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The Place of Archery in Greek Warfare
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department Classics and Religious Studies 2-1-1990 The Place of Archery in Greek Warfare Thomas Nelson Winter University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub Part of the Classics Commons Winter, Thomas Nelson, "The Place of Archery in Greek Warfare" (1990). Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department. 9. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Th e Place of Archery in Greek Warfare Th e Ancient Greek Archer: . at work & war by Tom Winter Summary: Despite the ancient Greek equivalent of an Agincourt, the Greek military mind fi rmly retained the heavy infantry, rather than the archers, as the main force. Recognized uses of the archer in Greek warfare were to fend off heights of city walls, to perform commando raids, and to provide covering fi re for commando-style operations. Th is essay, written after a fresh reading of the principle Greek historians, puts together all passages where one can see the ancient Greek archer at work and in his military setting. hen Pericles proclaims the catalog of Athenian forces at the Wbeginning of the Peloponnesian War (431–404), the array looked like this: 15,000 fi rst-line hoplites 1,600 reserve hoplites 1,600 cavalry (including mounted archers) 1,200 archers 300 warships Archers comprised, then, roughly 10 percent of an ancient Greek city’s military force. -
Weapon Group Feats for Pathfinder: Class: Weapon Group Proficiencies
Weapon Group Feats for Pathfinder: Class: Weapon Group Proficiencies at 1st Level: Alchemist Basic weapons, Natural, Crossbows, any other 1 Barbarian Basic weapons, Natural, any other 4 Bard Basic weapons, Natural, any other 3 Cavalier Basic weapons, Natural, Spears, any other 3 Cleric Basic weapons, Natural, deity’s weapon group, any other 2(3 groups if not following a deity) Druid Basic weapons, Natural, druid weapons, any other 1 Fighter Basic weapons, Natural, any other 5 Gunslinger Basic weapons, Natural, firearms, any other 3 Monk Basic weapons, and all monk weapons Inquisitor Basic weapons, Natural, deity’s weapon group, Bows or Crossbows, any other 3 (4 groups if not following a deity) Magus Basic weapons, Natural, any other 4 Oracle Basic weapons, Natural, any other 1 (+3 if taking Skill at Arms) Paladin/AntiPaladin Basic weapons, Natural, any other 4 Ranger Basic weapons, Natural, any other 4 Rogue Basic weapons, Natural, any other 3 Sorcerer Basic weapons, Natural, spears, crossbows , any other 1 Summoner Basic weapons, Natural, spears, crossbows , any other 1 Witch Basic weapons, Natural, spears, crossbows , any other 1 Wizard Basic weapons, Natural, spears, crossbows This system doesn’t change Racial Weapon Familiarity. Weapon Group Name: Weapons In Group: Axes bardiche, battleaxe, dwarven waraxe, greataxe, handaxe, heavy pick, hooked axe, knuckle axe, light pick, mattock, orc double axe, pata, and throwing axe Basic club, dagger, quarterstaff, and sling Blades, Heavy bastard sword, chakram, double chicken saber, double -
Adaptable Stream Processing
A PROCRUSTEAN APPROACH TO STREAM PROCESSING by Nikolaos Romanos Katsipoulakis Bachelor of Science, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2011 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the School of Computing and Information in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2018 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION This dissertation was presented by Nikolaos Romanos Katsipoulakis It was defended on December 18th 2018 and approved by Dr. Alexandros Labrinidis, Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Panos K. Chrysanthis, Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh Dr. John Lange, Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Andrew Pavlo, Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University Dissertation Advisors: Dr. Alexandros Labrinidis, Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh, Dr. Panos K. Chrysanthis, Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Nikolaos Romanos Katsipoulakis 2018 iii A PROCRUSTEAN APPROACH TO STREAM PROCESSING Nikolaos Romanos Katsipoulakis, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2018 The increasing demand for real-time data processing and the constantly growing data volume have contributed to the rapid evolution of Stream Processing Engines (SPEs), which are designed to continuously process data as it arrives. Low operational cost and timely delivery of results are both objectives of paramount importance for SPEs. Given the volatile and uncharted nature of data streams, achieving the aforementioned goals under fixed resources is a challenge. This calls for adaptable SPEs, which can react to fluctuations in processing demands. In the past, three techniques have been developed for improving an SPE’s ability to adapt. Those techniques are classified based on applications’ requirements on exact or ap- proximate results: stream partitioning, and re-partitioning target exact, and load shedding targets approximate processing. -
Interpretation of Fiore Dei Liberi's Spear Plays
Acta Periodica Duellatorum, Hands On section, articles 131 Interpretation of Fiore dei Liberi’s Spear Plays Jakub Dobi Ars Ensis [email protected] Abstract – How did Fiore Furlano use a spear? What is the context, purpose, and effect of entering a duel armed with a spear? My article- originally a successful thesis work for an Ars Ensis Free Scholler title- describes in detail what I found out by studying primary sources (Fiore’s works), related sources (contemporary and similar works), and hands-on experience in controlled play practice, as well as against uncooperative opponents. In this work I cover the basics- how to hold the spear, how to assume Fiore’s stances, how to attack, and how to defend yourself. I also argue that the spear is not, in fact, a preferable weapon to fence with in Fiore’s system, at least not if one uses it in itself. It is however, a reach advantage that has to be matched, and thus the terribly (mutually) unsafe situation of spear versus spear occurs. As a conclusion, considering context and illustrations of spear fencing, I argue that the spear is only to be considered paired with other weapons, like dagger, or sword. In fact, following Fiore’s logic, we can assume he used the spear to close the distance to use a weapon he feels more in control with. Keywords – Fiore, Furlano, Liberi, Italian, duel, spear, Ars Ensis I. PROCESS OF RESEARCH The article itself is largely devoted to trying to point out the less obvious points to make about this specific style of spear fencing. -
Rules and Options
Rules and Options The author has attempted to draw as much as possible from the guidelines provided in the 5th edition Players Handbooks and Dungeon Master's Guide. Statistics for weapons listed in the Dungeon Master's Guide were used to develop the damage scales used in this book. Interestingly, these scales correspond fairly well with the values listed in the d20 Modern books. Game masters should feel free to modify any of the statistics or optional rules in this book as necessary. It is important to remember that Dungeons and Dragons abstracts combat to a degree, and does so more than many other game systems, in the name of playability. For this reason, the subtle differences that exist between many firearms will often drop below what might be called a "horizon of granularity." In D&D, for example, two pistols that real world shooters could spend hours discussing, debating how a few extra ounces of weight or different barrel lengths might affect accuracy, or how different kinds of ammunition (soft-nosed, armor-piercing, etc.) might affect damage, may be, in game terms, almost identical. This is neither good nor bad; it is just the way Dungeons and Dragons handles such things. Who can use firearms? Firearms are assumed to be martial ranged weapons. Characters from worlds where firearms are common and who can use martial ranged weapons will be proficient in them. Anyone else will have to train to gain proficiency— the specifics are left to individual game masters. Optionally, the game master may also allow characters with individual weapon proficiencies to trade one proficiency for an equivalent one at the time of character creation (e.g., monks can trade shortswords for one specific martial melee weapon like a war scythe, rogues can trade hand crossbows for one kind of firearm like a Glock 17 pistol, etc.). -
A Reconstruction of the Greek–Roman Repeating Catapult
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio della ricerca - Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II Mechanism and Machine Theory 45 (2010) 36–45 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Mechanism and Machine Theory journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mechmt A reconstruction of the Greek–Roman repeating catapult Cesare Rossi *, Flavio Russo Department of Mechanical Engineering for Energetics (DIME), University of Naples ‘‘Federico II”, Via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy article info abstract Article history: An ‘‘automatic” repeating weapon used by the Roman army is presented. Firstly a short Received 21 February 2009 description is shown of the working principle of the torsion motor that powered the Received in revised form 17 July 2009 Greek–Roman catapults. This is followed by the description of the reconstructions of these Accepted 29 July 2009 ancient weapons made by those scientists who studied repeating catapults. The authors Available online 4 September 2009 then propose their own reconstruction. The latter differs from the previous ones because it proposes a different working cycle that is almost automatic and much safer for the oper- Keywords: ators. The authors based their reconstruction of the weapon starting from the work of pre- History of Engineering vious scientists and on their own translation of the original text (in ancient Greek) by Ancient automatic weapons Mechanism reconstruction Philon of Byzantium. Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Among the designers of automata and automatic devices in ancient times Heron of Alexandria (10 B.C.–70 A.D.) was probably the best known. -
DIY Science Catapult
DIY Science Catapult How can making a catapult help you prove something that it took mankind millennia to work out? Look at the science behind siege engines in the DIY Catapult! Historical Overview On War Machines and Mangonels One of the problems with warfare throughout history was that enemies had the annoying habit of hiding behind fortifications. The solution: to find a way of beating down, piercing or otherwise destroying part of the wall so as to gain entry. Alternatively, it was equally important to be able to keep others intent on destroying your walls at bay. Enter the one- armed throwing engine. What’s a Mangonel? The Greeks c200 BC referred to these one-armed machines as among numerous devices that could be used by the defence against a besieger’s machinery. People from the Mediterranean to the China Sea developed war machines that operated using the elasticity of various materials. The term catapult is used to describe all of the different types of throwing machines. What you and I know as a catapult is actually a mangonel, otherwise known as an onager. Onager was the slang term derived from the Greek name for ‘wild donkey’. This referred to the way the machine ‘kicks’ when it’s fired. The correct term for the machine is mangonel - derived from the ancient Greek term “manganon” meaning “engine of war”. Historical Evidence There is very little archaeological or historical evidence on the mangonel. However, the Roman, Ammianus, does describe one in his writings, but the proportions of the machine are unknown. There remain some medieval illustrations of the machines and some speculative drawings from the 18th and 19th centuries. -
Hungarian Archaeology E-Journal • 2018 Spring
HUNGARIAN ARCHAEOLOGY E-JOURNAL • 2018 SPRING www.hungarianarchaeology.hu PLUMBATA, THE ROMAN-STYLE DARTS. A Late Antique Weapon from Annamatia TAMÁS KESZI1 It is possible to view an unusual object in the display showing Roman military equipment at the permanent exhibit of the Intecisa Museum, a special weapon of the army in Late Antiquity, the plumbata.2 The meaning of the Latin word is ‘leaden’, but if the construction and use of the implement is taken into account it could be called a dart in English. With this ca. 50 cm long, hand-thrown weapon the heavy infantry could have begun to disrupt the diployment of the enemy from a distance. WRITTEN SOURCES The name and description of the projectile weapon called a plumbata in Latin is known from numerous sources from Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. (VERMAAT 2015) (Fig. 1) Fig. 1: Depiction of a plumbata tribolata and mamillata. The lead weight is missing from the latter (Source: http:// rekostwargames.blogspot.hu/2016/11/roman-unit-menapii-seniores.html, date of download: 19 April 2018) According to Flavius Vegetius Renatus, who lived in the Late Imperial period, the expert soldiers of two legions in Illyricum used the plumbata, and so they were called Mattiobarbuli (I 17. II 15. 16. 23. III 14. IV 21. 44.). The emperors Diocletian (284–305) and Maximian (286–305) honored the two units with the title Jovian and Herculean for their prowess. From Vegetius’s description it seems that the two units used the plumbata prior to Diocletian coming to power, but it is perhaps only after this, in the last decades of the 3rd century, that its use spread to the other units of the empire as well. -
Oswald Kaathe Seany HP 17 AC 10
Oswald Kaathe Seany Iomedae None Neutral Good Character Name Player Name Deity Region Alignment Medium / 5 ft. x Fighter 2 Human / Humanoid 5 ft. 6' 2" / 185 lbs. Normal CLASS RACE SIZE / FACE HEIGHT / WEIGHT VISION Dark Brown, 2 (1) 2000 / 5000 29 Male Grey Medium Cropped Character Level (CR) EXP/NEXT LEVEL AGE GENDER EYES HAIR Points ABILITY NAME ABILITY EQUIPPED ABILITY ABILITY PENALTY WOUNDS/CURRENT HP SUBDUAL DAMAGE DAMAGE REDUCTION SPEED SCORE SCORE MODIFIER DAMAGE HP 17 Walk 30 ft. STR 19 +4 hit points Strength AC 10 : 10 : 10 = 10 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 DEX 10 +0 armor class Dexterity TOTAL FLAT TOUCH BASE ARMOR SHIELD STAT SIZE NATURAL DEFLEC- DODGE Morale Insight Sacred Profane MISC BONUS BONUS ARMOR TION CON 14 +2 = + Constitution INITIATIVE +4 +0 +4 0 +0 0 modifier INT 10 +0 TOTAL DEX MISC MISS Arcane ARMOR SPELL Intelligence MODIFIER MODIFIER CHANCE Spell CHECK RESIST Failure PENALTY WIS 9 -1 Encumbrance TOTAL SKILLPOINTS: 6 (UNUSED: 2) MAX RANKS: 2/2 Wisdom Light SKILLS KEY ABILITY SKILL ABILITY RANKS MISC SKILL NAME MODIFIER MODIFIER MODIFIER CHA 11 +0 ✓ = Charisma Acrobatics DEX 0 0 SAVING THROWS TOTAL BASE ABILITY MAGIC MISC EPIC TEMP ✓ = SAVE Appraise INT 0 0 FORTITUDE +7 = +3 + +2 + +0 + +2 + +0 + ✓ Bluff CHA 0 = 0 (constitution) ✓ Climb STR 4 = 4 REFLEX +0 = +0 + +0 + +0 + +0 + +0 + ✓ Craft (Untrained) INT 0 = 0 (dexterity) ✓ Diplomacy CHA 0 = 0 = + + + + + WILL -1 +0 -1 +0 +0 +0 ✓ Disguise = (wisdom) CHA 0 0 ✓ Escape Artist DEX 0 = 0 Conditional Save Modifiers: ✓ Fly DEX 0 = 0 +1 Will vs. -
Iron, Steel and Swords Script - Page 1 Link to Text Source: Photographed at Schleswig-Holstein Landesmuseum, Schleswig, Germany
Large Pictures Some bronze swords shown in the Schleswig-Holstein Landesmuseum, Schleswig, Germany. The one in the middle is a modern replica, showing the splendor of these swords when they were nicely polished. Illustration Link to text Source: Photographed 2014 at Schleswig-Holstein Landesmuseum, Schleswig, Germany "Vollgriffschwerter" (Naue II type) in Schleswig. This blades are very similar to the ones found in Nebra and dated to 1600 BC Iron, Steel and Swords script - Page 1 Link to text Source: Photographed at Schleswig-Holstein Landesmuseum, Schleswig, Germany "Griffzungenschwerter" (Naue II type) shown in Schleswig. Iron, Steel and Swords script - Page 2 Link to text Source: Photographed at Schleswig-Holstein Landesmuseum, Schleswig, Germany Thrusting swords shown in Schleswig. Note the pronounced central ridge. Iron, Steel and Swords script - Page 3 Link to text Source: Photographed 2014 at Schleswig-Holstein Landesmuseum, Schleswig, Germany Bronze swords shown in in the Copenhagen / Denmark museum Iron, Steel and Swords script - Page 4 Link to text Source: Photographed 2014 in the Copenhagen museum Iron, Steel and Swords script - Page 5 Link to text Source: Photographed 2014 in the Copenhagen museum Bronze swords shown in in the Dublin / Irland museum Iron, Steel and Swords script - Page 6 Source: Photographed 2015 in the Dublin museum Iron, Steel and Swords script - Page 7 Source: Photographed 2015 in the Dublin museum The archaeological museum in Stockholm has several interesting bronze swords on its (badly lit) display, including one with a golden handle: Iron, Steel and Swords script - Page 8 Iron, Steel and Swords script - Page 9 Source: Photographed 2015 in the Stockholm museum The Eemitage in St. -
Ghenko, the Mongol Invasion of Japan
1 GHENKO THE MONGOL INVASION OF JAPAN HOJO TOKIMUNE. GHENKO THE MONGOL INVASION OF JAPAN BY NAKABA YAMADA, B.A. (Cantab.) WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY LORD ARMSTRONG WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS LONDON SMITH, ELDER & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE 1916 [All rights reserved] *L\ 3 Y PREFACE evening in the summer before last, I ONEwas sitting in the reading-room of my College in Cambridge, when a small " " book entitled Westward Ho ! caught my eye. I was greatly attracted by its contents. In the mellowing light of the sun, I perused the book page after page, until my attention was diverted by the dining-bell from the hall. Ending my perusal, however, I stood a while with the pleasant memory of what I had read. One of my friends told me at table that that book was one of the great works of Charles Kingsley, and well worth reading. Having ob- tained a new copy, I finished the reading before long. It was from this reading that I acquired the idea of writing this book. My first intention was " to describe the historical event of the Mongol " " Invasion of Japan in such a novel as Westward " Ho ! But I have found it better to write an authentic, straightforward history rather than to use the medium of fiction. For the facts, which v 348467 PREFACE would be used as the basis of an historical novel, are not known to our Western friends as a whole, as the Chino-Japanese war or the Russo- war has been this is Japanese ; probably owing both to the remoteness of the events and the difficulties of research work, in a field so far removed in time and place. -
World Builder Part 1
Table of Contents Book One: Stock-in-Trade 5 1:7 Cloth Patterns 45 Armor 8 1:8 Furs 48 Weapons 18 1:9 d20 Lodging & Board 55 Measurements 40 1:11 Ship’s Cargo 62 The Bazaar 43 2:1a Type of Rain & Visibility 64 The Tavern 56 2:1b Rainfall by Hour and Day 65 Transport 60 2:2 Ice Strength 66 2:3 Type of Snow & Visibility 66 Book Two: Geographics 63 2:4 Wind: Beaufort Wind Scale 66 Geography 64 2:5a Wind Pressure 67 Flora 82 2:5b: Wind Pressure on Sea 67 Fauna 100 2:6 Land Productivity 71 2:7 Water Spring Production 73 Book Three: Dwellings 103 2:8 MOH’s Hardness Scale 75 Materials & Construction 104 2:9 d20 Birth Stones Planet, Luck 76 Buildings 117 2:10 d20 Birth Stones 77 Rooms & Furnishings 127 2:11 d20 Metal/Stones/Gems 78-79 Populace 139 2:12 LA Metal/Stone/Gems 80-81 2:13 d20 Magical Affects of Herbs 97 Appendix A Random Generator 147 2:14 d20 The Horse 102 Appendix B Human Generator 155 2:15 d20 Other Common Animals 102 Appendix C Structures Generator 163 3:1 Tensile Strength Metals 105 Appendix D Colors 163 3:2 Melting Points Metals 105 Appendix E Light from a Flame 165 3:3 d20 Magical Metals 106 Appendix F Unusual Names 166 3:4a d20 Metals Value 107 Appendix G Gems 167 3:4b LA Metals Value 107 Appendix H Crimes Defined 174 3:5 Workmanship Value Addition 107 3:6 Hardness Scale (Extended) 108 Index 177 3:7 Common Uses for Wood 109 OGL 180 3:8 Materials Resistance to Crush 109 3:9 d20 Door Composition 110 Tables 3:10 d20 Weight of Things 112 1:1 d20 Armor 16 3:11 d20 Randomiz Concealment 114 1:2 d20 Head Covering & Helmets 17 3:12 Rope Strengths 114 1:3 d20 Shields 17 3:13 Construction Costs 115 1:4 d20 New Weapons 34-37 3:14 Computations 116 1:5 LA New Weapons 38 3:15 Person Based Measurements 120 1:6 LA Identifying Weapons 39 3:16 Cistern Capacity 124 3:17 Noble Coronets 140 Gary Gygax’s World Builder ARMOR PIECES AND GARMENTS Chausses: The close-fitting leg pieces of a suit of plate mail.