letter of 6 November 1956. (1948), p. 445. GREEK TERMS FOR "FLAX" AND "LINEN" 269

It may be noted in passing that the gloss triayyavioajivoWAlvap also used at Arta80 (see ?Ayv*s'Kcrrrvos,which is also out of its alpha- above p. 259, a). betical order and was separated by Musurus, The form XAvovTrtis, in any case, unrelated is a repetition of the Cyrillian gloss 976. One to Coptic XAvoVTrvand may have arisen under may cite hundreds of such glosses transferred the influence of an adjective *AlvCOT6s"of from their original place to another place in linen"; so PuaOXc-Tos"woolen" (synon. &XXiavos; the lexicon as a result of having been first med. rT6 PicXcT-6v), olcor6s' XITC'OV6rrO ppicov miscopied and then alphabetized anew by (Hesychius), rFXAcoT6s "winged," "stuffed subsequent users and/or scribes. I cite one with feathers," euvavcoT6s "tasseled," "frin- example: The gloss *yop6s'KupT6s,found in ged", pe-TaocoTo6"of silk" (Herodian, Byzantine Hesychius (as well as in Cyril and Zonaras) and mod. Greek; synon. mod. Greek pE'tCr&VOS), is alphabetized between yo-rv and [y6poros Acopco-rs "striped" (of cloth), TplXco6Tos"fur- and] *youv; *yop6s, however, seems to be a nished with ," "hairy," etc. scribal error for which was yup6s78 realpha- The results obtained in this betized a user and in this fashion study, namely by copied the elimination of the in a ghost-word XIvoOrytov subsequent manuscript. and the of the form In the modern dialect of Crete and explanation XAvortv,may spe- to be rather minute. It of and its appear is, however, cifically surroundings means of such detailed that there exists the noun Avov8i&c f. by investigations [linuajd] the of is built "mass of flax in a machine called study language gradually up. processed In I Ad- particular, have attempted to illustrate manganos [see Avaopopdyyavoabove]."79 the of medieval and modern Greek this word does not the importance mittedly, explain for the correct of form Atvou-riwhich I am in understanding papyri. By suggesting place the later evolution of the Greek of t Avauvr.d,but an informant from neglecting told Mr. D. Loucatos that she knew language, papyrologists have been induced (Epirus) to commit numerous errors both in the the word AXvourta,"flax processed in a editions of texts and in dictionaries. This manganos," as a synonym of the expression deficiency can be remedied only by a thorough acquaintance with Byzantine and modern 78Cf. Liddell-Scott-Jones, s.v.; Hesychius,ed. Greek, which form the direct continuation Latte, 1.388, gloss 863. of the Koine. 79 There is also A7vouvSt[linubja] f. "odor of burninglinen cloth" (synon. Alvaia or ?Avai;see 80 However, Mr. Stephanos Pappas, principal above, p. 257, a) in Asi-Gonia near Rethymno, of the Gymnasiumfor Boys No. i at Arta, has Crete, as reported by Mr. N. Kontosopoulos kindly made inquiries about the terms AlvoOit, (Athens),which is a derivative of AlvoOj6iwith AIvouvla, AIVOUTl&,etc., but without result (as he the suffix -Ea(originally -acac). reported to me in his letter of November1958).

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