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Ÿþm E M O I R République Algérienne Démocratique et populaire Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université d’Oran Faculté des Sciences Département de Biologie Laboratoire Réseau de Surveillance Environnementale Mémoire présenté pour l’obtention du diplôme de MAGISTER en Biodiversité marine Option : Cétologie Thème : Contribution à l’étude du régime alimentaire d’une baleine de Cuvier échouée, Ziphius cavirostris (Cuvier, 1823) sur la côte oranaise. Présenté par : Mr CHOUAÏB Ali Jury: Président : Mr. BOUTIBA Zitouni Professeur, Université d’Oran Examinateur : Mr SAHRAOUI Tewfik Professeur, Université d’Oran Examinateur : Mme BOUTIBA Amaria Maître de Conférences., Université d’Oran Encadreur : Mr. BOUDERBALA Mohamed Maître de Conférences., Université d’Oran 2012 Remerciements C’est grâce aux conseils et orientations de membres universitaires compétents que ce travail a été élaboré. A cet effet, il m’est agréable de leur présenter mes remerciements ainsi que l’expression de mon plus profond respect. Je tiens à remercier particulièrement Monsieur le Professeur Z. BOUTIBA, Responsable du Laboratoire de Réseau de Surveillance environnementale (LRSE) du département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Oran, pour m’avoir encouragé à poursuivre mes études de post-graduation. En outre, il m’a fait confiance et je l’assure de ma profonde reconnaissance et lui manifeste ma haute considération, Enfin Pour l’honneur qui me fait en acceptant la présidence du jury. Je lui adresse toute ma gratitude. Je remercie vivement mon promoteur Monsieur BOUDERBALA M, qu’il a bien voulu promouvoir mon travail de recherche tout en prodiguant ses précieux conseils et orientations avec persévérance, pour sa disponibilité et pour m’avoir initié au monde des cétacés dans lequel j’ai évolué pendant ces deux années. Je tiens à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance à Monsieur le Professeur SAHRAOUI T., vice-doyen à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Oran, pour s’être intéressé à mon travail et pour avoir accepté de l’examiner en siégeant au sein de ce jury. Qu’il me soit permis de lui exprimer ma sincère gratitude. J’exprime également mes sincères remerciements à Madame BOUTIBA A., Maître de Conférences au Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Oran, pour l’honneur qu’il me fait en acceptant d’examiner ce travail. L’occasion m’est offerte pour le remercier et lui témoigner toute ma gratitude. Je remercie chaleureusement monsieur LARBI DOUKARA, pour sa ténacité, pour son suivi, son aide inestimable, sa clairvoyance en la matière, ainsi que son soutien moral durant la réalisation de ce travail. Merci d’ouvert leur porte quand j’avais vraiment besoin de leurs précieux conseils. C’est un moment particulier qui s’offre à moi pour leur témoigner ma gratitude. Mes remerciements les plus intenses vont à tous mes collègues du Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Oran, plus particulièrement toute l’équipe du Réseau de Surveillance Environnementale (L.R.S.E.). Enfin, mes remerciements les plus intenses vont à tous ceux qui ont contribué de prés ou de loin à la réalisation de ce travail. J’espère n’avoir oublié personne, et si c’est le cas que j’en sois pardonné. Résumé Les échouages représentent une source de connaissance très précieuse, en effet ces animaux ne sont pas pêchés dans les eaux algériennes, car leur chair n’est pas consommée et les captures accidentelles dans les filets de pêches sont très occasionnelles. Le but de notre travail, est l’étude du régime alimentaire d’une Baleine de Cuvier Ziphius cavirostris (Cuvier, 1823), échouée sur la côte oranaise, secteur de Cap Blanc près d’Oran. On a remarqué que le contenu stomacal, renfermait des pièces osseuses de céphalopodes (becs de perroquet), ces becs de perroquet permettent d’identifier les différentes proies ingérées. Le régime alimentaire du Ziphius, était composé uniquement de céphalopodes. Ces derniers retrouvées appartiennent à l’ordre des octopodes représenté par une seule famille (octopoheuthidés) et à l’ordre des décapodes représenté par sept familles (Cyclotheuthidés, Septolidés, Ommastrephidés, Pholidotheuthidés, Histiotheuthidés, Chirotheuthidés, Néotheuthidés) dans l’estomac du même Ziphius cavirostris : cette présente étude a permis aussi de déterminer les différentes espèces consommées ( Taningia danae, Cyclotheuthis akimushkini, Stoteuthis leucoptera, Todarodes sp., Pholidotheuthis massyae, Histiotheuthis arcturi, Histiotheuthis atlantica, Histiotheuthis eltaninae, Chirotheuthis veranyi, Nototeuthis dimegacotyle). Alors, le régime alimentaire du Ziphius, est un régime teutophage, il ne se compose que de céphalopodes. Mots clés: Régime alimentaire, Cétacés, Baleine de Cuvier, Céphalopodes, la côte oranaise. ا ح ان ر ، ر إن ه اات د اا ن آ وان ا ك ا درا . إن اف ها ا، ودرا ام اا ن ,(Ziphius (Cuvier,1823 cavirostris ا ا أها ، آب ب وهان . أء ا ت اة أاء ك رات ار و ه اءات ( ا ) اف اا ا ا ( ا ) ها ات . ام اا ت آ ,Ziphius رات ار ا وت إ ام ( octopodes) واة (octopoheuthidés) وا ا رت ار , Cyclotheuthidés, Septolidés, Ommasrephidés, Pholidotheuthidés) Histiotheuthidés, Chirotheuthidés, Néotheuthidés) آ ه ارا ف ااع ا ا (Taningia danae, Cyclotheuthis akimushkini, Stoteuthis leucoptera, Todarodes sp, Pholidotheuthis massyae, Histiotheuthis arcturi, Histiotheuthis atlantica, Histiotheuthis eltaninae, Chirotheuthis veranyi, Néotheuthis dimegacoty) . ام اا ل ,toutophage Ziphius ن رات ار ات اح : ام اا ، ات ، ات ذو ار، رات ار ، ا أها Abstract Strandigs resent an valuable source of knowledge, in fact, these animal are not harvested in algerian waters, because their flesh is not consumed and bycatch in net fisheries are very casual. The aim of our work is the study of the diet of a wale Cuvier Ziphius cavirostris (Cuvier,1823), Stranded on the coest of Oran, Cap Blanc area near Oran. It was noted that the stomach contents, contained bone parts of cephalopods (beak of parret) these spurs can identify different prey ingested. The diet of Ziphius, was composed entirely of cephalopods the latter found belong to the order of octopods represented by seven families (Cyclotheuthidés, Septolidés, Ommasrephidés, Pholidotheuthidés, Histiotheuthidés, Chirotheuthidés, Néotheuthidés) In the stomach of the same Z iphius cavirostris: this study haz also allwed us to identify different species consumed Taningia danae, Cyclotheuthis akimushkini, Stoteuthis leucoptera, Todarodes sp, Pholidotheuthis massyae, Histiotheuthis arcturi, Histiotheuthis atlantica, Histiotheuthis eltaninae, Chirotheuthis veranyi, Néotheuthis dimegacotyle). So, the diet of Z iphius, is a toutophage diet, it consist of cephalopods only. Key words : Diet, Cetacea, Whales, Cuvier, Cephalopods, the coast of Oran. Liste des figures Liste des figures Figure 1: Baleine à Bec de Cuvier ( Ziphius cavirostris, Cuvier, ……………………………...…7 Figure 2 : Répartition géographique du ziphius dans le monde)………………………………...8 Figure 3 : Précipitation moyenne (mm) au niveau de 5 stations de 1995 à 2000……………....11 Figure 4 : Températures moyennes (C°) au niveau de 5 stations de 1995 à 2000 ……………..13 Figure 5: Circulation de l'eau atlantique modifiée (Millot, 1987)…………………………….. 15 Figure 6: Masses d’eau levantine intermédiaire (Millot, 1987)……………………………........16 Figure 7: Masses d’eaux profondes (Millot, 1987)……………………………………………...17 Figure 8: Echouage d’une baleine de Cuvier sur la côte de Cap Blanc……………………........24 Figure 9: la région génital de mâle et femelle (jauniaux et al ; 2001)……………………….......25 Figure 10 : Mensurations de la baleine à bec de Cuvier………………………………………..26 Figure 11 : L'ouverture de la cavité abdominale et exposition des organes abdominaux……....27 Figure 12 : le protocole d’échantillonnage……………………………………………………....28 Figure 13: Pièces osseuses du contenu stomacal de la baleine à bec de Cuvier ………… ……......29 Figure 14 : Mandibules inférieure et supérieure de céphalopodes (Desportes 1985)…………....31 Figure 15 : Les différentes mensurations effectuées sur une mandibule…………………………33 Figure 16 : Les différents groupes de becs de Céphalopodes…………………………………....34 Figure 17: Taningia danae………………………………………………………………………36 Figure 18 : T. danae (Photo : Young et Roper, 1975)…………………………………………37 Figure 19: Cycloteuthis akimushkini……………………………………………………………...38 Figure 20: Stoloteuthis leucoptera (Verrill, 1878).A : vue dorsal, B : vue vetral ……………….40 Figure 21: Todarodes sp ………………………………………………………………………….41 Figure 22: Philidoteuthis massyae………… ……………………………………………………...43 Figure 23: Histioteuthis arcturi …………………………………………………………………..43 Figure 24: Histioteuthis atlantica ………………………………………………………………...44 Figure 25 : Histioteuthis eltaninae ………………………………………………………………..45 Figure 26: Chiroteuthis veranyi …………………………………………………………………..46 Figure 27 : Nototeuthis dimegacotyle ……………………………………………………………..47 Figure 28 : Répartition des espèce proies (Vallet,2009)………………………………………….49 Liste des tableaux Tableau 1:Pourcentage de fréqences annuelles de direction de vents……………………………11 Tableau 2: Le rigime alimentaire a bec de cuvier échoués a Cap Blanc………………………….32 Résumé Abstract Table des Matières INTRODUCTION Revue bibliographique sur la biologie de Ziphius cavirostris I. Définition ……………………………………………………………………………..… 03 1.1. Classification ………………………………………………………………………….04 I.1.1. Ordre de cétacés……………………………………………………………………….04 a/ Archéocètes ………………………………………………………………………………04 b/ Mysticètes ………………………………………………………………………………..04 c/ Odontocètes……………………………………………………………………………...05 I.2. les Cétacés de côte algérienne
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