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Pakistan EO Report Women Contested Constituencies

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Pakistan EO Report Women Contested Constituencies Acknowledgements The Researchers under its regional initiative Women and Politics in Asia Forum (WPAF) and its commitment for women equality and political empowerment designed the model for Observing Women Contested Constituencies. Women have been contesting General Elections not even in Pakistan but other countries of Asia; but due to unknown reasons there is very less research based documentation comparative research is available. With this background The Researchers undertook the task of Observing 65 Women Contested Constituencies in the General Elections 2008 in Pakistan and later go for the comparative research on common elements with the General Elections in other Asian Countries. In this work The Researchers was supported by its local focal organizations by providing 400 field observers and constituency coordinators. We also appreciate the efforts and dedication of our research team specially Sahibzada Saud and Rabia Khaliq for putting up unlimited hours in making this report possible. Our team of control room coordinators and trainers did an excellent job of training and coordinating throughout the project with the field teams. Lastly, this work was only possible with the financial assistance of The Asia Foundation. We hope that this first step towards the first ever documentation of women and their participation in the General Elections will help in the political empowerment of women. Aazar Ayaz Team Leader July 2008 Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................................1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................4 1.1 Rationale for Observation of Women Contested Constituencies ................................ 5 1.2 Goal and Objective of Project....................................................................................... 6 1.3 Hypothesis .................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Scope and Methodology .............................................................................................. 6 1.5 Tools for Data Collection .............................................................................................. 8 Contextualizing the 2008 General Elections: An Overview of Pakistan’s Electoral History ......9 2.1 Women Representation 1947-1969 ............................................................................. 9 2.2 Women Representation in General Elections 1970-1997 .......................................... 10 2.2.1 1970 Elections ....................................................................................................... 10 2.2.2 1977 Elections ....................................................................................................... 10 2.2.3 1985 Elections ....................................................................................................... 10 2.2.4 1988 Elections ....................................................................................................... 11 2.2.5 1990 Elections ....................................................................................................... 11 2.2.6 1993 Elections ....................................................................................................... 12 2.2.7 1997 Elections ....................................................................................................... 13 A Precursor for Women Political Participation: General Elections 2002 ............................... 14 3.1 Women Contestants and their Performance ............................................................. 14 3.2 Representation in Cabinet and Committees of the Parliament - 2002 ...................... 17 3.3 Performance of Women in Parliament 2002-2007 .................................................... 18 3.4 Responsiveness of Main Political Parties to Women’s Political Participation ........... 19 3.4.1 Allocation of Tickets to Women Contestants: 1993-2008 Elections ..................... 19 3.4.2 Political Parties Manifestos for General Elections 2008 and Women .................. 20 Legal and Institutional Framework for General Elections 2008 ............................................ 22 4.1 Electoral Laws and Regulations .................................................................................. 22 4.1.1 The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ............................................ 22 4.1.2 The Representation of the People Act 1976 ......................................................... 22 4.1.3 The Political Parties Order 2002 ............................................................................ 23 4.1.4 The Code of Conduct for Political Parties and Contesting Candidates 2007-08 ... 23 4.2 Election Administration .............................................................................................. 24 4.2.1 Electoral Rolls ........................................................................................................ 24 4.2.2 Constituency Delimitations ................................................................................... 25 4.2.3 Polling Stations and Electoral Staff ....................................................................... 25 Pre-Election Observation in Select Women Contested Constituencies ................................ 27 5.1 Contextualizing Empowerment .................................................................................. 27 5.2 Profile of Observed Women Contested Constituencies ............................................. 28 5.2.1 Religious and Cultural Profile of Observed Women Contested Constituencies ... 29 5.2.2 Socio-Economic Profile of the Observed Women Contested Constituencies ....... 30 5.2.3 Political Profile of the Women Contested Constituencies Stratified .................... 31 5.2.4 Profile of Local Government and Local Government Officials in Observed WCC . 34 5.2.5 Profile of Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) in Observed WCC .................... 34 5.2.6 Civil Society Organizations Activity Profile in the Observed WCC ........................ 35 5.2.7 Media’s Profile and Its Utilization in Observed WCC ............................................ 35 5.3 Profile of Observed Women Contestants - Personal to Political ............................... 36 5.3.1 Switching of Political Party by Women Contestants in Observed WCC ................ 37 5.3.2 Political Alliances in the Observed WCC ............................................................... 38 5.4 Women Contestants and Electoral Processes in Observed WCC ............................... 39 5.4.1 Filing of Candidature ............................................................................................. 39 5.4.2 Allocation of Tickets and Nomination of Candidates by Political Parties ............. 40 5.4.3 Allocation of Party Ticket to Women to Strengthen Political Households ........... 40 5.4.4 Complaints Filed by Women Contestants in Observed WCC ................................ 43 5.4.5 Incidence of Security Violation and Violence in Observed WCC ........................... 43 5.5 Campaigning and Canvassing by Women Contestants in Observed WCC ................. 44 5.5.1 Support of Political Parties to Women in Observed WCC ..................................... 44 5.5.2 Role of Male Relatives in Observed WCC .............................................................. 44 5.5.3 Campaign Material and Canvassing Mode in Observed WCC ............................... 45 5.6 Political Media Coverage and Women in Observed WCC .......................................... 46 Election-Day Observation in Observed Women Contested Constituencies .......................... 48 6.1 Training and Capacity of Polling Staff and Polling Agents .......................................... 50 6.2 Equipment and Facilities ............................................................................................ 53 6.3 Polling Processes ........................................................................................................ 54 6.4 Security, Logistics and Transportation ....................................................................... 59 6.5 Perceptions and Issues of Fairness ............................................................................. 62 6.6 Perception of Fairness Versus Incidences at Polling Stations: Voting to Counting .... 66 6.7 Vote Count Process – An Overall Comment ............................................................... 70 6.8 Incidences of Violence in Observed WCC ................................................................... 71 Post Election Observation: Results of Observed Women Contested Constituencies ............. 72 7.1 Results for Directly Elected Women for National Assembly ...................................... 72 7.2 Results for Directly Elected Women for Provincial Assemblies ................................. 73 7.3 Women Elected on Reserved Seats ............................................................................ 74 7.4 Women Elected on both NA and PA Reserved Seats ................................................. 74 7.5 Women Contestants on Both General and Reserved Seats ....................................... 75 Elected Women in Post Election Scenario .......................................................................... 76 8.1 Role of Women in Government Formation ...............................................................
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