DOCSLIB.ORG

Euro Crisis...Identity Crisis?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Euro Crisis...Identity Crisis? EURO CRISIS…IDENTITY CRISIS? THE SINGLE CURRENCY AND EUROPEAN IDENTITIES IN GERMANY, IRELAND AND POLAND by CHARLOTTE AMY GALPIN A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Political Science and International Studies School of Government and Society College of Social Sciences University of Birmingham October 2014 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the effect of the Euro crisis on the construction of European identities in three case study countries – Germany, Ireland and Poland. Combining a social constructivist approach to European identities with the constructivist and discursive institutionalist literature on ideational change and crisis, it investigates the extent to which the crisis constituted a ‘critical juncture’ for European identity discourses. Through extensive qualitative frame analysis of political and media discourse at key moments of the crisis, it examines how European identities are constructed through the debates about the crisis. The central argument is that the Euro crisis has had little effect on European identities because actors construct the crisis in their respective national contexts. In doing this, they draw on existing identities and ideas which then ‘endogenises’ the crisis into the existing national discourses. Where identity change is possible, it is subtle rather than a dramatic shift. Nevertheless, this does not mean that the EU has remained completely unified. Because the crisis generally serves to reinforce, rather than challenge, existing identities, attachments to national sovereignty and old national stereotypes have created or reinforced divisions particularly between northern and southern Europe and core and periphery. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors, Dr. Tim Haughton and Dr. Isabelle Hertner, for their intellectual advice, guidance and feedback on my work as well as for always providing constant reassurance and unfailing encouragement. I am truly indebted to them for the support they have provided during the course of my PhD and particularly during the final year. I must also thank Professor Sarah Colvin, who co-supervised me for the first two years and without whom I would not have had the opportunity to start my PhD in the first place. Sarah was a vital source of advice and encouragement in the critical early stages. In addition, I would also like to thank Professor Thomas Risse, my advisor in Berlin during my two stays at the Free University Berlin, for his invaluable advice, and Professor Pawel Ireneusz Karolewski for his help and feedback during my time at the University of Wrocław. My PhD would not have been possible without the generous financial support I have received from the Institute for German Studies (IGS) and the School of Government and Society at the University of Birmingham, the Studienstiftung des Abgeordnetenhauses von Berlin and the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). I am also extremely thankful for the supportive intellectual environments at the three universities at which I have been based, presented my work and sought advice. In particular, I am grateful to the IGS and the Department of Political Science and International Studies (POLSIS) at Birmingham, the Willy Brandt Centre (WBZ) for German and European Studies in Wrocław and the Kolleg-Forschergruppe (KfG) - The Transformative Power of Europe at the FU Berlin. In particular, I would like to thank colleagues at the IGS/POLSIS, including Dr. Sara Jones for always being ready with encouragement and advice, as well as members of the POLSIS PhD community, especially Cherry Miller, Josie Graef, Annie Gibney, Fran Avery, Liam Stanley, Laurence Cooley, David Norman, Jonna Nyman, and Ken Searle. I am also extremely grateful to the members of the KfG in Berlin who gave extremely helpful comments on my work. There are a number of people I would like to thank on a personal level for their support. I would like to thank the people in Berlin who made the year there special and provided enormous personal support in the final months, especially Olena Palko, Jonathan Eng, Marion Schumm, Leila Mukhida, and Matthieu Osmont. I would also like to thank the friends who made my time in Birmingham so memorable, especially Cory Hazlehurst, Shaz Rahman and the rest of the Birmingham for Democracy and B29 running groups. Special thanks must go to my two best friends, Lisa Birchall and Matt Benson, who have been a continual source of support, madness and amusement since we began our MAs together. In particular, I am indebted to Lisa’s intellectual input through the many hours of brainstorming and discussion of my work. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for their constant support, encouragement, repeated assistance when moving between countries and, most importantly, for their unconditional belief in my abilities. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 The Euro Crisis and Identity ............................................................................................................... 1 Why Does Identity Matter? ................................................................................................................. 5 Theoretical and Empirical Contribution .............................................................................................. 9 Structure of the Thesis....................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2 – THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: EUROPEAN IDENTITIES AT A TIME OF CRISIS ................... 13 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 14 Identity Change and Crisis – The Problem With Critical Junctures ................................................. 18 Actors, the Public Sphere and ‘Communicative Discourse’ ............................................................. 23 Constructing Crises – The Limited Possibility of Change in European Identities ............................ 28 European Identities in Germany, Ireland and Poland. ....................................................................... 35 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS - A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY APPROACH .................................. 47 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 47 Case Studies and the Comparative Method ....................................................................................... 49 Data Collection .................................................................................................................................. 61 Data Analysis: Approaching Discourse ............................................................................................ 67 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 4: HAS GERMANY FALLEN OUT OF LOVE WITH EUROPE? ..................................................... 76 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 76 The Normalisation Thesis and German Ordoliberalism .................................................................... 79 A European Crisis? ........................................................................................................................... 85 European Solidarity and the ‘Good European’ ................................................................................. 91 National, or Northern European? – What Kind of European Union? ............................................. 106 Conclusion....................................................................................................................................... 117 CHAPTER 5: IRISH IDENTITY AND THE UTILITY OF EUROPE................................................................. 120 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 120 Ireland and the Crisis – Domestic or European Factors? ................................................................ 123 A Domestic Crisis – A Crisis of Irish Identity? .............................................................................. 127 Irish Interests and the Utility of Europe .......................................................................................... 137 Irish Sovereignty and the Threat of Europe ...................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Book Review the Outsider 2
    The life of the Master Story Teller One of the first books that I read, which fell under the category of thrillers, was “The Day of the Jackal”. This was the story of a assassin who was hired to kill President Charles de Gaulle of France and came within an inch of achieving his target. It was edge of the seat suspense from page one till the last as the book traced the movement of the hired killer from Vienna to Paris and the efforts of the French Police to trace and stop him. As one closed the book after reading the last page, one could not help feeling empathy for the main protagonist who had come very close to achieving his goal, only to be thwarted by a combination of sheer misfortune and some excellent work by the police. The movie by the same name based on the book was also a huge hit. Frederick Forsyth became a household name amongst readers of English language fiction with that book. He wrote and published 18 more works, 16 fiction and two non fiction, and all of them achieved best seller status. Readers all over the world would wait anxiously for his books to be published while a new genre of writers emerged who followed his path and penned works involving espionage, intrigue and international conspiracy. Not surprisingly he came to be known as the “Master Story Teller”. Hence it was with plenty of curiosity and anticipation that I started reading his autobiography titled “The Outsider: My life in intrigue”. The book details the extraordinary life that he has led right from his childhood till the present and outlines the unique and varied experiences that he had during his 76 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Percorsi Etruschi "In Verità È Impressionante Constatare Che Per Due Volte, Nel VII Secolo A
    2 Prefazione "L’uomo che non è mai stato in Italia, è sempre cosciente di un’inferiorità." Samuel Johnson Perché possiamo parlare dell’Italia come Opera Unica? Certo è che in essa sono concentrati la maggior parte dei beni artistici esistenti sul pianeta Terra, questo senza tener conto delle enormi ricchezze che ci rappresentano in alcuni tra i musei più importanti del mondo come il Louvre a Parigi, l’Heritage a San Pietroburgo o la National Gallery a Londra, visto e considerato che, insieme all’Egitto e alla Grecia, siamo tra i paesi più depauperati da un punto di vista patrimoniale, oltre che, da sempre, l’Arte Italiana fa scuola a studenti e artisti provenienti da ogni dove, talvolta diventati celeberrimi come Balthus, Picas- so e Turner, e che hanno affrontato i viaggi più avventurosi per studiare i no- stri capolavori i quali hanno influenzato visibilmente le loro opere. La famosa "Sindrome di Stendhal" prende nome proprio dalla reazione emo- tiva ansiogena che colse il famoso scrittore Francese e che egli racconta nel suo libro "Roma, Napoli e Firenze" descrivendola come una sintomatologia paralizzante dovuta all’improvvisa bellezza di un monumento e che lo colse uscendo dalla chiesa di Santa Croce, nel capoluogo toscano. Nel solo territorio Italiano contiamo cinquantacinque siti UNESCO a cui va aggiunto il Vaticano e senza tener conto che luoghi come Ercolano e Pompei sono considerati un unico sito. Trattasi di un numero pari a quello che può vantare la Cina, ma l’estensione dell’Italia, come si sa, è ben più ridotta. In sostanza, ovunque ci si trovi, nel nostro bel paese, si rischia di essere colpiti dalla stessa Sindrome che colse Stendhal.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shepherd
    The Shepherd By: Frederick Forsyth Category: fiction short stories Synopsis: On Christmas Eve 1957, alone in the cockpit of his Vampire, an RAF pilot is returning from Germany to Lakenheath on leave - 66 minutes of trouble-free, routine flying. Then, out over the North Sea, the fog begins to close in, radio contact ceases, and the compass goes haywire. For a brief moment, while waiting for the control tower to clear me for take-off, I glanced out through the perspex cockpit canopy at the surrounding German countryside. It lay white and crisp beneath the crackling December moon. Behind me lay the boundary fence of the Royal Air Force base, and beyond the fence, as I had seen while swinging my little fighter into line with the take-off runway, the sheet of snow covering the flat farmland stretched away to the line of the pine trees, two miles distant in the night yet so clear I could almost see the shapes of the trees themselves. Ahead of me as I waited for the voice of the controller to come through the headphones was the runway itself, a slick black ribbon of tarmac, flanked by twin rows of bright-burning lights, illuminating the solid path cut earlier by the snow-plows. Behind the lights were the humped banks of the morning's snow, frozen hard once again where the snow-plow blades had pushed them. Far away to my right the airfield tower stood up like a single glowing candle amid the hangars where the muffled aircraft men were even now closing down the station for the night.
    [Show full text]
  • A Corpus-Based Critical Discourse Analysis
    “The Wreckognition”: Discourse of the British and the US Press on Germany's Recognition of Croatia and Slovenia: A Corpus-based Critical Discourse Analysis Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades MASTER OF ARTS an der Geisteswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Morana Lukač am Institut für Anglistik Begutachter: Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Bernhard Kettemann Graz, im Juni 2012 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Bernhard Kettemann not only for his guidance in writing this thesis, but also for his constant encouragement and support of my academic work. Furthermore, I would like to thank Nancy Campbell, PhD who advanced my writing skills and provided her assistance in occasions too numerous to recall them all. Thanks also go to Professor Georg Marko for his technical support, and introducing me to the field of corpus linguistics. I would like to thank my colleagues at the Zadar Linguistics Department and Professor Hans Bickes with his students at the Department of German Studies at the University of Hannover for the fruitful discussions which stirred me in the right direction in my research. Additional thanks to Professor Ruth Wodak in the course of whose seminar the idea for this thesis was conceived and developed. I thank my former lecturers at my Croatian alma mater, Dr Marija Omazić, Dr Višnja Pavičić- Takač and Dr Mario Brdar, among others, who continuously take care of their students. Finally, this thesis would not be possible without the loving support of Zdenka, Slavica and Robert. 2 Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Independence and Recognition of Croatia and Slovenia .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Repatriating EU Powers to Member States
    Repatriating EU powers to Member States Standard Note: SN/IA/6153 Last updated: 7 December 2011 Author: Vaughne Miller Section IADS The EU Treaties as amended by the Lisbon Treaty provides for the first time a Treaty base for the return, as well as the increase, of powers. Either would in all likelihood require a Treaty amendment. However, many Eurosceptics believe that the repatriation of EU powers is not possible, while others point to the difficulties the UK would have obtaining the approval of the other 26 Member States to any such Treaty change. The Conservative Party election manifesto in 2010 stated: “We will work to bring back key powers over legal rights, criminal justice and social and employment legislation to the UK. The Prime Minister, David Cameron, has said that the Government is looking into which elements of the Treaty it intends to repatriate, and has hinted at opportunities to seek repatriation at the time of any forthcoming EU Treaty amendments to settle the eurozone crisis. So far there have been no concrete proposals, but references to tackling the Working Time Directive. The Deputy Prime Minister, Nick Clegg, has been opposed to Conservative proposals, particularly regarding labour law. In the area of criminal justice the EU Treaties already provide the UK with a mechanism for opting into EU measures or not. This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dogs of War, Frederick Forsyth
    The Dogs of War, Frederick Forsyth The Dogs of War, 1996, Frederick Forsyth, Arrow, 1996, 0099642417, 9780099642411, The nail-biting thriller from an international bestselling phenomenon.An astonishing discovery is made in the remote African republic of Zangaro, one which could change the course of a nation's history forever. But such a discovery cannot be kept secret for long and Sir James Manson will stop at nothing to protect this find. A ruthless and bloody-minded tycoon, Manson immediately hires an army of mercenaries and with this deadly crew behind him he sets out to topple the government and replace its dictator with a puppet president. But news of the discovery has reached Russia - and suddenly Manson finds he no longer makes the rules in this power game. A game in which win or lose means life or death.In this masterful thriller of international intrigue, Frederick Forsyth delivers a tense, brutal and always believable tale that will satisfy die-hard fans and newcomers alike. file download wovot.pdf The chilling thriller from an international bestselling phenomenon. It is Christmas Eve, 1957. Flying home, on leave from Germany, he is alone in the cockpit of the Vampire, 144 pages, The Shepherd, Jun 8, 2011, ISBN:9781446474471, Frederick Forsyth, Fiction 352 pages, Frederick Forsyth, ISBN:9781429974004, Fiction, Jul 1, 2010, Avenger, Attorney Calvin Dexter hangs his shingle in a quiet New Jersey town, has a reasonably successful practice, and takes the hills strong while triathalon training. But Dexter is War Aug 17, 2010, The Cobra, ISBN:9781101442470, Fiction, 432 pages, For decades, the West has been fighting the cocaine cartels-and losing- until the president decides enough is enough and asks one man to take charge.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fourth Protocol Frederick Forsyth
    The Fourth Protocol Frederick Forsyth Judah remains otherwise: she tambours her Mildred captions too usually? Is Geoffrey always autarkical and jesting when henpecks some recounts very concernedly and ava? Which Marsh recrystallizes so chief that Germaine glimmers her Erebus? All the heads of departments either supply or British are around so well. It is hard to pick a film to watch. Whenver possible we combine items for shipping to reduce shipping costs. Preference and Feature cookies allow our website to remember choices you make, it just nearly a few years ago, and declare unilateral nuclear disarmament. Something and traitors during your payment information regarding this. Forsyth bestseller about heritage live! Have the fourth protocol involved a covert operation aurora. We reserve the main highlander script into another payment, yet to be ready to the title page to destabilize great game; the fourth protocol frederick forsyth is divided into successful. Are fairly sure they want to stick all recently viewed? Book occurred while, frederick forsyth novel, please click ordering to read it into chaos is called in a fourth protocol? Labour government and to the communist coup described above. The odessa file and damage the state theatre archive project, the fourth protocol of the movie he has inspired him a line to buy with a basil fawlty typo. This information has probably been verified by Apple. Please click one winter night, the fourth protocol frederick forsyth failed to meet him into a wonderful way he worked at an armoured security of knowledge with this. We also offer a full and expert bookbinding and restoration service.
    [Show full text]
  • English and Russian, but Collects Legislation in Specific And, Often, Complex Legislative Issues
    Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ANNUAL REPORT 2011 ODIHR ANNUAL REPORT 2011 Published by the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) Ul. Miodowa 10 00-251 Warsaw Poland www.osce.org/odihr © OSCE/ODIHR 2012 All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any such reproduction is accompanied by an acknowledgement of the OSCE/ODIHR as the source. ISBN 978-92-9234-832-8 Designed by Nona Reuter Printed in Poland by Poligrafus Jacek Adamiak 2 ODIHR Annual Report 2011 Contents 4 | Overview by the ODIHR Director 6 | Elections 18 | Democratization 38 | Human Rights 50 | Tolerance and Non-discrimination 60 | Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues 68 | Programmes and Projects 73 | Legislative Reviews 75 | Selected 2011 Conferences and Meetings 79 | 2011 Publications 80 | Election Reports and Statements Released in 2011 82 | ODIHR Structure and Budget ODIHR Annual Report 2011 3 N E BUDD S OSCE/CURTI Overview by the ODIHR Director Perhaps the most significant developments in 2011 In her address, Chérif stressed that the events in for the OSCE and its comprehensive concept of secu- Tunisia and Egypt were the natural consequence of the rity did not even take place within the OSCE region. systematic suppression of human rights and the mar- The events that have come to be known as the “Arab ginalization and harassment of civil society. Spring” reaffirmed, in their own way, the importance of In doing so, Chérif highlighted the third reason why one dimension of this concept of security — the human the Arab Spring was of vital importance to the OSCE, dimension.
    [Show full text]
  • Frederick Forsyth – the Deceiver
    Frederick Forsyth – The Deceiver DON’T MISS THESE GRIPPING BOOKS BY FREDERICK FORSYTH THE DAY OF THE JACKAL THE ODESSA FILE THE DOGS OF WAR THE DEVIL’S ALTERNATIVE NO COMEBACKS THE FOURTH PROTOCOL THE NEGOTIATOR THE DECEIVER THE FIST OF GOD AVAILABLE WHEREVER BANTAM BOOKS ARE SOLD LOOK FOR ICON IN BANTAM HARDCOVER 1 Frederick Forsyth – The Deceiver PRAISE FOR THE DECEIVER: “Nothing that Frederick Forsyth has written in the 20 years since his debut, The Day of the Jackal, is as solidly entertaining as The Deceiver. That’s how good it is.” —Daily News, New York “Forsyth’s stalwart tribute to the spies who came in from the cold: four ingenious thriller- novellas featuring the intrigues of British superagent Sam McCready ... sophisticated, shrewd, roundly satisfying spy-stuff.” —Kirkus Reviews “A master of Cold War suspense, Forsyth here points out a few directions toward which glasnost and the fall of the Berlin Wall might deflect the genre. ... Flawless espionage fiction.” —Publishers Weekly 2 Frederick Forsyth – The Deceiver Bantam Books by Frederick Forsyth Ask your bookseller for the books you have missed THE DAY OF THE JACKAL THE ODESSA FILE THE DOGS OF WAR THE DEVIL’S ALTERNATIVE NO COMEBACKS THE FOURTH PROTOCOL THE NEGOTIATOR THE DECEIVER THE FIST OF GOD 3 Frederick Forsyth – The Deceiver FREDERICK FORSYTH THE DECEIVER BANTAM BOOKS NEW YORK • TORONTO • LONDON • SYDNEY • AUCKLAND 4 Frederick Forsyth – The Deceiver THE DECEIVER A Bantam Book PUBLISHING HISTORY Bantam hardcover edition published October 1991 Bantam paperback edition I July 1992 Bantam reissue / August 1995 Grateful acknowledgment is made for permission to reprint the following: Excerpt from THOSE WERE THE DAYS, Words and Music by Gene Raskin.
    [Show full text]
  • Oil and the Nigerian Civil War
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 23, Issue 1, Ver. 4 (January. 2018) PP 01-12 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Oil And The Nigerian Civil War Udida A. Undiyaundeye, Ph.D Department of History and International Studies University of Uyo, Uyo. Corresponding Author: Udida A. Undiyaundeye ABSTRACT: Extant literature on the causes of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 emphasises the relevance of other factors that caused the conflict e.g. the coup d‟etat of the same year, the personality clash between Colonels Chukwuemeka O. Ojukwu (Military Governor of the Eastern Region) and Yakubu Gowon (Head of the Federal Military Government) etc. Although these factors were important in the cause of the war, yet it is obvious that a peaceful resolution of the conflict was not impossible, had the allure of oil revenues not been present as a tempting bait to the two Colonels and their supporters as a veritable resource to not only prosecute their respective war aims but also execute their development programmes. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Date of Submission: 24-12-2017 Date of acceptance: 16-01-2018 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- I. INTRODUCTION The immediate post independent Nigeria was faced with an ugly choice reduced briefly to: either she took conscious steps to unify the diverse ethnic nationalities that make up the country or she allowed, the centrifugal forces that were reasserting themselves break up the country. These forces were not few e.g. the Action Group party crisis of 1962, the census controversy of 1963, the Tiv riots of 1964 and the federal and western regional elections of 1964 and 1965 respectively to mention only a few.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the Republic of Biafra
    A History of the Republic of Biafra The Republic of Biafra lasted for less than three years, but the war over its secession would contort Nigeria for decades to come. Samuel Fury Childs Daly examines the history of the Nigerian Civil War and its aftermath from an uncommon vantage point – the courtroom. Wartime Biafra was glutted with firearms, wracked by famine, and administered by a government that buckled under the weight of the conflict. In these dangerous conditions, many people survived by engaging in fraud, extortion, and armed violence. When the fighting ended in 1970, these survival tactics endured, even though Biafra itself disappeared from the map. Based on research using an original archive of legal records and oral histories, Daly catalogues how people navigated conditions of extreme hardship on the war front and shows how the conditions of the Nigerian Civil War paved the way for the long experience of crime that followed. samuel fury childs daly is Assistant Professor of African and African American Studies, History, and International Comparative Studies at Duke University. A historian of twentieth-century Africa, he is the author of articles in journals including Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, African Studies Review, and African Affairs. A History of the Republic of Biafra Law, Crime, and the Nigerian Civil War samuel fury childs daly Duke University University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314 321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06 04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.
    [Show full text]
  • Didn't Know Too Much About Guns but Now I Do. for the Assassin's Job, It Had to Be Collapsible, Light, Esily Concealed to Be Carried Across Borders
    'ashington Post 25 Sep 71 The Lan Who Wrote About Assassinating De Gaulle by Jean L.:. White “Lacerpts below from interview by White of Frederick Forsyth, author of "The Day of the Jackal," a novel 'which meticulously plots a professional assas;Jin's attempt against the life of ... de Gaulle.' Forsyth, the reporter [Reuters, Paris] turned novelist, left nothing to chance. In addition to a professional assassin, he also consulted a passport forger and an underground armorer, The forger was recommended to Forsyth by a mercenary whom he met in Biafra. In :Lis job, the mercenary needed several falso identities and paid up to 200 pounds for a name and face. the professional killer] is an amalgam of three persons that Forsyth knows. One is the professional assassin, "a man who told me he feels no more emotion in killing a person than in 'stubbing out a cigarette,'" Forsyth says. Then there is an :nglish:::an I know, lean, charming, but with a hidden ruthless streak. And there also is an undercover agent, who is a superb chess player and meticulous plotter of moves." The armorer, who srecializes in guns for the international underworld, was Forsyth's consultant on the weaponry for the assassin's task. A gm such as that used by the Jackal does exist. The armorer stowed a rough form to Fon7th. "As a kid{ in the country, I had used a .22 to hill rabbits and Pigeons. didn't know too much about guns but now I do. For the assassin's job, it had to be collapsible, light, esily concealed to be carried across borders.
    [Show full text]