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E Edulis ATION DOES the SIZE of the TREES DETERMINE THE Oecologia Australis 24(2):334-346, 2020 https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2020.2402.08 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE THREATENED PALM Euterpe edulis Mart. IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST: IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION DOES THE SIZE OF THE TREES DETERMINE THE RICHNESS AND DISTRIBUTION OF VASCULAR EPIPHYTES IN AMAZONIAN FLOODPLAIN Aline Cavalcante de Souza1* & Jayme Augusto Prevedello1 FORESTS? 1 Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Ecologia, Laboratório de Ecologia de 1 1 1,2 1 Paisagens, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524, Maracanã, CEP 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Adriano Costa Quaresma , Yuri Oliveira Feitosa , Florian Wittmann , Jochen Schöngart , 1 1 E-mails: [email protected] (*corresponding author); [email protected] Layon Oreste Demarchi & Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade 1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Grupo MAUA. Av. André Araújo, 2936, CEP: 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Abstract: The combination of species distribution models based on climatic variables, with spatially explicit Brazil. analyses of habitat loss, may produce valuable assessments of current species distribution in highly disturbed 2Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Department of Wetland Ecology, Kaiserstr, 12 ecosystems. Here, we estimated the potential geographic distribution of the threatened palm Euterpe Building 10.50, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany. edulis Mart. (Arecaceae), an ecologically and economically important species inhabiting the Atlantic Forest E-mails: [email protected] (*corresponding author); [email protected]; [email protected]; jschongart@ biodiversity hotspot. This palm is shade-tolerant, and its populations are restricted to the interior of forest gmail.com; [email protected]; [email protected] patches. The geographic distribution of E. edulis has been reduced due to deforestation and overexploitation of its palm heart. To quantify the impacts of deforestation on the geographical distribution of this species, we compared the potential distribution, estimated by climatic variables, with the current distribution of forest Abstract: Vascular epiphytes (VE) are among the most threatened group of plants due to the extraction patches. Potential distribution was quantified using five different algorithms (BIOCLIM, GLM, MaxEnt, of trees (phorophytes). Yet, surveys and ecological information on vascular epiphytes are rather scarce Random Forest and SVM). Forest cover in the biome was estimated for the year 2017, using a recently- particularly in wetlands. To understand the effect of tree assemblage on the occurrence of VE and in order released map with 30 m resolution. A total of 111 records were kept to model climatic suitability of E. edulis, to elucidate ecological patterns of distribution and composition, 16 (25 x 25 m) permanent plots were varying from 6 to 1500 m a.s.l and spanning almost the entire latitudinal gradient covered by the Atlantic sampled in an oligotrophic floodplain forest (igapó - PELD MAUA) and compared to the same amount and Forest (from 7.72º S to 29.65º S). Based on climatic suitability alone, ca. 93 million hectares, or 66% of the size of plots in a nutrient-rich floodplain (várzea - RDS Mamirauá), both in Central Amazon. All trees and area of the Atlantic Forest, would be suitable for the occurrence of E. edulis. However, 76% of this climatically associated VE were counted and identified. The diversity in várzea is driven by the turnover of epiphytes in suitable area was deforested. Therefore, currently, only ca. 15% of the biome retains forest patches that are trees with different diameters, while in igapó there is a pronounced concentration of VE in trees with smaller climatically suitable for E. edulis. Our analyses show that E. edulis has suffered a dramatic loss of potential diameters. Conservation actions in várzea forests should prioritize the maintenance of forest structure, distribution area in the Atlantic Forest due to widespread deforestation. Our results provided updated sustaining taxonomic diversity in all diameter classes of trees. In igapó forests efforts to conserve epiphytes information on the distribution of E. edulis, and may be used to identify which forested and deforested areas must first consider the taxonomic identity and, after, size of trees in the community. The comparison of our could receive priority in future conservation and restoration efforts. results with those of other PELDs in wetlands and other ecosystems will enhance our knowledge on the biogeographic patters and constrains on the distribution of this important botanical component. Keywords: climatic suitability; deforestation; habitat loss; palm heart; species distribution modelling. Keywords: wetlands; várzea forest; igapó forest; turnover; nestedness. INTRODUCTION However, in Amazonian wetlands such advances occurred mostly for tree assemblages (e.g. Ferreira Ecological knowledge on bioindicator groups in 1997, Wittmann et al. 2002, 2010, Montero et al. different habitats is fundamental for monitoring 2014). Nevertheless, other plant groups remain biodiversity, to detect threatened species or poorly known, especially for vascular epiphytes. environments and to guide preventive conservation The world-wide species count of vascular actions. There were significant advances regarding epiphytes and hemiepiphytes might be greater the factors that structure the patterns of richness than 27,600 (Zotz 2013). This group of plants and distribution of plant groups in Amazonian is under severe anthropogenic pressure, as a upland forests (Pezzini et al. 2012), which is essential significant part of its species composition is lost for long term ecological monitoring (Tundisi 2013). due to selective logging of large trees (Barthlott et Quaresma et al. | 335 al. 2001, Mondragón et al. 2015). Monitoring the difference on the assemblage of trees of these two epiphytic component is no trivial task as these ecosystems (Junk et al. 2011) and likely influences plants occupy the forest canopy, making them the epiphyte floristic diversity as well (Quaresma difficult to sample and survey. This is particularly et al. 2017). The quantity of tree species with DBH challenging for wetlands where the inundation ≥ 10 cm is greater in várzeas (up to 150 species x (Junk et al. 1989) pulse adds up methodological ha-1) when compared to igapós (up to 80 species x complexity to surveys, given the shifting in ha-1; Wittmann et al. 2006, Montero et al. 2014). In water levels between dry and rainy season. addition, the arboreal floristic similarity between Notwithstanding, it is known that trees with greater the two types of forests is less than 20 % (Wittmann diameters support more diversity and abundance et al. 2006, Wittmann 2012). Trees in igapó forests of epiphytes (Callaway et al. 2002, Hietz & Hietz- grow 2 to 3 times slower than in várzeas due to Seifert 1995, Flores-Palacios & Garcia-Franco 2006, the differences in the edaphic conditions of their Wolf et al. 2009). This normally occurs because alluvial soil (Schöngart et al. 2006). In Central larger trees have more surface and, in most cases, Amazon the richness of epiphytes is also higher in more time available for colonization by epiphytes várzeas (73 species) than in igapós (37 species) and (Gentry & Dodson 1987, Benzing 1990, Wagner et al. the similarity between these two environments is 2015). Still, this relationship can not be generalized only 15.6 % (Quaresma et al. 2017). for all environments because some studies did not Differences in the diversity between these find a positive relationship between tree diameter two ecosystems might be driven by two distinct and epiphyte richness and abundance (Köster et al. processes or by a combination of those (Baselga 2009, Kersten et al. 2009). 2010). The first consists in a change of species Analysing the tree diameters in Amazonian between two assemblages (species turnover), and wetlands might elucidate patterns of distribution the second occurs when just a small set of species and richness of epiphytes along time, assuming from the poorer environment constitutes a subset that, in most cases, the dimeter is a proxy of the time of species present in the richer environment of establishment of a tree (Schöngart et al. 2005). (nestedness) (Baselga 2010, Ulrich & Gottelli 2007). In an area nearby the Surumori River (a blackwater Turnover and nestedness have been documents as river), Colombia, Nieder et al. (2000) sampled 139 processes that promote beta diversity in tropical trees and observed that 56 trees with DBH > 20 cm arboreal assemblages (e.g. Pitman et al. 2002, hosted 57 % of all epiphytic individuals. On the Condit et al. 2013, Esquiver-Muelbert et al. 2016). To other hand, 83 trees with DBH < 20 cm supported our knowledge these aspects are still to be studied 43 % of the epiphytic individuals, corroborating for the assemblages of other associated plants, that the time of establishment of the phorophyte especially for vascular epiphytes. Differentiating is important to the colonization by epiphytes. these processes is essential for improving our Therefore, emphasizing the maintenance of large understanding of epiphyte ecology, biogeography trees in floodplains. and will help to solve matters on species White-Water várzea forests and black-water conservation, like to prioritize conservation units igapó forests (sensu Prance 1979) comprise an in richer sites (Baselga 2010). extension of more than 750,000 Km2 of the Amazon Processes that regulate
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