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Intercalation of Ionically Conductive Polymers Into Lithium Hectorite

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Intercalation of Ionically Conductive Polymers Into Lithium Hectorite INTERCALATION OF IONICALLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS INTO LITHIUM HECTORITE A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Prince Edward Island Iskandar Saada Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island March 2012 @2012 Iskandar Saada Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1 Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-94047-1 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-94047-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada CONDITIONS FOR THE USE OF THE THESIS The author has agreed that the Library, University of Prince Edward Island, may make this thesis freely available for inspection. Moreover, the author has agreed that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised the thesis work recorded herein or, in their absence, by the Chair of the Department or the Dean of the Faculty in which the thesis work was done. It is understood that due recognition will be given to the author of this thesis and to the University of Prince Edward Island in any use of the material in this thesis. Copying or publication or any other use of the thesis for financial gain without approval by the University of Prince Edward Island and the authors’ written permission is prohibited. Requests for permission to copy or to make any other use of material in this thesis in whole or in part should be addressed to: Chair of the Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Prince Edward Island 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE Canada CIA 4P3 SIGNATURE PAGE ( n j ) REMOVED Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Rabin Bissessur for welcoming me into his lab as an undergraduate student (Chem. 482), and later as a graduate student in materials research. I would also like to thank Dr. Jason Pearson for welcoming me into his lab as a student research assistant during the summer of 2009, and serving as a committee member during my graduate studies. I would like to thank Dr. Douglas Dahn for his contributions as a committee member and providing his laboratory in the physics department. All of the AC Impedance Spectroscopy data was completed in Dr. Dahn’s lab. A special thank you to Matthieu Hughes and Vicki Trenton for operating the instrumentation, and calculating the ionic conductivity of the materials. Thank you to Dawna Lund for her expertise in the department instrumentation, and guidance in the laboratory safety measures. Thank you to the department of chemistry at the University of Prince Edward Island for making my undergraduate and graduate experience memorable. This project would not have been as easy without the support of my brother (Robbie Saada) and father (Norman Saada). I would also like to thank all of my friends and colleagues for their daily support, and entertainment. Abstract Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar have become appealing sources of energy with low environmental impact. However, the challenge with using these energy sources is their intermittent and unpredictable power generation. In order to overcome this challenge, energy storage mechanisms such as lithium-ion batteries are dependable systems for such applications. The purpose of this project is intended to synthesize environmentally benign and safe materials which can be used as electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. The ionically conductive polymers POEGO, POMOE, and MEEP were successfully intercalated into the two-dimensional layered structure Lithium Hectorite. The goal of the project was to synthesize a series of nanocomposites with increasing polymer molar ratios to Lithium Hectorite, and investigate the thermal and ionic conductivity properties of the synthesized nanocomposites. A second series of nanocomposites using the same polymer molar ratio to Lithium Hectorite were synthesized after the polymers were complexed with lithium triflate. The salt- complexed nanocomposites were compared to the pristine nanocomposites based on thermal stability, polymer flexibility, as well as their ionic conductivity. The synthesized polymers, nanocomposites, and salt-complexed materials,, were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Ionic conductivity data was investigated using AC impedance spectroscopy. List of Abbreviations XRD - X-ray diffraction TGA - Thermogravimetric analysis DSC - Differential scanning calorimetry ATR - Attenuated total reflectance POEGO - Poly[oligo(ethylene glycol)-oxalate] POMOE - Poly[oxymethylene-(oxyethylene)] MEEP - Poly[bis-(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene] PEG - Poly(ethylene glycol) PEO - Poly(ethylene oxide) SPE - Solid polymer electrolyte Li-POEGO - UCF 3 SO 3 ( P O E G O )i6 Li-POMOE - UCF 3SO 3 (P O M O E ) 25 Li-MEEP - LiCF 3S 0 3 (M E E P ) 4 Li-Hectorite - Lithium Hectorite Table of Contents List of Figures............................................................................................................................. x List of Tables............................................................................................................................xii List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................vi Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................iv Abstract....................................................................................................................................... v Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................ 1 1.2 Battery Types............................................................................................................................ 5 1.2.1 Primary Cells (Batteries)....................................................................................................5 1.2.2 Secondary Cell (Batteries) ................................................................................................ 5 1.3 The Lithium-Ion Battery ...........................................................................................................6 1.3.1 Anode ...................................... 8 1.3.2 Cathode .................................................................................................... 11 1.3.3 Electrolyte........................................................................................................................ 15 1.3.3.1 Liquid Organic Electrolytes......................................................................................16 1.3.3.2 Polymer Electrolytes.................................................................................................18 1.3.3.2.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes ............................................................................... 19 1.3.3.2.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes..................................................................................20 1.3.3.2.3 Composite Polymer Electrolytes.......................................................................21 1.4 Intercalation Chemistry ...........................................................................................................21 1.5 Hectorite.................................................................................................................................. 24 1. 6 Polymers................................................................................................................................. 28
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