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Study on Social Services of General Interest European Commission DG for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion STUDY ON SOCIAL SERVICES OF GENERAL INTEREST FINAL REPORT OCTOBER 2011 This study was carried out on behalf of the Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion Directorate General of the European Commission (contract VC/2009/0184). Research consortium led by: Bernard Brunhes International (www.bb-international.eu), France, in cooperation with London School of Economics, United Kingdom and Work Research Centre, Ireland Project: Study on Social Services of General Interest European Experts team: Team Leader: Richard Polacek Long-Term Care: David McDaid, Jose-Luis Fernandez, Tihana Matosevic Early Childhood Education and Care: Helen Penn, Marta Korintus, Mieke Verheyde Employment Services: Richard Wynne, David McDaid, Kevin Cullen, Ciaran Dolphin Social Housing: Eva Bauer, Darinka Czischke, Jozsef Hegedus, Nora Teller, Alice Pittini Project Coordination Assistance: Natalia Filipescu Project Director: Harald Hauben Study on Social Services of General Interest List of National Experts that contributed to the study with research at national and regional level: Long-term care sector Childcare sector Employment sector Social Housing sector Birgit Trukeschitz Marisa Krenn Wache Birgit Trukeschitz Eva Bauer (Austria); (Austria); (Austria); (Austria), Daniel Libin, Luc Marthe Nyssens, Dominique Delvaux, Marthe Nyssens, Mark Laurent (Belgium); Karakaya Gungor Bea Buysse (Belgium); Delmartino (Belgium); Martin Lux (Czech (Belgium); Milada Rabusicova Eva Dragomireka Republic); Eva Dragomireka (Czech Republic); (Czech Republic); Hedvig Vestergaard (Czech Republic and Jytte Juul Jensen Jan Persson (Denmark (Denmark); Slovakia); (Denmark); and Sweden); Anu Sarnet (Estonia); Karsten Vrangbæk Paivi Lindberg Taavi Lai (Estonia); Jouko Heino (Finland); (Denmark); (Finland); Jarno Karjalainen Maxime Chodorge, Taavi Lai (Estonia); Jeanne Fagnani (Finland); Virginie Toussain Kristian Wahlbeck (France); Dominique Velche (France); (Finland and Sweden); Pamela Oberheumer (France); Michael Neitzel Martine Belanger (Germany); Karsten Gareis (Germany); (France); Georgia Tsaklanganos (Germany); Jozsef Hegedus Karsten Gareis, Ingo (Greece); Irene Papanicolas (Hungary); Dieter Meyer, Sonja Marta Korintus (Greece); Bernard Thompson Müller (Germany); (Hungary); Katalin Eresk (Ireland); Irene Papanicolas Noirin Hayes (Ireland); (Hungary); Anna Pozzo (Italy); (Greece); Tullia Musatti (Italy); Richard Wynne Sandra Treija (Latvia); Katalin Ersek Kristine Liepina (Ireland); Alexander Luijten (Hungary); (Latvia); Chiara Crepaldi (Italy); (Netherlands); Kevin Cullen (Ireland); Bep van Sloten Maris Taube (Latvia); Terje Halvorsen Cristiano Gori (Italy); (Netherlands); Marla Woolderink (Norway); Maris Taube (Latvia); Kari Jacobsen (Norway); (Netherlands); Alina Muziol- Silvia Evers Teresa Ogrodzinska Solveig Ose (Norway); Weczlawowicz (Poland); (Netherlands); (Poland); Monica Owczarek Isabel Batista (Portugal); Solveig Ose (Norway); Catarina de Albuquerque (Poland); Ioan Bejan (Romania); Czeslaw Czabala (Portugal); Sonia Diaconescu Elena Szolgayova (Poland); Mariela Neagu (Romania); (Slovakia); Raluca Sfetcu (Romania); Juraj Polenda Srna Mandic (Slovenia); (Romania); Magdalena Piscova, (Slovakia); Ana Núñez (Spain); Moica Dernovesk, Miloslav Bahna Mojca Dernovesk, Tomas Lindencrona Lilijana Sprah (Slovakia); Liliana Sprah (Sweden); (Slovenia); Nada Stropnik (Slovenia); Corine Meier (United Joan Costa Font (Spain); (Slovenia); Marta Vilella-Vila Kingdom). David McDaid (United Anna Escobedo (Spain); (Spain); Kingdom). Lars Gunnarsson David McDaid (United (Sweden); Kingdom). Helen Penn (United Kingdom). Table of Contents INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 10 METHODOLOGY NOTE ..................................................................................................................... 26 SECTION I - REGULATORY FRAMEWORK APPLICABLE TO SOCIAL SERVICES .................................... 28 1. LONG –TERM CARE ........................................................................................................................ 28 1.1. Introduction................................................................................................................................. 28 1.2. The concept of long-term care across Europe ........................................................................... 31 1.3. Legal and institutional frameworks for service provision ......................................................... 39 1.4. Modalities of service provision .................................................................................................. 47 1.5. Relationship between public authorities and external service providers .................................. 51 1.6. Financing sources for service provision .................................................................................... 56 1.7. Cross-border provision of services ............................................................................................ 61 2. EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION AND CARE ................................................................................. 63 2.1. Introduction................................................................................................................................. 63 2.2. The concept of early childhood education and care across Europe .......................................... 64 2.3. Legal and institutional frameworks for service provision ......................................................... 69 2.4. Modalities of service provision .................................................................................................. 74 2.5. Relationship between public authorities and external service providers .................................. 76 2.6. Financing sources for service provision .................................................................................... 80 2.7. Cross-border provision of services ............................................................................................ 84 3. EMPLOYMENT SERVICES ................................................................................................................. 86 3.1. Introduction................................................................................................................................. 86 3.2. The concept of employment services across Europe ................................................................. 87 3.3. Legal and institutional frameworks for service provision ......................................................... 90 3.4. Modalities of service provision .................................................................................................. 99 3.5. Relationship between public authorities and external service providers ................................ 102 3.6. Financing sources for service provision .................................................................................. 107 3.7. Cross-border provision of services .......................................................................................... 109 Page 4 4. SOCIAL HOUSING ..........................................................................................................................111 4.1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 111 4.2. The concept of social housing across Europe .......................................................................... 115 4.3. Legal and institutional frameworks for service provision ....................................................... 118 4.4. Modalities of service provision ................................................................................................ 125 4.5. Relationship between public authorities and external service providers ................................ 132 4.6. Financing sources for service provision .................................................................................. 138 4.7. Cross-border provision of services .......................................................................................... 151 5. CROSS-SECTOR ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................154 5.1. Legal and institutional framework for service provision ........................................................ 154 5.2. Modalities of service provision ................................................................................................ 157 5.3. Relationship between public authorities and external service providers ................................ 158 5.4. Financing sources of service provision .................................................................................... 160 5.5. Cross-border provision of services .......................................................................................... 162 SECTION II - TYPES OF SOCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS .......................................................................163 1. LONG –TERM CARE ......................................................................................................................163 1.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................
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