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“Targets of Both Sides” RIGHTS Violence Against Students, Teachers, and Schools in Thailand’S Southern Border Provinces WATCH

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“Targets of Both Sides” RIGHTS Violence Against Students, Teachers, and Schools in Thailand’S Southern Border Provinces WATCH Thailand HUMAN “Targets of Both Sides” RIGHTS Violence against Students, Teachers, and Schools in Thailand’s Southern Border Provinces WATCH “Targets of Both Sides” Violence against Students, Teachers, and Schools in Thailand’s Southern Border Provinces Copyright © 2010 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-689-6 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org September 2010 1-56432-689-6 “Targets of Both Sides” Violence against Students, Teachers, and Schools in Thailand’s Southern Border Provinces Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Key Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 24 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 25 I. International Legal Standards ....................................................................................... 26 II. Background .................................................................................................................. 28 Ongoing Insurgency in Thailand’s Southern Border Provinces .............................................. 28 Education in Thailand’s Southern Border Provinces ............................................................. 33 Bilingual Intercultural Education under International Human Rights Law ............................. 37 III. Attacks and Threats on Teachers ................................................................................. 39 Case Study: Attack on Teachers at a Government School ..................................................... 40 Case Study: Attack on a Muslim Teacher at a Government School ........................................ 41 Case Study: Killing of a Pondok Teacher .............................................................................. 42 Insurgent Motivations for Attacks on Teachers .................................................................... 43 State Security for Teachers .................................................................................................. 47 Harm Caused to Education .................................................................................................. 50 Other Threats on Teachers ................................................................................................... 52 IV. Occupations of Schools by Security Forces .................................................................. 56 Case Study: Ban Klong Chang School, Mayo District, Pattani ............................................... 56 Case Study: Pakaluesong School, Nong Chik District, Pattani .............................................. 61 Methods of Occupation ....................................................................................................... 64 Motivation for Occupation ................................................................................................... 67 Harm Caused to Education ................................................................................................. 68 V. Insurgent Attacks on Government Schools .................................................................... 70 Case Study: Ban Ba Ngo School, Mayo District, Pattani ........................................................ 71 Case Study: Ban Payo Elementary School, Saiburi District, Pattani ...................................... 73 Teacher Housing Facilities ................................................................................................... 75 Motivations for Attacks ....................................................................................................... 75 Harm Caused to Education .................................................................................................. 78 VI. Insurgent Indoctrination and Recruitment at Schools ................................................... 80 VII. Government Raids and Arrests at Islamic Schools ....................................................... 84 Case Study: Ta Se pondok, Muang District, Yala Province .................................................... 85 Case Study: Saengtham Islam Wittaya, Bacho District, Narathiwat ..................................... 86 Case Study: Muslimeen Private Islamic School, Saiburi District, Pattani ............................. 90 Case Study: A Tadika ........................................................................................................... 91 Case Study: Daloh Pondok, Yaring District, Pattani .............................................................. 93 VIII. Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 95 To armed separatist groups ................................................................................................. 95 To the Thai government ....................................................................................................... 95 To the UN Special Representative to the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict 98 To the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).................................................................. 98 Appendix.......................................................................................................................... 99 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................... 111 Summary Human Rights Watch | September 2010 An armed Ranger walks through the school yard during a break between classes at Ban Klong Chang Elementary School, Pattani. A camp for 32 paramilitary Rangers has been established in the school compound. © 2010 David Hogsholt/Reportage by Getty Images “TARGETS OF BOTH SIDES” Photos by David Hogsholt / Reportage by Getty Images “I am afraid of [the soldiers], because the soldiers are very touchy. They love to hold the children, and that’s okay for the boys, but for girls we can’t allow men to touch our body. And I am not happy when the soldiers ask whether I have any older sisters and ask for their phone numbers.” A 10-year-old girl at the school I had nothing against the soldiers when they were outside the school.… But when they moved into the school, I feared there would be an attack on the school, so … I withdrew my children.… [I]f there was a hit on the grounds, the children would be hit. The mother of two children whose school was partially occupied by government paramilitary forces The frequency of the raids has disrupted the education and created a feeling of uncertainty for teachers and students because we don’t know when the soldiers will come next.… I feel insecure, and my students feel insecure. A teacher at a private Islamic school Since separatist insurgents renewed regular attacks in 2004 in Thailand’s southern provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat, students, teachers, and schools have been caught up in violence by both the insurgents and government security forces. 4 “Targets of Both Sides” Students at Ban Klong Maning Elementary School, Pattani, wait outside their classroom as a soldier from a “Peace and Development” infantry unit guards the rooms on the ground floor that are occupied by his unit. Human Rights Watch | September 2010 5 I turned and found a gun pressed against my The insurgents, who view the educational system as a symbol cheek. When the trigger was pulled, the of Thai Buddhist state oppression, have burned and bombed government schools, harassed and killed teachers, and impact of the bullet spun my body around, and spread terror among students and their parents. The vast I was shot on the other side of the head.… I majority of teachers killed have been ethnic Thai Buddhists, tried to block [the shot] and the bullet went and their deaths are often intended as a warning to others. through a finger of my left hand and into my Yet Muslim teachers have not been spared; insurgents have also targeted Muslim teachers at government schools, and skull.… [My] students were affected the Islamic school administrators who resist insurgents’ efforts to moment they learned that I was shot… [They] use classrooms for indoctrination and recruiting. In some all broke out in tears, asking, “Who shot the areas, insurgents have also pressured Malay Muslim families teacher?” Many came to visit me in the not to send children to government schools. hospital and cried when they saw I was shot. The government faces the challenge of protecting children and teachers. Yet in some villages, government security forces An ethnic Malay Muslim teacher at a government school, have set up long-term military
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