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Reviews Chemie Angewandte Reviews Chemie International Edition:DOI:10.1002/anie.201711735 Phosphorus FlameRetardants German Edition:DOI:10.1002/ange.201711735 Molecular Firefighting—HowModern Phosphorus Chemistry Can Help Solvethe Challenge of Flame Retardancy Maria M. Velencoso+,Alexander Battig+,Jens C. Markwart+,BernhardSchartel, and Frederik R. Wurm* Keywords: biomacromolecules · flame retardants · nanocomposites · phosphorus · polymers Angewandte Chemie 10450 www.angewandte.org 2018 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim Angew.Chem.Int. Ed. 2018, 57,10450 –10467 Angewandte Reviews Chemie The ubiquity of polymeric materials in daily life comes with an From the Contents increased fire risk, and sustained researchinto efficient flame retard- ants is key to ensuring the safety of the populace and material goods 1. The Challenge of Flame Retardancy—Demands of from accidental fires.Phosphorus,aversatile and effective element for aGood Flame Retardant 10451 use in flame retardants,has the potential to supersede the halogenated variants that are still widely used today:current formulations employ 2. Phosphate Rock—A Finite avariety of modes of action and methods of implementation, as Natural Resource 10454 additives or as reactants,tosolve the task of developing flame- 3. Recent Developments in retarding polymeric materials.Phosphorus-based flame retardants can Reactive Phosphorus act in both the gas and condensed phase during afire.This Review Compounds 10456 investigates howcurrent phosphorus chemistry helps in reducing the flammability of polymers,and addresses the future of sustainable, 4. Recent Developments in Additive Phosphorus efficient, and safe phosphorus-based flame-retardants from renewable Compounds 10458 sources. 5. Modern Trends and the Future of Phosphorus-Based Flame 1. The Challenge of Flame Retardancy—Demands Retardants 10460 of aGood Flame Retardant 6. Conclusions 10464 Polymeric materials are ubiquitous in nearly all aspects of modern life:from consumer electronics,packaged goods,and construction to transportation, aerospace,industrial machi- Finally,wehighlight modern trends of P-FRs and their nery,and manufacturing processes.This development comes potential future application. To that end, representative with an inherent risk of fire:hydrocarbon-based polymeric examples for each section were chosen, but this Review is materials display alarge fire load and high flammability. not meant to be acomprehensive summary.For further Sustained research on effective flame retardants (FRs) to reading,werecommend the reviews of Weil and Levchik,[3] reduce the risks is pivotal in safeguarding against accidental Malucelli et al.,[4] and Bourbigot and Duquesne.[5] fires,costly damage to material goods,and in ensuring the health and safety of the populace. Halogenated flame retardants,which were widely applied 1.1. Retaining Material Properties:AQuestion of Price in the past, have come under increased scrutiny and prompted increased research into halogen-free and phosphorus-based Thechemical composition of the polymer determines the flame retardants (P-FRs) in particular.[1] This development is material properties,production routes,application areas,and further attributed to legislation and decisive shifts in market bulk price (Figure 1). Thermoplastic polyolefins (e.g.poly- demands,asincreased attention has paid to producing more sustainable FRs.P-FRs have now become aprominent alternative to their halogenated counterparts.[2] Phosphorus [*] Dr.M.M.Velencoso,[+] M. Sc. J. C. Markwart,[+] plays the key role in halogen-free flame retardancy as aresult Priv.-Doz. Dr.F.R.Wurm Physical ChemistryofPolymers of its chemical versatility,multiple FR mechanisms,and high Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research effectivity already at low loadings.Asthedemand for safe Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz (Germany) advanced materials grows,the question for material scientists E-mail:[email protected] is:what role can current chemistry play in solving the flame M. Sc. A. Battig,[+] Priv.-Doz. Dr.B.Schartel retardancy problem?Tomore closely understand the task at Technical PropertiesofPolymeric Materials hand, it is necessary to first outline what constitutes a“good” Bundesanstalt fürMaterialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) FR: Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin (Germany) 1) Material properties must be conserved to the greatest M. Sc. J. C. Markwart[+] possible extent, with price as the most determining factor. Graduate School MaterialsScience in Mainz 2) TheFRproperties must match the polymer processing Staudinger Weg9,55128 Mainz (Germany) + and pyrolysis characteristics. [ ]These authors contributed equally to this work. 3) Health regulations and market direction necessitates that The ORCID identification number for one of the authors of this article formulations must become increasingly environmentally can be found under: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201711735. friendly,recyclable,and sustainable. 2017 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative In the following sections,these aspects are explored in Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits use, detail. Then, state-of-the-art P-FRs and their modes of action distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original are discussed and show how these features are embraced. work is properly cited, and is not used for commercial purposes. Angew.Chem. Int.Ed. 2018, 57,10450 –10467 2018 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim 10451 Angewandte Reviews Chemie ethylene,polypropylene,polyvinyl chloride) are common commodities and mass produced at low costs;Al(OH)3,the most common FR, is both effective and inexpensive to produce,but requires high loadings,which affects the material properties (e.g.coloration, opacity,tensile strength).[6] Com- mercially available P-FRs (e.g. ammonium polyphosphate, APP) require significantly lower loadings for similar effec- tivity,and thereby retain the respective material properties.[7] Moreover,adjuvants and synergists (e.g.metal oxides,char- ring agents,nanofillers,additional P-FRs) increase the efficacyand further lower the loadings required.[8] Engineering polymers (e.g.polyamides,polycarbonates, polyurethanes,polyethylene terephthalates) are applied in more advanced areas (e.g. electronics/electrical engineering, transport, manufacturing). These materials can be synthe- Figure 1. Fire hazard versus bulk price of various polymericmaterial Dr.Maria M. Velencoso received her M.Sc. classes.[14] in Chemical Engineering from the University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) in 2008 and completed her Ph.D. there in 2014 with sized as thermoplasts,elastomers,orthermosets in foams, Prof. Antonio de Lucas Martinez for work on fibers,orfoils,and so awider array of FRs exist. Theuse of the synthesis and application of phosphory- these FRs depend on the polymersprice,quality grade,and lated polyols as reactive flame retardants. precise application.[9] Notable formulations contain alumi- Forher research, she maintained along- term collaboration with HUNTSMAN.She num diethyl phosphinate,melamine polyphosphate,and Zn is currently aMarie Sklodowska-Curie Post- borate,ormelamine cyanurate-microencapsulated red phos- doctoral fellow in the group of Prof. Katha- phorus.[10] rina Landfester at the Max Planck Institute High-performance polymers (e.g.epoxy/polyester resins, for Polymer Research (Germany), where she polyetherimides,polysulfones,poly(aryl ether ketones)) are is working on the developmentofnanopar- used in specialized fields (e.g.adhesives,coatings,composites) ticles for flame retardant applications. Alexander Battig studied Chemistry(B.Sc.) Bernhard Schartel is head of the Technical and Polymer Science (M.Sc.) at the Free Properties of the PolymericMaterials divi- University Berlin, Germany.After establish- sion at the Bundesanstalt fürMaterialfor- ing and running his own company,hejoined schung und -prüfung (BAM). He has been the group of Bernhard Schartel at the active in the area of flame retardancy of Bundesanstalt fürMaterialforschung und polymers for over 15 years, publishing more -prüfung (BAM) in Berlin, for his Ph.D. in than 150 papers. He has served on the 2016. He is an active member of the editorial boards of Fire Mater., J. Fire Sci., doctoral student network at BAM, Polym. Test.,and Fire Technol.,and since amember of its organizing committee, and 2012 has also edited Polymer Degradation arepresentative of the doctoral students. His and Stability for the topics Fire Retardants research, supported by the Deutsche For- and Nanocomposites. His main interest is schungsgemeinschaft (DFG), focuses on the understanding fire behavior and flame- molecular understanding of hyperbranched polyphosphoesters/-amidates as retardancy mechanisms as abasis for future multifunctional flame retardants. development. Jens C. Markwart completed his M.Sc. in Frederik R. Wurm completed his Ph.D. in Chemistry at the Johannes Gutenberg-Uni- 2009 (JGU Mainz, Germany) with Prof. versity of Mainz, Germany,in2016, includ- Holger Frey.After atwo year stay at EPFL ing astay at the Polymer Science and (Switzerland) as aHumboldt fellow,he EngineeringDepartment at the University of joined the department “Physical Chemistry Massachusetts in Amherst, USA, in the of Polymers” at MPIP and finished his group of Prof. Alejandro L. Briseno. He habilitation in Macromolecular Chemistry in joined the group of Dr.Frederik R. Wurm as 2016. He currently
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