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FOUR ANNIVERSARIES of Vityaz CHANNEL for MOVING Forward World's Laboratory Alexey RAKHMANOV: ADVANCED SHIPBUILDING – a PASS TO

FOUR ANNIVERSARIES of Vityaz CHANNEL for MOVING Forward World's Laboratory Alexey RAKHMANOV: ADVANCED SHIPBUILDING – a PASS TO

WORLD'S Channel Four LABORATORY for Moving Anniversaries State-of-the-art ships Forward of Vityaz for fundamental scientific How to support intensive growth History of the legendary scientific researches of the Institute of the market for internal cruise and research vessel, now the main exhibit of Oceanology p. 8 tourism in p. 30 of the World Ocean Museum p. 22

INFORMATION BULLETIN FOR THE SPIEF-2019 FEATURE ONE

THE NATURE UNIFYING THE WORLD

Alexey Rakhmanov: ADVANCED SHIPBUILDING – A PASS TO THE OCEANS p. 6 strength and power at sea

address: 115184, , bolshaya tatarskaya, bld. 11Б jsc USC’s president alexey rakhmanov Chief editor: Aliya Karimova Executive editor: Maria Arsenyeva www.aoosk.ru

Design and makeup: ‘Klimov Design STUDIA’. Tel.:+7 (499) 740-60-18. www.klimov-design.ru

The views of the authors may differ from the position of the editorial staff. The front cover: from www.shutterstock.com shutterstock

INFORMATION BULLETIN SPIEF-2019

TIME FOR MODERNIZATION / page 02 Denis MANTUROV, Russian Minister of Industry and Commerce

NEW RUSSIA’S FLEET IN THE WORLD OCEAN / page 03 The balance of forces for researching ocean resources

ADVANCED SHIPBUILDING – A PASS TO THE OCEANS / page 06 The St. Petersburg International Economic Forum will discuss effective use of ocean resources

WORLD’S LABORATORY / page 08 Research of the World Ocean and national security

THE NEEDS A FLEET / page 12 How to incite the economic growth of the region

SCIENCE WORK PLATFORM / page 14 "Vympel" design bureau designed a floating "science club" at the

Ocean – the territory of science / page 18 Modernization of the largest research fleet of Russia

THE AGE OF VITYAZ / page 22 The largest museum research vessel VIityaz

A MERCHANT, VOYAGER, AND WRITER / page 25 A merchant of Afanasy Nikitin and his legendary "Journey beyond three seas" (khozhenie za tri morya)

FLOATING POWER UNIT: FUTURE OF SHIPBUILDING AND POWER INDUSTRY / page 26 On final phase of works at Akademik Lomonosov floating power unit

CRUISE TOURISM AS A DRIVER OF ECONOMIC GROWTH / page 30 Cruise shipping in the , sea transport and inland waterways of Russia

ROMANCING AN / page 34 The 135TH anniversary since the birth of Evgeniy Zamyatin, a russian writer and chiff surveyor of the first russian icebreacers building

”ICE CONTINENT” / page 36 The 200TH anniversary of by Russian circumnavigatory naval mission under command of Bellingshausen and Lazarev

HIGHER LEAGUE / page 38 Season V of National Sailing League race Hi-tech commercial vessels, ranging from fishing to research and to cruise, are constructed at Russia’s shipyards very intensively. Between the and the Pacific Ocean, TIME FOR the recognized leader in shipbuilding is the United Shipbuilding Corp. accounting for most of Russia’s MODERNIZATION shipbuilding capacity, provided by numerous design bureaus, special research centers, shipyards, ship-repairing and mechanical-engineering enterprises. The state policy goal in this field is to meet the needs of citizens, business and state in modern ships and vessels. Effective of the World Ocean To support shipbuilders in Russia, state authorities take is contingent on modern fleet, developed and a whole range of measures, already starting bearing fruits. competitive shipbuilding industry The year 2018 saw the growth rate of commercial shipbuilding in Russia at 128.1 percent and we expect it to hold in 2019.

Denis MANTUROV / Russian Minister of Industry and Commerce /

2 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 3 Georgiy Poltavchenko / Chairman of the USC’s board of directors / NEW RUSSIA’S F LEET IN THE WORLD OCEAN

The role of the World Ocean is coming to the fore, and this is linked primarily to the breakthrough development of shipbuilding technologies, which permit to have a new look at the water force and continue its exploration, understanding that many things are now within the scope of abilities of a human being

et we are not controlling the ocean, but we are moving to This decision of the country’s leadership came very unexpectedly a considerable extent towards peaceful coexistence with for him as a person who was so much devoted to the Navy. Then he it. Present-day vessels allow us to study the ocean depths, recommended me to choose another profession as he did not realize explore the shelf of the Arctic Region, search for natural at that time what will be the destiny of the Fleet and how the naval resources, lay down underwater pipelines, which are science will develop further. As a result, my destiny was different, but Yimportant for the country’s economy. the passion for the fleet has not disappeared ever since. When in 2019 The sea and ships have been present in my life practically President Vladimir Putin suggested that I should become the head of since its very beginning. My father Sergey Petrovich Poltavchenko the board of directors of the United Shipbuilding Corporation, I was was a graduate of the M.V. Frunze Leningrad Higher Naval School not surprised at all. The life journey was different, but I finally came to and devoted his life to the naval service. He served at a base of this profession and in a certain way I do continue our naval dynasty of the USSR’s Fleet in the Georgian town of Poti. The top the Poltavchenko family. of his career was the position of the commander of a detachment It was not by chance that I shared this story. Just over the past few of anti-submarine ships. We always had discussions about the sea decades, first the Soviet and then the Russian fleet went through several and the fleet in our family, and it was quite natural that, being a small milestones, the essence of which can be expressed in the formula: from boy, I wanted to step after my father and cast in lot with the sea almost complete disintegration to revival. And in this article I would like and the fleet. to dwell on some, in my opinion, important aspects of the development When I was an adult person already, we had a serious of the and merchant fleet, because right now the turning talk with the father, and I shared with him my desire to continue point has come when, as it is written in the USC motto, we are building the dynasty of naval officers in the Poltavchenko family. But a fleet of a strong country it was the year 1961 when , the first secretary Many serious achievements became possible exactly due to of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet the development of shipbuilding technologies, appearance of computer Union, launched a fleet reform, and my father’s anti-submarine modeling and design. Russian shipbuilders are possessing unique detachment was supposed to be disbanded. The party and competences on construction of complicated ships, starring from the government decided to focus on missile weapons. The Navy the atomic icebreaking fleet, creation of different oceanic platforms fell into disfavor, and many officers were informed that their for the extraction of natural resources, as well as for the needs service is to be completed. My father was among those officers. of hydrometeorology.

2 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 3 Research-expedition vessel of project 22280 “Academician Treshnikov”

the current geopolitical situation pose to our country, perhaps the most important question, on how to keep the balance of forces in the World Ocean. Peaceful of the oceanic vast are not feasible without Russia’s naval presence in the main economic areas. Therefore, the modernization and construction of the military component of the fleet must continue. We have already made significant progress on this path. As of the Fleet of the Sergey Gorshkov noted in his book “The Sea Power of a State”, “It is a mistake to try

The launching ceremony of the leading to create a fleet following the experience and pattern even of the trawler-seiner of project SK-3101R “Leninets” at the Yantar most powerful maritime state and to determine the requirements Baltic Shipbuilding Plant in the construction of ships for the own fleet based exclusively on the quantitative criteria and correlation of the types of ships… Each country has its specific need in naval forces, and only that need, determined by the tasks of the fleet, may serve as a basis for the development of branches, forces, classes of ships and weapons.” What is the main purpose of the Navy today? It seems that our main strategic task (by the way, the President of Russia has repeatedly spoken on this) is primarily to ensure our economic interests and create conditions under which the Russian Navy would be the guarantor of a calm and peaceful study of the World Ocean. Our Navy has never been and will never be a baton fleet. We are not going to threaten anyone. We just want to guarantee our right to work in the World Ocean in a reliable way. And our country Cruise passenger vessels of project PV300 has such a right historically, and we will not leave the world water area. The USC is building a fleet of the far sea zone, is engaged in projects that provide reliable research of the Arctic latitudes. Therefore, the creation of modern types of warships is headed in the only right direction: every ship is a guarantor of the peaceful development of the World Ocean. Shipbuilding is one of the leading Russian industries. Over the past fifteen years the country has managed to move forward seriously in the re-equipment of its Navy, which is why the issues of the merchant fleet are coming to the fore now. And here, implementing the tasker of the President, the USC for sure will play an important role in the restoration of the commercial shipbuilding. We need to improve such areas as construction of commercial cruise ships. The country badly needs creation of the fishing fleet, which is to be done from scratch. And the USC is already moving forward quickly. The shipyards Krasnoye Sormovo and Lotos are building the first-borns of the country’s commercial river cruise fleet, i.e. ships PV-300VD and PKS-180. There are no doubts that these projects finally will become serial as the river tourism in our country is becoming popular again. And the demand begets supply as it is well known. The cruise fleet of Russia is outdated, and irrespective of its continuous reconstruction, it does not meet the requirements of the present-day tourists in any extent. The fishing industry and the fishing fleet, being a promising area, also need a serious renewal. Just recently I visited the Far East and spoke to locals who put it baldly that now, when our Our competences in the naval shipbuilding are no less unique. border guards have received new boats, the problem of trans- Here the success of our industry has been already praised not border poaching – illegal fishing in the Russian economic zone - only by the Russian naval officers, but by our western partners too. has disappeared. The poachers, who used the weakness in The anti-terrorist operation in the Syrian Arab Republic and activities the protection of water frontiers and went on regular fishing in of our Navy in the have proved confidently that our territorial waters, now, after several successful operations of the renaissance of the country’s Navy has already started. the Russian coast guards, have left these places and are not any It is rewarding that the USC, as the main shipbuilding longer risking of entering the area. The problem now is of a different corporation of Russia, is directly related to the profound character: we have provided the inviolability of our waters, but we modernization of the Navy of our state. The 21st century and have nothing to do the fishing with there. We have no seine fleet,

4 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 5 as well as no trawler, freezing or processing fleets. In the USC evidence of a steady trend and a request The laying of the keel of the ice-resistant we are working hard in this area, and the program for the restoration from scientists for plunging into this new area self-propelled platform “North Pole” of project of the fishing fleet is resulting in concrete projects and vessels, of research? 00903 at the which are already being built at the Russian shipyards. As I have said above, in order to start Speaking about the role of Russia in the exploration of the research of the deep water areas in the World Ocean, on our future research projects and the work a new field you must be ready, first of all, from a technological on the study of deep water areas, one cannot avoid mentioning point of view. Now Russia is ready for it. Moreover, our fleet the unique competences, which are already possessed by the allows us to do this. After all, its current and future development is USC’s enterprises and design bureaus. Such enterprises as Rubin a harmonious combination of the capabilities of the Russian Navy or Malachite can actively convert their knowledge on the construction to ensure our interests in the World Ocean and, accordingly, of of submergence vehicles for the sake of science. Already now there our competences in creating complex scientific vessels. The latter, is some solid know-how on the creation of as a result of the reorientation of military the most sophisticated deep submergence production to the civil and scientific sphere, vehicles, which may start the new phase Peaceful explorations possessing all the enormous design and of the World Ocean exploration in the 21st of the oceanic vast are not project potential, make it possible to actively century. Let us call this stage the study of engage in the field of research of the World the aquaspace. Currently we are focusing feasible without Russia’s Ocean. A comprehensive scientific study of exclusively on the work to extract natural naval presence in the main aquaspace is the future of world science, resources from the depths of the ocean. But and the one who takes the first steps on this there no doubts that upon submergence economic areas path will definitely become the leader. Our into the depths and the start of the research country proved this leadership in the times of the deep water environment, it will be possible to make a lot of the USSR and is regaining it now. It is safe to say that for the next of scientific discoveries, which will help to step forward in many 15-25 years, the United Shipbuilding Corporation will unambiguously areas of expertise. form a stable and ever-increasing portfolio of orders for vessels and The deep water areas in the ocean scale have been studied a wide range of equipment. very little, so most likely it won’t be an overestimation to state that The new fleet of Russia in the World Ocean in the 21st century in general currently we know more on the near space than on is the research fleet. We are moving forward, exploring a new area the universe, which lies under the thickness of the ocean waters. of knowledge. And one of the main trends in the development of And this promising area may now be explored in a serious way the USC is the construction of research vessels. Which, however, only if you have a powerful research fleet, the foundation for which does not detract from the tasks I have also mentioned here. Simply, is being currently laid. It is nice to see that the Russian research the civil fleet, the commercial fleet, as well as the Navy, are all organizations start financing this area. For instance, the Admiralty components of one whole: a full-fledged and balanced Russian Shipyards is currently building a unique ice-resistant research presence in the water areas of the World Ocean. And if in past platform “North Pole”, which was ordered by the Hydrometcenter centuries the leader at sea was the one who was stronger militarily, of Russia. It will allow the researchers to carry out a wide spectrum then for the coming decades the success formula of an ocean power of autonomous and long-term studies of the Arctic currents, climate, will probably sound somewhat different: he owns the ocean, who features of the seabed topography. Meanwhile (the platform is has the ability to safely explore it being under protection. I have no only being built), it is already quite in demand. Around 60 research doubt that the future of the United Shipbuilding Corporation, and organizations have already expressed their desire to take part in the entire shipbuilding industry of Russia, will develop along this the research missions on this vessel. What is this, if not a convincing mainstream way.

4 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 5 Alexey RAKHMANOV / President of USC /

ADVANCED SHIPBUILDING – A PASS TO the OCEANS

In June this year, the United Shipbuilding Corporation (USC) will again take part in the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum as the initiator and organizer of a panel discussion on ‘Ocean Economy and Exploration’. This topic is truly global: it includes many aspects, from science and technology to culture and tourism

hipbuilding occupies a significant place in it. shipbuilding also for production of aquatic biological The status and successes of the industry, as well as resources. By the way, the floating nuclear power station the development of navigation enable the country Akademik Lomonosov, the first mobile powership in not only to further explore and develop the world’s history built at , will be the main floating oceans, but also to play key roles in the economy power station at in the Chukotka region (Russia) Sand contemporary international politics. able not only to produce electricity, but also desalinate Speaking of shipbuilding, we need to keep in mind both the sea water. its components, military and civilian. As long as the production By 2030, tourist flows will grow by 80% to 1.8 billion and transportation of energy resources have such a significant people a year. Cruise tourism is already one of the impact on the world economy, it is essential to have a high level fastest growing tourism sectors, making us design and of competences to build not only warships and submarines, but build the most advanced, competitive cruise liners. also powerful and reliable cargo ships. There is a great political The renewal of the domestic research fleet is also struggle for influence in the Arctic, that’s why the icebreaker becoming critical for Russia. There are more than fleet will remain strategically important for more than a decade. 300 research vessels in the world today, with Russia’s This anniversary year for the nuclear icebreaker fleet, USC share falling and the share of other States (for example, continues to build three giant LK-60-series nuclear , ) growing rapidly. China’s research flotilla includes the largest ships in its class. already 50 research vessels, and another 10 are at According to experts, the world’s population will reach the design and construction stages. 8.5 billion people by 2030. Global demand for food will increase At the moment, USC’s Zvezdochka Shipyard is by 50%, and fresh water will be the critical resource required working on the oceanographic research reinforced ice not only for global economic growth, but also for human survival class vessel Akademik Alexandrov, while the Yantar itself. Every year, about 160 billion cubic meters of water are Shipyard in Kaliningrad is building the second taken from groundwater, and more than 90% of wastewater is oceanographic research vessel Almaz in a series discharged into natural reservoirs uncontrollably. Futurologists designed for water column and bottom exploration. predict that access to drinking water may cause serious conflicts Our shipbuilding industry responds to the challenges in the very near future. All this entails the need to develop to mankind that the world’s oceans pose today. Vessels of

6 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 7 Project 22220 icebreakers Sibir and Arktika

the future should be environmentally-friendly, high-tech, made using new materials and have bionic design. In addition, they should achieve the "zero discharge" level, and to this end, they should be equipped with hybrid or electric propulsion systems featuring reduced fuel consumption or using clean fuels like LNG, hydrogen or wind. LNG ship construction is also gaining momentum worldwide. Russia, with its gas reserves, developed shipbuilding and relevant research and design organizations, has Shipbuilding operations are evolving towards larger hull the capacity to develop this sector as well. sections and blocks and modular ship/vessel hull design. Icebreaking Meanwhile, it is vital that own breakthrough support vessel This reduces labor intensity, shortens the construction time technologies and projects emerge in Andrey Vilkitsky and improves the accuracy of mechanical installation and the country, and localized components assembly-welding works at all stages production facilities are established on our of production. The sophistication territory. of the vessel’s structures requires Clearly, the vessels in the future will be high precision of modular (large- smart, unmanned vehicles will be widely used, block) production in accordance which will radically change their appearance: with the digital model. This becomes the familiar shapes with a superstructure will possible through the use of digital disappear. Big Data will be widely employed reality technologies and improvement in navigation systems and data exchange of 3D vessel models. with other vessels. The vessels of the future Additive manufacturing – must be "customizable" to a specific task or the process of joining materials a different infrastructure. layer after layer to build objects from New types of bunkering vessels, able 3D model data – is already changing to refuel transport vessels with LNG and shipbuilding logistics, enabling hydrogen or to recharge energy storage complete machines and equipment to systems, will also be developed. New Advances in shipbuilding, be assembled right on board a vessel, vessels fitted with robotic equipment for along with the development since even large components could extracting solid minerals at the bottom be "printed". The proportion of of oceans will also emerge. of shipping, enable structural composites is growing. New types of passenger ships looking the country to play key roles Their main benefits are a low weight, like autonomous floating settlements and long-term durability and resistance to using ocean energy for self-sufficiency will in the economy and modern electrochemical corrosion. In addition, be available. international politics in composite shipbuilding, it is possible The shipbuilding industry itself will to simultaneously assemble the hull also undergo significant changes. Almost all of the marine and install ship’s internal elements. It’s worth mentioning equipment life cycle stages will be provided on the basis of also honeycomb structure technology used to improve virtual modeling and 3D design systems and optimization the properties of structural materials (for example, when tools. Most of testing in the development of standard vessels, making hulls of small vessels). and almost all tests in the long term, will be carried out in Unmanned vehicles capable of examining bottom the virtual space. The need for expensive test stands and objects and conducting bottom and water column exploration facilities will decrease and gradually almost disappear. Plants are to revolutionize world science. Science needs seismic and design bureaus involved in the use of 3D-modeling exploration and work at depths. systems will be able to use the models in parallel in real time. The ice-resistant self-propelled offshore platform Mixed reality, which will combine the two most Severny Polyus (North Pole), the construction of which promising visualization technologies in today’s world, commenced at the Admiralty Shipyard in April will also help virtual and augmented reality, will be a new type of digital get invaluable scientific data (more information about it technology. For shipbuilders, the introduction of such will be available in one of the subsequent articles). Ocean systems will greatly facilitate the design and manufacturing sciences are of particular interest to shipbuilders today. of marine facilities with their specific architecture and They give us the opportunity to find new meanings and outfitting. Even today, these technologies have proven unexpected solutions, to see promising directions for further themselves on complex architectural designs, primarily development. I think it is right that the year 2019 is declared on promising bio-inspired designs. a year of science in our United Shipbuilding Corporation.

6 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 7 As population is growing and our Earth’s natural resources are inevitably reducing, the World Ocean occupying a 70 per cent of the Earth’s surface is now becoming an area of increasingly active sever economic and geopolitical competitive struggle between multiple countries WORLD’S LABORATORY

Veronika Dushko Maxim Evstigneev / Deputy Director of the Institute / Pro-rector of development, research and innovation of the National Technological Initiative of the SevSU / activity of the SevSU /

aving the largest and the longest in the world area of marine logistics – the cheapest way of transcontinental of the world’s shelf, comprising 6.2 million km2 transportations. The new tasks of marine transport entail (22% of the total area) and possessing the tremendous the necessity to solve the scientific tasks in the area of reserves of hydrocarbons and biological resources, mechanics, chemistry and automatic control to create Hthe Russian Federation cannot ignore all these facts. the new types of ecological and highly economical vessels Study of the World Ocean and development of its resources and various offshore facilities are now the issues of national security, with the research Mining of oil, gas and iron takes place now offshore. itself going to a new level. Feasibility and effectiveness of such mining need scientific analysis of the ocean effects upon various production OCEAN UNDER SUPERVISION platforms. World Ocean defines in many ways a climate on the Earth. In addition, the World Ocean is a great source of food Study of marine environment characteristics will help us supply that is very important since a growth of the Earth’s to predict and prevent natural disasters as may be caused population is never-ending. Marine biology gains the lead here, by the ocean (water-quakes, tsunami, etc.). Owing to allowing us to predict functioning of the marine ecosystems the , reconnaissance of the ice floes in a variety of climatic conditions and to use marine biological is also becoming ever more relevant. resources efficiently. Biological chemistry and physics deal with Scientific study of various marine environments various viruses and bacteria of the World Ocean to develop (currents, waves, etc.) allows us to solve effectively the tasks medical drugs of a new generation.

8 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 9 Catamaran "Turanor PlanetSolar" having the world’s largest solar battery on the vessels, at the Adriatic Sea /Croatia and at Hamburg/Germany shutterstock

Trials of boat on solar batteries. Port of Hercules, Monte-Carlo, Monaco

"Pioneer-M" research vessel shutterstock

agencies of the defence, natural resources and ecology,

shutterstock industry and energy, hydrometeorology and environment monitoring and fishing. A total number of research vessels in Russia are now approximately 80. All of them were virtually the products of the USSR (most foreign-made) and only eight out of 80 were built after 1991. An average age of the vessels of the Russian research fleet is about 32 years. Their service life has already practically expired. What we have now is that all programs of monitoring in the World Arkadi Ratner Ocean will soon end. We believe that this may take place / General Director of the "USC-Tekhnologii" / rather quickly and therefore, the problem of constructing the new research vessels is an extremely vital task. We are Lev Gelman, glad that the "Nauka" national project includes construction of / Director of the USC strategic development department / two new modern research vessels of unrestricted navigation, modernization of active vessels and fulfillment of more than 200 marine expeditions.

RESEARCH FLEET FLOATING UNIVERSITY Research fleet is a base of all World Ocean research projects. Modernization of the World Ocean research equipment does It is the most important component of the Russia’s national not include only technological and economic components security system in the area of research, development and of the new vessels’ construction but also implies training of utilization of the World Ocean mineral resources. the qualified research scientists who can give the market Primary objectives of the research fleet are to delimitate the scientific knowledge of the World Ocean. Problems of the outer marine boundaries of the Russian continental content and quality of the higher education in the area of shelf and the adjoining states, to provide conditions and marine sciences and technologies go beyond the scope of opportunities for prospecting minerals and extracting this Article. Let us note two processes, intensively evolving biological, mineral and energy resources of the World Ocean just after adoption of the "Nauka" national project and and to ensure hydro-meteorological safety of the population integration in 2018 of the higher education systems and and maritime activities of the Russian Federation. This the Research Federal Agency under the aegis of the Ministry is primarily a prediction of marine spontaneous hydro- of Research and High Education. The former is a "Floating meteorological events (they account for 6% of all disasters on university" social movement, incorporating seven higher the Earth) and ecological monitoring of the offshore facilities. education institutions intended for a "marine" training, Research fleet is structurally a combination of the six oriented at establishing an educational standard to train fleets, each executing the specialized tasks under control of the explorers of the World Ocean and making them always the Academy of Science and corresponding ministries and ready for expeditions on a research vessel. The alternative

8 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 9 Yacht on solar batteries shutterstock

Pontoon that remotely monitors water in the Lake of George

Tourist boats on solar batteries. River of Oder, Wroclaw, Poland shutterstock

UNMANNED VESSEL To solve a task of creating and modernizing the research fleet is impossible without modern technologies in the shipbuilding industry. Most important direction of innovation of the shipbuilding industry and marine engineering is an advent and a wide use of unmanned and small-crew vessels, autonomous marine apparatuses as part of the specialized

shutterstock heterogeneous marine robotic complexes and systems and remote-control stations. Renewable sources of energy Use of traditional manned vessels in some situations is unprofitable economically or dancegoers to a human life. This is true when servicing oil and gas fields, performing seismic survey, studying weather and ecological situation, monitoring fishery resources and providing safety of water areas. Decrease in the number of crews of the sea- and river-going vessels continue in recent decades. This became

Others possible due to a higher capacity and a higher quality of Tidal energy Wind energy Solar energy

Biomass energy the navigation equipment, communications and intellectual Lower-grade heat Geometric energy Energy of sea waves Energy of small rivers systems of analysis, information processing and management. A further natural step on this way is an advent and exploitation of unmanned vessels, reducing exploitation costs, having a larger tonnage and higher safety of navigation and excluding applies to preparation for establishing the research-and- the adverse effects of a human factor. An unmanned vessel education centers of a world level based on the institutions of can operate well unattended and take decisions on safe higher education and academic science. An example of such passing of several vessels at sea in accordance with the Rules preparation may be a research-and-education center called of the Road. "Marine sciences, technologies and regional ecosystems" We think that about 1% of the world market of shipbuilding based on the State University and nine institutions will fall by 2030 on unmanned vessels. The largest world of academic science specialized in the study of the World shipbuilding companies such as for example Rolls-Royce are Ocean and maritime ecosystems. Management of the United already investing money in development of technologies and Shipbuilding Corporation has approved establishment of this infrastructure of unmanned navigation. In June 2017, Great research-and-education center. Britain announced the opening of the national sea test range

10 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 11 for unmanned navigation both civil and military. It is obvious including first the reserves compensated for by a natural way. that a delay in developing home technologies for unmanned This is first a sun-power and its derivates: wind energy, various navigation will make Russia lag behind in various segments of types of biomass growing due to the photosynthesis, energy marine industry: sea transport, development of ocean’s shelf of water flows, sea waves, low-grade heat of environment, etc. resources, marine explorations, civil and military shipbuilding. Vessels employing energy of wind and sun find a widest Therefore, the Government Decree of the Russian Federation use. In Russia, this is the above-mentioned "Pioneer-M" using No. 317 "About implementation of technological initiative" the energy of sunrays to feed its energy system. We may defines a market of marine sciences and technologies (market note among the interesting foreign developments a project MariNet) as one of the key markets to form a technological of the Hamburg regular boat constructed in 2000 at Hamburg, priority of Russia in the area of development and capitalization capable of conveying up to 120 passengers. Its length is of the World Ocean resources. 42 meters and a maximum speed is 15 km/h. As an example of practical implementation of the strategy, "Sun 21" boat based on solar batteries has entered we exemplify the project of a small-size research vessel the Guinness Book of World Records for the fastest "Pioneer-M" for integrated research of an offshore strip, transatlantic passage, using solar energy. The boat measures employing a new design strategy. Sevastopol State University about 14 m in length and 6.6 m in width. It has modules of solar jointly with the "Zvezdochka" ship-repairing center and the batteries, storage batteries and a motor to maintain a constant "USC-Technologies" will bear responsibility for this project speed of 5 to 6 knots (10 to 12 km/h) for 24 hours a day. implementation. Innovation design strategy of production and "Sun Sails" project uses a combination of wind and new after-sales services will find their use in the "Pioneer-M" solar energy. Thirty-meter sails with scallops composed vessel. This vessel has a modular construction that can change of photovoltaic panels employ the wind flows, reducing its research functionality. In addition, it employs a 100-per consumption of fuel from 20 to 40%. At the same time, cent composite assembly, hybrid power scheme permitting photoelectric cells will provide additionally a 5 per cent of a simultaneous connection of traditional and renewable energy electricity instead of fuel. Computer will additionally turn sources and a large-block assembly of separate subsystems the sails to achieve maximum wind and solar effectiveness. of the vessel. Design of this vessel allows additional unmanned "Planet Solar" thirty-one meter trimaran is now the largest functions – modes of automatic berthing or un-berthing, remote multihull vessel based on solar batteries. Photovoltaic solar control and movement along the preset path. batteries produce 103.4 kW of energy. Trimaran may move It is worth noting that Admiralty shipyards have at 8 knots. commenced construction of a unique drifting ice-resistant self- N-DOUR Hybrid project is a multifunction yacht for moving platform "North pole" of project 00903, allowing the all- a long trip. A concept of this boat is to use energy of wind and the-year-round comprehensive research in the . sun to produce hydrogen instead of fuel. The platform is actually a polar station having a functionality World Ocean is a vital resource of survival of mankind of the research center that will drift in the ocean waters within Its knowledge, ability to control and use it for the benefit two years without calling at a port. It can conduct geological, of a human being must create a base for the strategy of sonar, geophysical and oceanographic reconnaissance and the scientific and technological development of the civilized move on the ice without an icebreaker, having a helicopter countries. In this connection, development of sciences about pad for heavy helicopters such as Mi-8АМТ. the World Ocean as a source of the new knowledge and development of shipbuilding as a means of its exploration SUN IN SAILS are the focal Russian state policy in the area of science A global trend of industrial processes is a principle of a "blue and technology. This gives grounds that in the next decade economy", i.e. utilization of simpler and ecological cleaner we may expect that a share of the Russian science in technologies instead of the mined resources in use. Many the worldwide contribution to the World Ocean exploration countries are now conducting intensive explorations and will sharply increase and modern homemade research development to find ecologically safe sources of energy, vessels will appear.

Share of energy resources produced using renewable energy sources in total energy resources

/ in percent /

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Russian Federation 15,3 17,1 16,4 15,8 17,0 17,0 Central Federal District 0,8 0,8 0,4 0,3 0,6 0,9 North-Western Federal District 11,9 10,9 10,2 11,2 11,1 11,9 Southern Federal District 22,5 23,0 20,4 18,7 18,3 20,9 North Caucasian Federal District 27,1 35,4 26,3 26,3 30,2 25,4 Federal District 13,8 14,9 14,4 15,1 15,2 17,7 Urals Federal District 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,01 0,02 Siberian Federal District 40,3 46,7 46,2 43,7 47,4 45,8 Far Eastern Federal District 34,8 37,3 35,5 30,5 35,9 33,4

Source. Federal State Statistics Service http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/economydevelopment/#

10 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 11 THE ARCTIC NEEDS A FLEET THE ARCTIC IS ONE OF THE MOST played a remarkable role therein. The implementation became possible after the foreign shipping was involved. Circumstances necessitated SIGNIFICANT REGIONS OF THE WORLD, the company to embrace the technologies that were far ahead of their WITH GOOD REASON MANY COUNTRIES time. So, when coordinating the Kara operations Sovfracht applied ARE COMMITTED TO ENHANCE THEIR a new group scheme of shipping traffic for the first time, specified the icebreaker practices etc. The accumulated experience provided FOOTPRINT THERE, BUILDING ICE BREAKERS a framework for the succeeding researchers of the North. AND MAKING BOLD POLITICAL STATEMENTS The next important stage in developing the Arctic regions started, as I see it, as the opinion took over that the development The advantage of Russia in the Arctic remains of the Arctic was non-essential. Arthur Chilingarov could highlight incontestable, however, this way is fraught with the Arctic under new conditions, as he marshalled extra budgetary resources and organized the mission Arctic-2007. I was honored to various difficulties. Our story of how the reclamation be involved in the organization and become a member of the mission. of the Arctic persists and what share Sovfracht has Its results made sure that the continental plate of the Arctic Ocean in it – from the General Manager, the Vice-President was structurally identical with the onshore of northern Russia and was of the Polars’ Association of the RF, a member of a continuation of the Siberian continental shelf. As we were diving in the deep submergence vehicles, a titanium flag of the Russian the Russian Chamber of Shipping Dmitri Purim Federation was permanently moored with a time capsule. Today’s major driver is the establishment of the Directorate – Dmitri Yuryevich, what are the major drivers of the Arctic of the Northern Sea Route headed by the real professional development? Vyacheslav Ruksha.

– As I see it, there are two major drivers to develop the Arctic. – Do problems emerge eventually? The beginning of its economic reclaiming was connected with the renowned Kara operations of 1929–1934, which enabled us to tie the – Number one threat today is the lack of high-quality fleet. Russia’s High North and the European North of Russia. The Sovfracht, There are several reasons. In the first place, the overall health to whom this Herculean task was assigned upon its foundation in 1929, of the shipping companies, it is, properly speaking, close to

12 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 13 Dmitri Purim disastrous. A bad financial and Arthur You should not fear – What is more effective for arctic projects, Chilingarov showing of the shipping at the North Pole. a top-down approach or a bid process? companies will not let them 03.08.2007 investing in the Arctic, become a reliable borrower there are not that – Russian businesspersons, especially those who to finance the building of a new fleet. If we work in the Arctic (at least those who I know), allow any of them to collapse, we will come many really high- are state-minded persons just as much as those to buying sea shipping services in the Arctic profile growth areas individually responsible for fulfilling some task orders. for hard currency. The most effective project, Arctic LNG, was based on Secondly, we must further develop in the world anyway a bid approach and proved successful. I am therefore the shipbuilding and finance it to be able not sold on cutting down opportunities to involve to build icebreaking bulk carriers at the Russian shipyards business in the development of the Arctic. The appointment of a sole competitively priced and at the time specified. contractor pays when there is no competitive landscape, but we have As a negative, the unlawful sanctions by some countries one in the Arctic and in the Far East all the while. against Russia and particular companies should also not go THE ARCTIC NEEDS A FLEET unnoticed. – What can become an efficient instrument in the traffic growth in the region? – Is business in the Arctic profitable? – In the first place, the development of digital techniques and – In the Arctic regions there are factors that we cannot change: the maintenance of order. Not each communication is useful, weather, currents, ice building, and geography. There are things but just the one screened with the help of modern techniques by that depend on us: ensuring safe navigation, health of cargo and experts with a huge experience. icebreaking fleet, digitalization. This all must proceed in step based I am brainy enough to realize that the safety control in on competences gained by generations. the Arctic is obtainable only by human beings. We have created Drawing on its experience Sovfracht initiated and launched a NASC-platform (www.nord-center.com), the first- the establishment of the Northern Arctic situation center of-its-kind public free server to accumulate and share experiences (NASC), a digital platform that has been launched as a trial of work in the Arctic. It will become the more interesting and useful, performance and, as we see it, it will later become a common the more active users subscribe. digital space for professional users in the Arctic. Therefore, may I take this opportunity and invite ship and The field experience in the Arctic is a basis for successful cargo owners to create personal accounts and in due course implementation of projects for the convenience of the private to simplify the solution of problems like calculation of rates, ice sector and the state. The Sovfracht has taken part in channeling, procurement of permits, laying of safe routes etc. the development of almost all arctic projects since 2014. During this time, we could cut cost of haulage by more than – What projects in the Arctic do you think are the most 40%. However, this “achievement“ is also on the minus side: challenging today? profit is the source of investment for shipping companies to be intended to the fleet renewal. – I think you should not fear investing in the Arctic, there are not The task to ship more than 80 m tons of freight that many growth areas in the world anyway. We are planning to until 2030 declared by the government will only become evolve project business in the Arctic in connection with haulage feasible if a fleet, at least KDWT 3 m, begins operating development by icebreaking bulk carriers. Some 10bn might (less regard to LNG-tankers) and the icebreaker support be invested in this project. This might fail to solve all the tasks program is implemented. While the latter has a one-stop- before us however, but working out an effective model would shop solution, the building of icebreaking bulk carriers is definitely send a message. And I do hope this will be a message far from activism. of success.

12 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 13 SCIENCE WORK PLATFORM

Mikhail BAKHROV he Arctic Regions are a zone where essential / Design manager, Vympel design bureau / geophysical works enabling to monitor climatic changes in the polar latitudes area and to forecast global processes across the globe are provided. THERE ARE SCARCELY GAPS LEFT ON OUR TScientific workflows in the Arctic Regions have PLANET; HOWEVER, UNIQUE NATURAL a real-life impact on economic and haulage development in the country. RESOURCES ARE HIDDEN UNDER THE ARCTIC As natural resources of the Earth deplete, ever greater ICE. TODAY, THIS IS A ZONE OF DELIBERATE is the interest for oil and gas oilfields on the Russian continental plate, where about 20% of world resources ATTENTION WHERE GEOPILITICAL, LONG are concentrated which in the future might become one of LIFE OPERATING AND SCIENTIFIC INTERESTS the principal procurement sources of energy commodities OF MANY COUNTRIES CONVERGE. in Russia. However, the reclamation of fuel resources and prospecting in the Arctic regions are fraught with a string Study and exploration, national security efforts of difficulties, primarily of climatic nature. Boisterous wind, in the Arctic, mainstreaming of Russia as scurries, ice rain, icebergs, heavy ice impact are in most cases mainstream phenomena when picking out the concept a polar science champion is one of the most of exploration, investments, estimation of operational important strategic tasks expenditures and transportation costs. Therefore, the cost

14 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 15 effective solution of the problem of the effective reclamation Subarctic Ocean Fluxes, Study of Environmental Arctic of the continental plate requires the high exploration Change, Canadian Basin Observational System, Canadian degree of climatic and geophysical parameters, continuous Arctic Shelf Exchange Study, Nansen and Amundsen Basins monitoring and ice management. Observational System. The favorable definition of the network of international To maintain the lead in the Arctic regions, the Russian transport corridors across the Arctic Ocean, the reclamation government made a decision to relaunch the research effort of the continental plate and the haulage ramp-up offer on drifting stations, so in 2003 the first one was opened – scope for development of the high-sea shipping in the Arctic Severny Polyus - 32. However, the global warming caused zone, and the Northern Sea Route which was historically the loss of Arctic sea ice and the operation of drifting developed as a national traffic system, comes to the fore as stations became at risk. Severny Polyus – 2015 had to one of the most important overseas mains. The development interrupt the research work due to ice erosion at the site. In of the arctic high-sea shipping turns highly interesting in August of 2015, the mission was evacuated and the station terms of ensuring safe navigation and maintaining favorable activity stopped. The extreme weather conditions, the risk environments. It is insufficient to have data on temperature, of loss of the expensive equipment and the water area wind conditions and ice situation for safe navigation pollution as well as the heightened requirements towards amid poor weather conditions, it is necessary to forecast providing comfortable living and safety environment for the complete hydrometeorological situation and to promptly men in the Arctic challenged the extension study at a new transmit it aboard, to pass weather alerts. engineering and scientific level. The controlling of environmental specifications also The Arctic and Research Institute (AARI) requires a considerable amount of research work in polar has conducted research in the area of creating scientific latitudes. observatories durably rested on special floating engineering structures. Back in the 70s, alternatives to use the Krasin MEN ON A FLAKE OF ICE icebreaker and the harbor icebreaker, scheme 97, as The fast and furious reclamation of the Arctic began in a drifting station had been checked, but due to a number the last century. The success of the Norwegian mission of of feasibility studies, these options were refused. to the North Pole in Taking into account the 1893–1896 opened access to the new- requirements to secure a broad made discoveries and multiple polar About 20% of world range of research works, their high missions under command of Eduard resources are concentrated quality, calculation and report, Gustav von Toll, , operational and recreation comfort , Georgi Sedov, Otto on the Russian continental of personnel during long-term Schmidt, Georgi Ushakov etc. In 1910– plate, which in the future driftage, the features of arranging 1915, in the course of the missions the fulltime carrier-based scientific on icebreaking ships and might become one of equipment, hold compartments, Vaigach, extensive hydrographical and the principal procurement reception and temporary cartographic engineering was provided; basing for a Heli, quick stores in 1933, the legendary Chelyuskin sources of energy replenishment and staff shake- icebreaker sailed across the Northern commodities in Russia up as well as construction and Sea Route for the first time ever. In 1937 running expenses, the Institute had Valeri Chkalov, Georgi Baydukow and proposed a few basic concepts. Alexander Belyakov flew the transatlantic flight for the first time The AARI had checked the feasibility of building ever along the flight route Moscow – the North Pole – the USA. a drifting science work platform in form of an octangular Research work on the icebreaking ships was supported by floating water displacing craft and a platform having a hull reliable radio communication and the arctic aviation, a network form close to the traditional form of floating structures, of developments and organizations was shaped. both self-propelled and dumb craft. Following the In 1937, the ’s mission started its examination of all concepts, the concept of a self-propelled work at the first-ever drifting station Severny Polyus - 1. platform capable of independently reaching the drifting The construction of temporary housing on the floating ice in-point during summer navigation and coming back to and the lab job security avoided the need for valuable costs the homeport thereafter, was accepted. Amid poor ice and allowed for complex twelve-month studies in the area of conditions an icebreaker assistance would be required; geophysics, meteorology and oceanics, conducting regular however, it can cover substantial legs in self-propelled magnetic measurements, ionospheric and ice observations. mode, which would drastically reduce the operational costs. The Soviet drifting stations Severny Polyus, second to none During the driftage, the platform remains motionless, only worldwide, had survived until 1991. in-port generators operate to secure the research work and The commitment of the Western governments daily living needs. Such kind of platform was recognized as in exploring the Arctic Ocean has been building up optimal for operational commitment and laid the foundation continuously. Some of icebreaker cruises and aircraft icefalls for design and operational requirements of an ice-resistant escalated into ambitious international schemes: Arctic- self-propelled platform, scheme 00903.

14 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 15 Interior appearance in Severny Polus Platform

range of research works during both the driftage in ice and transiting to the drifting point and backwards. Major tasks are conventional meteorological, actinometrical and aerological observations, examination of the ice cover and its behavior, expanded studies of background ecological monitoring of elements of marine environment and oceanologic studies. Besides, these include a complex of field observations to improve methods of hydrometeorological support of business activities in the Arctic regions and geological- geophysical survey to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential of Arctic basins and to provide geological mapping. Plans are underway also to address the problem of studying physical processes responsible for or conditioned upon the global and regional climate changes, medical studies and tasks connected to SCIENCE CLUB lighting systems for surface and underwater surveillance The ice-resistant platform is a unique scheme, second in the Arctic regions. to none in the practical activity of shipbuilding, capable of fully changing the approach to studying high latitudes, CREW’S COMFORT a real “science club” at the North Pole. The planform can The Severny Polyus platform not only carries research independently, without a permanent icebreaker assistance, equipment and labs aboard, but also is a research material reach the drifting in-point in the eastern sector of the Arctic, itself. The research of ice impact and ice deformation and freeze itself on to a flake of ice and drift autonomously erosion from exposure to the platform during the driftage offshore the Arctic Ocean ca. 2-years long and t en, enable developing and updating calculation methods of at the close of the duty cycle, independently return to local and global ice loads on ships and other works and the homeport. developing and trying the monitoring system of ice impact Aboard the ice-resistant platform the full range of on industrial facilities. field observations will be conducted to improve methods The ice-resistant drifting platform is structurally made of hydrometeorological support of business activities in as a single-decker with an overhung stem, inclined boards, the Arctic regions, particularly the cross-polar aviation water bottom and inner skin, diesel power plant operating flights and maritime traffic along the Northern Sea for one pod drive, mid-level arrangement of engineering Route, physical examination of processes responsible spaces and an aft-located heliport. The scheme of the ice- for or conditioned upon the global and regional climate resistant platform was developed in accordance with the changes. The platform will allow for conducting a broad requirements of KM class, Arc5 АUT1-C HELIDECK-F

16 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 17 Special purpose ship of the Russian Registry of The ship is fitted out with a hangar for the stowage Shipping 2018. The platform is 83.1 m long, 21.8 m wide of cargo needed to organize the glacial camp and other at the construction waterline, 11.4 m hull height and scientific efforts during the driftage like tractors, snow- 8.6 m draft. The hull ice reinforcement conforms to class going vehicles, TREKOL off-road vehicles; fuel allowance Arc 8 for the area “V”. To oppose the ice pressure during for vehicles is secured. Aftward of the ice-resistant the driftage of the ship it has eight cross bulkheads and platform is a heliport for Mi-8 (temporary two close-connected platforms. As a result, the platform basing scheme). hull is rather a rigid structure The ship is designed for with relatively svelte gages. With 14 crewmembers and 34 research staff. allowances made for utterly The ice-resistant platform There are all necessary spaces for egregious weather environment is a unique scheme, second provision of the comfortable conditions in the area of operation, the closest for the polar explorers: comfortable possible form of the hull has been to none, a real “science club” cabins, medical facility, fitness selected for heat conservation, at the North Pole complex and labs: an ecological lab, deicing and snow control, with no an oceanographic lab, a hydrochemical outside passages and all critical lab, an atmospheric lab and an earth hatches equipped with hydraulic cover, including lifeboat science lab, an advanced study lab; an ice-studying complex, and gang-ladder recess. During the sea passage, they are an ice impact monitoring lab, a computer-aided weather open to secure the unhampered personnel evacuation. station, a satellite-aided weather data reception complex and When developing the platform design, increased focus an upper-air complex. The platform is fitted out with weather was made on the safety of the people aboard. With a view balloon launch equipment, the ship allows for the placement to ensuring the survivability under extreme conditions of uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs). in case of fire, it was decided to place the main propulsion The Severny Polyus ice-resistant drifting platform is machinery and the auxiliary machinery in two tandem being built at the Admiralty Shipyards within the framework engine spaces. Furthermore, all systems providing of a government-sponsored scheme of economic and social the ship life support, except for the propulsion system, development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. are duplicated. The platform is to start out for its first drifting in 2021, The ice-resistant platform is not designed for the effective life is to make at least 25 years. The unique independent movement on the thick ice; therefore, the ship Severny Polyus platform will become a mighty site for power was reduced to a sufficient minimum to enable a broad range of research effort in the Arctic Ocean, to the ship to reach the drifting in-point in self-propelled secure the provision of the comfortable and safe conditions mode. The propulsion/steering unit includes one pod drive for the polar explorers during a long-term driftage in polar of 3,500 kW and a bow jet. On-board fuel and oil latitudes, adhering to the environmental standards and endurance - 730 drifting days. ecological safety guidelines.

16 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 17 Ocean – the territory of science Ocean science has become the main topic of our newsletter for SPIEF-2019. But it is impossible to explore the ocean without having a special fleet

We talked with Alexey Sokov, the acting director of the Institute of Oceanology, Doctor of Geography, about research vessels, global climate change and Russian fundamental science

Марина Королева, заведующая информационно-коммуникативным отделом Музея Мирового океана

– Alexey Valentinovich, the Institute of Oceanology has – What will they be? Lowering of a probing complex the largest research fleet in Russia. How many ships are – First of all, they will be new, which not a little. with a CTD probe from the deck of the research there? First, these vessels must have the appropriate vessel Akademik Sergey Vavilov in – Our institute has the Center for Marine Expeditionary nautical qualities – work both in the tropics, and at the Atlantic Ocean Research, where really the entire ocean fleet of the Ministry the equator, and in the ice (Arc4 class), sail along of Science is concentrated. We have two bases: one in the Northern Sea Route in the summer season. Kaliningrad, the other in . Today the fleet comprises Secondly, they should be modular (here meaning containerized). twelve vessels. They are all old, Soviet-built. But by 2024, two Since research will be carried out on board by representatives of different modern research vessels are to be built under the Science sciences: geologists, biologists, physicists, and meteorologists, the national project for the Institute of Oceanology with everything interests of all should be taken into account. It is very difficult to plan such necessary on board. a multifunctional vessel. We have been doing this work for many years.

18 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 19 The major superstructure will include a winch pool, – How high is Russian ocean science rated in the world "wet" laboratories, conference rooms, cabins. A big stern, today? an empty place where containers will be located, is necessary. – The USSR laid the gigantic groundwork in its time, Depending on which particular expedition is and we haven’t “eaten” it yet. In the 1970s, planned, these will be biological, geological the Soviet Union provided 70 percent containers or containers for a combined of the data on the World Ocean: its expedition. Previously, we did not have this type hydrometeorological vessels, the Academy of vessels. We collected the opinions of scientists of Sciences, “fishermen” ... the research fleet from all over the country, singled out the most was enormous. The situation has changed important and elaborated a design specification. since the 1990s. But I can tell by the example A total of more than forty containers are intended of the employees of our institute: everyone to be used. The vessel is able to carry fifteen is regarded, everyone is invited abroad, and containers at a time, and the rest remain our research is highly appreciated. at the base. There is also a third parameter: – What is the contribution of the Russian it is necessary to provide the possibility side to the world’s ocean science? for commercial exploitation of this vessel. – Nowadays, it’s not so considerable. We are always short of funds and must If there are few expeditions, then there is somehow earn to maintain our fleet. Classical a small contribution. research vessels are designed for use solely What is, strictly speaking, a matter of for scientific purposes, so their profitability international prestige? This is the presence is very low, while their maintenance and of the flag. If the country’s flag is in the open operation costs are high. For the last thirty ocean, then this is a great power. Take the Alexey Sokov, Acting Director of the Shirshov Institute years, we have largely survived by earning of Oceanology, Doctor of Geography historical examples - Portugal, England. money ourselves. The same is in oceanography. If ocean exploration is under way, the prestige rises, – How did you make money? Through cruise because few can afford it. tours? In Soviet times, the entire fleet was – Not only. Some vessels, indeed, could engaged. I myself was a student, and then go on cruises, while the others were engaged, went on expeditions as a young specialist. for example, in supporting offshore operations. Soviet ships were present in the open areas But they, I repeat, are purely research, and of the Pacific. The whole Atlantic was "ours" the demand for them has dropped off after at all. The glory of our Institute of Oceanology the crisis. That is why today, building new ships, is largely based on the study of the Pacific we must take into account the possibility of Ocean. There were expeditions on the using them for commercial earnings. The new legendary research vessel Vityaz. After all, ships will be based on a support vessel with glory is where there is a global scale. a large stern capable of making money in the oil Now everything has been confined and gas industry, and a service vessel (delivery, to the exploration of the seas around transportation, containers, oversized cargo...). Russia. This is also important, but our Powerful cranes are provided for this purpose coastal exploration is not so noticeable - they are useful for science and will be helpful on a global scale. And yet the oceans in commerce. are actually a white spot. There are very Modularity will also allow us to perform, few measurements. The mechanism of for example, hydrographic work. A large stern will accommodate, climate change is still unknown. For example, if we can find out for example, special diving containers that are in demand or why the current turns, this will be a major step forward. These a container with deep submergence vehicles. That is, we will are fundamental things - weather forecast, climate forecast, be able to use the vessels between scientific expeditions. Today, and there is no way without the ocean, but there are virtually they lie idle 80 percent of the time and just rust. no measurements.

– And do you already have deep submergence vehicles that – There are no or there were no measurements before you plan to use or will new ones be built? as well? – Yes, we have deep submergence vehicles. And the “wet” – Yes, they were. There are areas, for example, in the Southern laboratory on the vessel itself will be provided with a launch- Ocean, where once everything was measured ten times. And today and-recovery gear for any type of vehicles. We also have some there are no measurements at all. And this must be done for a long containers. It is important that the winch/crane pool be sufficiently time, constantly ... Our Institute of Oceanology carries out only versatile. If we talk about science, the opportunities for basic one oceanic expedition - the transatlantic section from the surface research on board new vessels will be two or three orders of to the bottom along 60O N. The rest covers the exploration of the magnitude higher than today’s. Black, Baltic, White, Barents, Kara, and Laptev Seas.

18 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 19 Launching ARGO floats from the research vessel Akademik Sergey Vavilov in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

– The UN has proclaimed a Decade does it show? It shows that mass of Ocean Science since 2021. transport fluctuations and Gulf Will you somehow participate in Stream discharges fluctuations this? Do you expect any positive take place. There are so-called changes? ten-year fluctuations, but we – Definitely! The key is to ensure cannot say that something will that that it does not become another turn upside down in the climate declaration. For example, there system today. The Gulf Stream was the World Ocean Circulation is not the least system of ocean Experiment (WOCE) program, currents in importance - this is which provided a breakthrough actually the whole North Atlantic, in oceanography, fundamentally which, as you know, is the changing the knowledge of the ocean “weather kitchen”. We conduct due to the amount of research and our observations at a key point the involvement of a large number in the oceans and do not detect of countries. Then it was possible to a global trend. fundamentally improve the accuracy of measurements, to increase the – So, one century of discreteness. Real international measurements is not enough brainstorming was going on within to make such conclusions? this program – it took a whole decade to determine how to do all – One of the goals of the WOCE program was to calibrate this. A huge number of parameters were introduced that had not scientific models so that they reflect the reality. At some point, been measured in oceanography before, for example, tracers, it became obvious that the models do not reflect the essence and not just temperature - salinity - oxygen. And all this was done of the ocean, which is a very complex, multi-faceted system. under supervision, in compliance with strict standards. We then When you find yourself in the ocean, you immediately feel that specifically went to Germany, trained to ensure the required a human is just a grain of sand. My teacher, Sergey Lappo, began accuracy. training young specialists precisely with this. He had a book in The whole ocean was broken into series of sections. which a logarithmic energy scale was printed. If you don’t know Each country made its own section, and all data were combined what the energy of an anticyclone, the Kuroshio Current, the Gulf according to a certain procedure, processed and, as a result, Stream or nuclear power plants is and how they all relate to a breakthrough in oceanography was made. It turned out that each other, there is nothing to talk about with you. This approach the deep layers were changing with huge speeds. Climate signals greatly clarifies the brains and allows you to assess the place that were identified. Oceanography is still living owing to the success a human occupies on the planet. My graduate students, relying of this program. But in the late 1990s, it ended and stagnation set on our measurements in only one small area of the Western in - no one does anything global. If the decade of ocean science boundary current near , estimated the amount of energy is something similar to the WOCE program, it will be significant. associated with cooling and immersion of surface waters to a depth, and compared it with the energy of, for example, atomic – Do economic sanctions interfere with your work bombs. The comparison was far from being in favor of the latter. or do scientists stay out of it? We know and have published data that the deep layers in – Here everything is very individual. For example, Sea- the North Atlantic have cooled for forty years. It’s a matter of Bird captured the market for hydrological probes at the time - tenths of a degree, but it’s still very much. Prior to the WOCE everyone began to use them. A new owner came and said: program, it was thought to be impossible in principle. We were “I will not work with , and will neither calibrate nor taught that the temperature of the bottom water far away from sell!” And we’ve bought a lot of these probes over the past ten the sources of the formation of deep waters does not change. years. And this is a serious blow for us. But others sell and work In fact, some kind of cold began to spread over the deep and because developing fundamental science is in common human bottom layers of the oceans for 30–40 years. This must be taken interests. A significant part of our oceanographic equipment into account, whereas the surface layer up to 500 meters thick is foreign-made. But Russia has adopted a import substitution is largely considered. policy. Maybe this will change the situation. Some currents may bring warm water, and others – cold water in the same place. This is a very complex system. Here – On the issue of climate. What lies ahead of us - the glaciers have melted, there they have grown. We know that the ice age or global warming? in the early 19th century there was already warming in the Arctic, – Nothing is waiting us in our century. Somewhere the ice is many routes were clear of ice so much that people sailed on melting, somewhere it is growing. We take measurements at wooden boats. Greenland was once green, and sheep grazed 60o north latitude, which covers the entire Atlantic Ocean from there. Perhaps there are periods of long-term fluctuations, but coast to coast. We study the temperature - salinity - current from we do not yet have clear data to draw responsible conclusions, the surface to the bottom. The first instrumental measurements including on global warming. To build the proper models and on the same section were made in 1957. That is, in fact, we have predict the future, we need to understand the structure of an instrumental series of observations from 1957 to 2019. What the object, its nature.

20 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 21 Research vessel Akademik Sergey Vavilov in a scientific voyage off the coast of Antarctica

– Fundamental science is The well-known Shtokman field is named science provides turn going through hard times into a field of activity today. Is this due to a lack so because it was discovered in the 1970s for applied science, of funding or because many on the Institute of Oceanology’s vessel sometimes after many promising scientists are decades. But this going abroad? Professor Shtokman is no reason to reproach – Attitudes towards science for irrelevance. science have changed in our country today, and everyone A scientist can sit for twenty years without a result and feels it. In Soviet times, the role of the scientist in society was then invent an ingenious device. And maybe he will not invent. immeasurably more important. Today, scientists’ opinion is taken Nevertheless, he will create the atmosphere in any case, because into account to a much lesser extent, to say the least. the environment, some critical mass of people, of whom one I am a student of the Soviet system, I know from school: percent will become ingenious inventors, is still essential. But "agriculture - industry - education - medicine - science." It was if the genius lives alone (and this has already been proven many pronounced like a machine gun burst. Today, the word "science" times), he will do nothing. We need a mass of people who create has disappeared from the air, there is health care and education, the space of science itself around him. but the word "science" doesn’t exist at all. The insignificant funding of basic science is reflected in any official sources. – The history of science abounds with examples when That’s the answer. the same discovery is made simultaneously by two Those who are engaged in science constantly hear: “Why scientists in different countries absolutely independently are you needed? What are you spending money on? What will of each other. be the use of you tomorrow? ” Meanwhile, take, for example, – It means the scientific environment was ready, ripe to the Shtokman field. It is so named because it was discovered accept the discovery. These two would never formulate their in the 1970s on the Institute of Oceanology’s ship Professor theories in their lives if there were no hundreds of people Shtokman. With this discovery, the Institute of Oceanology, around them who were engaged, roughly speaking, in the daily together with the entire Academy of Sciences of the Russian invisible work that does not bring an unconditional visible Federation, has long justified its existence. The development result, but creates a habitat for science. As my grandfather of this gas hydrate deposit has not even started yet; this is said, only pearl barley consists of pearls alone. In my opinion, a reserve for the future. And it was discovered owing to the fact it is the revival of the scientific environment that is one that scientists on board the ship Professor Stockman carried of the top priorities of our state today. out their ordinary research. The results that fundamental Interviewed by Aliya Karimova

Share of internal R&D costs in priority science, technology and engineering development areas in the total internal R&D costs in the Russian Federation as a whole 1)

/ in percent / 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total 56,5 59,2 67,6 65,5 67,9 68,6 71,0 70,5 High-tech economic activities2) ...... 61,3 66,3 60,6 76,7 76,4 72,4 Medium-tech economic activities2) ...... 47,3 59,0 65,2 46,3 65,1 49,9 Knowledge-intensive economic activities2) ...... 68,2 6,59 68,2 69,0 71,5 71,4

1) According to the Federal Statistical Observation Form 2-Science "Information on the implementation of research and development" (annual). 2) Data have been developed starting with the report for 2012. From 2012 to 2016, the index is calculated according to OKVED OK 029-2007 (NACE Rev. 1.1), from 2017 the index is calculated according to OKVED2 OK 029-2014 (NACE Rev. 2). High-tech economic activities include the following codes: OKVED: 24.4, 30, 32, 33, 35.3; OKVED2: 21, 26, 30.3. Medium-tech (high-level) economic activities include the following codes: OKVED: 24 (without 24.4, 24.61), 29 (without 29.6), 31, 34, 35.2, 35.4, 35.5; OKVED2: 20, 25.4, 27, 28, 29, 30 (without 30.1 and 30.3). The following codes apply to knowledge-intensive economic activities: OKVED: 22.1, 61, 62, 64.2, 65, 66, 67, 72, 73, 74.1, 74.2, 74.4, 74.5, 74.8, 75, 80, 85, 92.1, 92.2, 92.3, 92.4, 92.5, 92.6, 92.7; on OKVED2: 50, 51, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93. ... - data is not available.

Source. Federal State Statistics Service: http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/economydevelopment/#

20 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 21 Marina KOROLEVA / Head of the Information and Communication Department, Museum of the World Ocean / THE AGE OF VITYAZ IN 2019 THE LEGENDARY RESEARCH VESSEL VITYAZ MARKS SEVERAL ANNIVERSARIES AT ONCE:

80 YEARS ago she slid down the ways; 70 YEARS ago she set off on the first research expedition; 40 YEARS since the last voyage; 25 YEARS since mooring at the museum pier.

Probably, it is the most suitable reason to recall the history of the vessel marked by many outstanding scientific discoveries for domestic oceanology.

n 1939, a cargo-passenger ship Mars was built at a German shipyard in Bremerhaven for Neptun shipping company. Engineer Heinrich Tamm, who once sailed on Mars, wrote: “It was an extraordinarily beautiful ship. ICream-colored, having an elegant shape with beautiful slender lines, she was more like a yacht. For that time it was a novelty in shipbuilding ... Mars belonged to the high class category. Beautiful wooden cabins imitated the style of medieval living rooms. I could not believe that I was on board a ship...” During World War II, Mars was used as a transport vessel and took German citizens out of Konigsberg and Pillau, besieged by Soviet troops at the end of the war. After the war, the ship found herself first in the UK Research vessel Mars in Konigsberg, 1939 as war reparations, and then was handed over to the USSR.

22 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 23 It is not known how her fate could have happened if the Institute in 1886-1889 was under command of Stepan Osipovich of Oceanology, the USSR Academy of Sciences, established Makarov, an outstanding Russian admiral, scientist in 1946, did not need a research ocean vessel. Veniamin and shipbuilder. Bogorov, a well-known marine biologist, and Captain Sergey Re-equipment of the vessel lasted for two years. Ushakov were sent to Leningrad to select a suitable ship. Her midship superstructure was extended to accommodate Bogorov recalled: “When we drove up to the bay where laboratories, service and harbor cabins; cargo tween decks the trophy fleet was stationed, we spotted this ship from were turned into harbor cabins, a social room, sanitary and a hillock and immediately pointed to it. It was Mars. Her fate service rooms; diesel generators, and fuel and water tanks was decided.” were added. As a result, Vityaz was ready to accommodate The ship was handed over to the Academy of Sciences 140 expedition members. The latest scientific equipment, unique and received the name Vityaz in memory of the famous deep-sea anchor and trawl winches were installed on the ship, 19th century Russian corvettes of the same name: a screw which allowed anchoring and trawling at depths of up to 11 km. corvette, on which the famous Russian ethnographer Nikolai Vityaz still holds the world record for deepest anchoring. There Nikolayevich Miklukho-Maclay sailed to the shores of New were 14 laboratories, a scientific library and sample storage Guinea in 1870–1871, and a sail-screw Corvette, which on board the vessel.

22 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 23 Vityaz over the Mariana Trench. Depth below keel is 11 022 meters

The period from 1949 to 1979 was the brightest in her Bogorov, chemist Semyon Bruevich, oceanographers Vladimir history: she completed 65 expeditions in all oceans, travelled Shtokman and Alexey Dobrovolsky, geologist Vsevolod 770,000 nautical miles, made calls to 100 ports in 49 countries Zenkovich. The ship became a symbol of national science, five of the world. It is this time in world oceanology that is called geographical objects and more than 100 species of animals the “age of Vityaz”. were named after her. Unique collections of rocks, minerals were gathered, and In 1957, Vityaz set off on her maiden overseas voyage a lot of discoveries were made in various areas of oceanology in and has since become an “ambassador of friendship and this era. New geographic names for underwater mountains and peace.” Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Thor Heyerdahl, oceanic trenches appeared on the maps. Twenty-seven major governors and prime ministers, ambassadors and cosmonauts discoveries were made in the Pacific and the Indian Oceans visited the ship. Doors Open Days were often organized when alone. Vityaz measured the deepest point of the world’s oceans the ship would call at foreign ports and people waited for hours (Mariana Trench) to 11 022 meters. to get on board. Scientists from 14 countries worked on board The study of deep-sea trenches, their morphology, the Vityaz. She made her last voyage in 1979, sailing around sediments, and especially water dynamics in trenches and . Scientists from , Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, the near-bottom waters was of and Denmark specially came to particular importance. A research the ports where Vityaz stayed carried on board Vityaz proved The first floating institute where to acquaint themselves with the inadmissibility of disposing large-scale comprehensive studies the famous research vessel. nuclear industry wastes at the Upon completion of her bottom of oceanic trenches. in all areas of oceanology last voyage on April 22, 1979, Previously, it had been considered were conducted Vityaz entered the waters of that the bottom waters could the Pregol River, where she not mix with the surface waters, was permanently moored. therefore such burials would not harm the environment. Perhaps Writer Leonid Pochivalov, who did much to save Vityaz, it was Vityaz that prevented an ecological catastrophe in wrote in Pravda: “Nobody wanted to assume responsibility for the world’s oceans. the national relic.” She was supposed to be remelted. By that The geophysical, geochemical, and geological studies time, the legendary Ermak had disappeared, and the famous carried out on board Vityaz made it possible to present well- icebreaking ship Sedov, the national pride of northern reasoned hypotheses about the structure of the earth’s crust exploration, was sold. The same fate awaited Vityaz. and subsequently develop new ideas about the global evolution The Academy of Sciences did not have enough funds of the Earth. to maintain the vessel, which was gradually decayed and Visible results were obtained by geologists, hydrologists, deteriorated for eleven years. hydrochemists, and biophysicists. But the most significant But Vityaz was not allowed to disappear from the face discoveries were made in biology. Thanks to Vityaz expeditions, of the earth - the struggle for the legendary ship began. 1,176 new species of animals and plants were described. The idea of preserving the ship and setting up a museum In the field of ichthyology, new data related to fishery areas on her board was supported by scientists, sailors and people were obtained, many new species were described, and their who were simply not indifferent to the ship. extensive collection was compiled. Saury, which is familiar today The outcome of the hard way to save the ship was as a food fish, was first studied on board the Vityaz. the decision of the Government of the RSFSR of April 12, Vityaz made a significant contribution to the study of 1990 on establishing the Museum of the World Ocean in cephalopods and benthos. Research showed that the oceans Kaliningrad, and Svetlana Sivkova, who headed the struggle for are an integral natural object, a single complex biological system the preservation and revival of the legendary ship for several with its specific structure. A diverse fauna was discovered years, became its director. In 1992, the Russian Academy from the ship and it was proved that life exists at all depths of of Sciences handed over Vityaz to the Museum of the World the oceans. Ocean, and on July 12, 1994, upon completion of repair work Numerous works in different languages were written done at the Yantar Shipyard, the snow-white beauty was moored on the scientific achievements made on the vessel. A school of at the museum quay in the center of Kaliningrad. There was national oceanology was formed aboard the Vityaz. Its founders a long way to go in organizing museum exhibits on the ship ... were famous scientists: biologists Leo Zenkevich and Veniamin A new age of Vityaz, the largest museum research ship, began.

24 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 25 2019 IS A YeaR WHEN WE CELEBRATE A VERY IMPORTANT DATE FOR RUSSIAN SOCIETY – SINCE A MERCHANT OF TVER AFANASY NIKITIN CAME BACK FROM HIS “JOURNEY BEYOND 545 YEARS THE THREE SEAS” (KHOZHENIE ZA TRI MORYA) A MERCHANT, VOYAGER, However, we are interested not only in this geographic sensation. The very possibility of such a journey in the second half of the AND WRITER 15th century suggests that voyages, both river and sea ones, were dangerous, but rather e know very little about this courageous a routine matter back then. And this, in turn, man, yet his journey became a landmark gives grounds for believing that construction Wevent in Russian history. Indeed, it’s no and repair of the ships also took place. laughing matter to become the first European A starting point for the history to reach the shores of ! However, as is of domestic shipbuilding is considered to often the case, it became known to a wide be the construction of the ship “Eagle” audience after almost three and a half (rus. “Orel”) by the edict of Tsar Alexei centuries. This literary monument by Afanasy Mikhailovich (which means it was due Nikitin – entitled as “A Journey beyond to the state order) in the village of the three seas” – is believed to have been Dedinovo, near Moscow. The ship written in 1474-1475. At least, it is known was laid down in 1667, and in that Vasily Mymrin, Russian official, found May 1669 – 350 years ago – the manuscript in 1475. The Lvov Chronicle it went to its historic voyage states: “In the same year, I did get the notes along the Volga. However, by Ofonas, the merchant of Tver, who is’t wast it is quite clear that having in Indea for 4 years… And the notes wast writ in their territories many by his own handeth, since he personally did rivers and lakes, as well doth endue those notes to Vasily Mamyerev, as outlets to the seas, the scribe of the Grand Prince of Moscow”. the Rus’ were building Later on this literary monument and various water crafts for valuable historical source was kept far from centuries. Therefore, it the public eye for centuries, until 1818 when is quite natural that Tsar it was found in the Troitsky chronicle by Alexei Mikhailovich considered the famous Russian historian Nikolai shipbuilding as a matter of Karamzin. He found it necessary to national importance, and with publish this amazing work. his son, Peter the Great, In Chapter 7 of 6th Volume of Russia became “History of the Russian State” Karamzin the great maritime writes: “Hitherto, geographers did not power. know that the honour of creating the oldest described European travel to India belongs to a Russian from the John the Terrible times. It may have been that John himself was incognizant of this curious journey; however it proves that the Russia of the 15th century had its own Taverniers and Chardins – less educated, but as brave and adventurous; that the Indians heard about it prior to Portugal, Holland, and England. While Vasco da Gama yet only thought of the possibility of finding a way from Africa to Hindustan, our native of Tver was already trading on the shores of Malabar and talked with the inhabitants about

depositphotos their credenda”.

24 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 25 FLOATING POWER UNIT: FUTURE OF SHIPBUILDING Christina Ryaguzova / Senior Production Editor Baltic Shipyard’s AND POWER INDUSTRY newspaper "Baltiyets" /

26 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 27 WORKS ON AKADEMIK LOMONOSOV FLOATING POWER UNIT (FPU), SCHEME 20870B, ARE IN THE STRETCH. It soon leaves Atomflot naval facility in heading for fixed location in Pevek on Chukchi Peninsula

for a reliable year-round energy supply to amenities and industrial facilities and communities in the remote Arctic Regions and in the Far East, in the regions with extremely harsh climate and fuel scarcity. Energy technologies of the floating NPP contribute to settling the decentralized energy supply issue, which is customary for two- thirds of the Russian territory. Their application will allow abandoning fossil fuel supplies, making sure that port industrial public works and mining activities are provided, particularly offshore Arctic and Far East waters. In addition, and most importantly, - enhancing the quality of peoples’ life. The unit’s “heart” can supply up to 70-megawatt energy and 50 Gcal-hr thermal energy in normal operation. This will suffice for life support for a county borough. The then Vice-Prime Minister Dmitri Rogozin, while visiting the Baltic Shipyard in Dec 2015, mentioned the uniqueness and immensity of the scheme: “The unit design is unique, this is in fact a separate community. There is everything necessary for living here, a powerful full-scale assembly. Today we need a sort of an “electric battery” to redeploy to the Russian regions short of electrical energy”.

TRIED-AND-TRUE REACTOR The power-producing core of the floating power unit is a reactor plant KLT-40C; its prototypes are the reactors of the existing nuclear icebreakers, scheme 10521, and the LASH ship Sevmorput. Both Soviet and Russian shipbuilders have built more than 260 ships and vessels with nuclear-power propulsion. Their domestic operation experience goes beyond 7,000 years of reactor lifetime. The Baltic Shipyard is one of the leading shipyards of Russia possessing an extensive knowledge of nuclear-propelled above- water craft building. The shipbuilders possess necessary qualification in work performance on nuclear facilities. It was particularly the Baltic Shipyard where all the existing nuclear icebreakers and nuclear iles behind are the years of successful co-operation cruisers were built. Within more than 50 years, the Baltic shipbuilders and hard work of Baltic Shipyard’s shipbuilders have commissioned 14 nuclear facilities, including those fitted out and the accepting authorities of Rosenergoatom: with the marine propulsion reactor KLT-40 and its options. shipbuilding, launching, fitting out, mooring tests, Mtowage trip to Murmansk, nuclear fuel loading, first TICKET TO TROUBLE-FREE SERVICE criticality and starting main machinery overall tests. This unique The refueling of the core on the Akademik Lomonosov FPU and the world’s first scheme of a mobile packaged power unit is meant to be carried out every three-and-a-half to four years can supply energy to large manufacturers, communities in at a time of the least energy consumption, i.e. in the spring or the Extreme North and in the Far East. in the fall. In the meantime, while the core is being refueled, the reactor plant is undergoing maintenance and repairs NEW BREED ENERGY RESOURCE at one broadside; the other broadside reactor continues The floating power unit is a dumb craft fitted out with a set to operate. of power-generating equipment. It is designed to operate as Two watches with a total of 260 men will see to it that part of a floating NPP, which will supply the resources ashore, the floating power unit is functioning properly. Duration of replacing Bilibinskaya NPP and Chaunskaya CHP having seen the watch – a month and a half. 82 men will be stationed long service. The floating NPP is a new breed facility designed offshore permanently and residing in Pevek.

26 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 27 During the visit hosted by the Russian delegation of permanent representatives to the international organizations in Vienna, the highest ever number of guests visited the shipyard: 42 members from the EU, South and Central America, China, Asia and Africa. The foreign diplomats and nuclear experts were able to learn how the Russian facilities ensure the safety of construction and operation of nuclear projects. ”During our stay at the Russian nuclear facilities we saw that both nuclear security and safety as well as nuclear culture in general there are at a very high level, - Tebogo Seokolo, the Chairman of the Board of Governors of IAEA said. – The floating NPP is a unique and a very interesting scheme. We keep our eyes on its further development and progress. The IAEA will keep watching and further this scheme”. Not only was the organization of a safe manufacturing process an important mission of the shipbuilders, but also the FPU towage from St. Petersburg to Murmansk. ”For the sake of retaining good neighborly relations with Scandinavian countries with due consideration of the unique facility which is not yet clearly understood by our Western partners, we have taken cognizance of their request to tow the FPU unfueled, – the 20870 project manager Alexei Vladimirov said. – Rosatom State Corporation thought fit to carry over the refueling to Atomflot’s site, where all necessary safety requirements are observed as well. The FPU was designed with a high safety margin, which makes it disaster-proof (incl. tsunami etc.). Auxiliary facilities are being built on-location in Pevek to secure the FPU installation and power supply to onshore networks. To protect the facility from confusion of sea FPU primary and drift-ice piling during operation, a shielding designer Alexander breakwater quay is provided, as a solid barrier Kovalyov with passes ensuring hydrothermic thresholds of water area normal for the FPU operation. The FPU was designed with a high UPGRADING AND EXPORT safety margin, which makes it disaster-proof OPPORTUNITIES (incl. tsunami etc.) The FPU was designed on a modular basis. Versus conventional vessel, its design is subject to a refurbishment and its individual and The floating NPP is designed as a Greenfield site. This functionally optional units may be deleted. ”In some countries means that when leaving the operation site, the facility leaves it would be cheaper to erect accommodations onshore than to no nuclear waste storage and disposal spaces behind. build them and fit them out in accordance with shipping safety The floating NPP scheme is implemented in requirements, – Alexei Vladimirov says. – And if the FPU accordance with all applicable laws as regards NPP accoasts, there is no need of the own Heli lookout station and safety precautions. All nuclear processes carried in there so the helideck can be excluded from the design. These and adhere to the implementation of the International Atomic other probable refurbishments can cut the order value by 10 Energy Agency (IAEA) guidelines and do not jeopardize to 20%”. the environment in any way. The follow-through move in an attempt to develop FPUs In course of the floating unit construction, the Baltic is a customized floating power unit based on a front-side split Shipyard has been guiding technical tours for representatives plant RHYTM-200 designed for supply energy to offshore areas of relevant international organizations. As was mentioned and insular territories. The energy amplification of the FPU by the Ambassador, Permanent Representative of Brazil reactor will make it possible to supply energy on a continuous to the IAEA Marcel Biato, this opportunity to visit so closely basis to any area within 60 years holding energy costs constant and so intensely through a technical mission is a show during the same period. Another promising distribution of of transparency and openness that is critical to the credibility the customized FPU is a co-operation with renewables projects of the nuclear industry everywhere and allows coming to grips to solve the problem of seasonal and daylight peaks of energy with the nuclear facilities made in Russia. consumption. On 14 July 2017, foreign guests and a target group of Russian The heat and electrical power requirement of the remote power-producing services and technologies visited the Baltic and ill-developed territories, areas with extremely harsh climate, Shipyard as part of a technical tour to Russian nuclear facilities. relevance of supplying high-quality fresh potable and agricultural

28 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 29 FPU safety systems testing in the lead-up to nuclear fuel loading

water to Middle Eastern and African countries show the evident export opportunities of mobile energy resources. The FPU can supply water of any purity, heat and electrical power to the outermost corners of the world. Amid the mounting interest in Arctic resources development and effort for scientific knowledge in the Arctic Regions amidst the ice melting, energy supply to oil- and gas-extracting offshore facilities takes on particular importance. Staying between such facilities and supplying energy to them the FPU will serve as a key energy resource. In course of the floating head unit construction at the Baltic Shipyard, delegates from China, Jordan, Philippines and Japan took an interest in the scheme. ”This is a most interesting innovative product which out Chinese colleagues are already curious about, – Rogozin said during a revision of the shipyard. – Precisely such innovative products are the future of the shipbuilding in Russia”.

PEVEK’S FUTURE BELONGS TO AKADEMIK LOMONOSOV Bureau and Federal Service for Environmental, Technological, Technical availability of the world’s first Akademik Lomonosov and Nuclear Supervision (Rostechnadzor). According to his floating nuclear power unit as per 31st December 2018 story, the Baltic shipbuilders now have an expertise, which made 99,5%. The Baltic shipbuilders and Rosenergoatom they will need when building new FPUs, and when carrying out experts intend to complete the overall tests in the spring of similar works on universal nuclear icebreakers, scheme 22220. 2019. The FPU will then be towed to the port of Pevek on The project manager Alexei Vladimirov in turn draw attention to the Chukchi Peninsula where it will replace the retired capacity the hard work of the Baltic shipbuilders: ”Our major challenge of Bilibinskaya NPP and Chaunskaya CHP as part of a floating now is to complete works on the pioneer facility, the Akademik nuclear heat and power plant. Lomonosov floating FPU, the “heart” of the world’s first floating Subtotaling the overall tests of the FPU reactor plants nuclear heat and power plant in Pevek. This will become the Baltic Shipyard General Manager Alexei Kadilov the main outcome of an extensive work done by the Baltic mentioned the orchestrated efforts of all of his staff, those Shipyard team anchored by the project’s primary designer of the Russian Research Center ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Alexander Kovalyov. We have got the unrivalled expertise I.I. Afrikantov Mechanical Engineering Experimental Design in building the facility, second to none.”

ВсWorld seaborne trade in cargo ton-miles, 2000–2018 / Billions of ton-miles /

Chemicals Gas Oil Other dry cargo Containers Minor dry bulks Main Bulks

60 000

50 000

40 000

30 000

20 000

10 000

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2010 2014 2015 2016 2017a 2018b 580 589 620 632 650 676 713 747 759 783 848 888 903 925 920 961 993 1 058 1 111 576 591 611 662 717 735 833 913 956 958 1 148 1 344 1 333 1 337 1 381 1 421 1 462 1 595 1 766 9 614 9 303 8 938 9 665 10 348 10 654 10 984 10 981 11 211 10 679 11 255 11 420 11 831 11 657 11 659 11 993 12 657 13 216 13 809 4 233 4 245 4 414 4 150 3 920 3 818 3 712 3 257 3 517 3 481 3 723 3 645 3 795 3 923 4 065 4 139 4 242 4 384 4 497 3 111 3 279 3 512 4 124 4 687 5 158 5 601 6 178 6 431 5 815 6 588 7 206 7 352 7 712 8 157 8 290 8 635 9 117 9 535 6 638 6 573 6 538 6 965 7 876 8 170 8 852 9 160 8 817 7 586 8 705 9 312 9624 10 172 10 617 10 775 11 018 11 510 11 967 6 509 6 793 6 937 7 448 8 061 8 626 9 245 9 941 10 476 11 006 12 336 13 019 14 099 14 764 15 828 15897 16 314 17 217 17 729

Source. UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on data from Clarksons research, 2018. а Estimated b Forecast

28 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 29 CRUISE TOURISM AS A DRIVER OF ECONOMIC GROWTH

– But also the demand for carriers’ services should increase. According to statistics, freight turnover has been growing steadily almost everywhere in the world in recent years.

THE CASPIAN REGION HAS – However, if we are talking about oil and gas transportation, BEEN ATTRACTING THE ATTENTION we must be aware that there is also pipeline transport, much OF POLITICIANS AND ECONOMISTS, cheaper than tankers. Shippers choose the cost first and services second. Pipeline service is the best: you inject oil TOURISTS AND BUSINESSMEN FOR MORE (gas) into pipeline, no problem. Rail transport is comparable THAN A CENTURY. to water one, but it is cheaper. Much depends on cargo traffic, the availability of cargo-generating enterprises. We talked with Konstantin Anisimov, But in general, sea transport is, of course, out of competition around the world. Airplanes are the only Chairman of the Board of Directors of alternative to it, but they are much more expensive. the cruise company Mosturflot, Vice-Rector Today the world’s workshop has moved to Southeast Asia, of the Russian University of Transport, to China, where a huge amount of goods is produced and from where they are distributed all over the world. about cruise shipping in the Caspian Sea, Accordingly, in order for China to be able to manufacture all sea transport, as well as inland waterways these goods, a huge amount of raw materials, foodstuffs, and so on is delivered there. Therefore, the global freight of Russia turnover is growing, as the population is getting a little richer. Today, 100 million people in China move to the middle class every year, consume more. New plants are opening. India and Vietnam are also developing very rapidly. Trains run on – Konstantin Olegovich, those who monitor the condition of the Trans-Siberian Railway almost non-stop now: they carry tourism business in Russia know that there has been substantial coal from Kemerovo to ports for shipment to China and other growth in demand for cruising in recent years. Meanwhile, countries, and containers from China, Japan in the opposite the average age of cruise ships exceeds forty years. So, the direction. But it’s still not enough. situation is critical and measures need to be taken right now. Speaking of the European part of Russia, of inland The situation is similar with cargo and fishing fleets. waterways, we should bear in mind that there is very strong competition with the railroad and road carriers. – This is so, and we’ve started renewing the fleet little by little, The European part of the country is riddled with roads, and not only the cruise one. We are doing this consciously, there is more modern logistics there, it is possible to although the existence of the company in newbuilding conditions transport small lots. For many medium-sized enterprises, is not easy. Despite the measures of support from the State – it is necessary that a car or a truck comes every day, brings Federal Law No. 305, various subsidies and so on - this is raw materials, components, and the goods produced are a significant financial burden again taken away by a truck or a car.

30 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 31 depositphotos

Konstantin Anisimov, ports were built in new areas. A major Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Mosturflot cruise company port recently opened in Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan. They have a new ferry cruise terminal for accommodating cruise ships, a lot of cargo berths and cargo ports. Similarly, Kazakhstan has piers and crossing points in Aktau and Atyrau where you can put into. There are three ports in Iran - both cargo and passenger – On the other hand, the environmental component cannot be piers, as well as the Neka oil terminal ... Only Russia has ignored. Water transportation is much more environmentally almost nothing yet. There are river berths in where friendly. Maybe it’s worth seeking more pronounced state support a vessel can put in and lie, but it cannot undergo customs, for inland navigation, based on these considerations? border processing. It’s necessary to handle this issue. As for Makhachkala, there are only cargo berths and a passenger – I can give you an example of Europe. I have been Vice- vessel has no place to land. The necessary measures are President of the European Union of Inland & Coastal Shipping being taken, perhaps there will be a suitable port in Kaspiysk - for fifteen years, I often visit European countries, and we discuss the construction of a new port with a passenger pier is common problems with our colleagues. They are also competing being transferred there. I’m convinced that we need to build with road carriers, but due to the fact that the Green Party a passenger pier in , because it is this town that attracts plays a significant role in parliaments, especially in Germany, tourists. The hydrology is quite complex in this place: there is no Denmark and Holland, they really lobby for significant measures great depth, there are no enclosed bays. That’s why this work to support water transport in order to decongest roads and in the Strategy for the Development of Sea Ports in the Caspian improve the environment. Fuel is subsidized where there are Sea is scheduled for 2024-2025. no railways, and it is much cheaper than ours, although Russia is an oil-producing country. But there is another significant – However, despite the port in Turkmenbashi is good, there might point: they operate year-round, whereas we work only during be other hindrances. navigation season. We live in a northern country, and the climate determines a lot. – Yes, Turkmenistan is a closed country. It’s very difficult to get there. At the Caspian summit, the Turkmen president promised – But we have regions where the climate is milder. Last summer, that he would try to provide 24 hours of visa-free visits for cruise the Caspian states – Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan and ships, and we hope this will be the case. Turkmenistan – signed the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea. Will it have an effect on our activity in the Caspian? I know that you have plans to develop cruising there. shutterstock

– A separate agreement on shipping was signed long ago, and it concerned the entire Caspian Sea. Specifically, this concept is needed to separate the Caspian Sea shelf for oil and gas production. The condition of the port infrastructure in the Caspian region has a greater impact on our activity in the Caspian. Alas, the worst situation is with Russia’s ports. Azerbaijan () is the most advanced in this regard. There, old ports were taken out of the central part of the city and new

30 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 31 – Probably, there is also the issue of sanctions in connection of Transport Workers, the Chamber of Shipping, and tourist with Iran? organizations to take action on these issues. In parallel, great efforts were made by Alexander Zhilkin, the former Governor – Indeed, the fleet that will enter there will also fall under sanctions of the Astrakhan region. Together with our designers, we have and will not be able to move on. That’s why small vessels, which turned cruise ships under construction at USC shipyards, which will not leave the Caspian Sea, are used there. In addition, insurers were originally river ones, into river-sea ships. If we talk about remove international insurance from these voyages. As long as all prospects, we are interested not only in the Caspian Sea - we can these problems are observed in the region, a cruise ship will not be launch the Baku - Sochi itinerary, there are three seas and two able to go there, especially as we were going to load it with foreign rivers, the Volga and the Don, and there are very interesting cities tourists - Americans, Englishmen, and Frenchmen. They are the most on the coasts. It’s possible to launch two-week itineraries across active today. Iranians do not accept Americans. The situation with the Caspian Sea, along the Volga, through various channels, Europeans is better, but having an Iranian visa in the passport may including visits both to Baku, and Moscow, and other major cities. also be a problem for them. Therefore, today cruises with entry into Iranian ports are only a distant prospect for us. – How does your company interact with the Federal Agency for Tourism? Does the Agency help you somehow? – The Caspian region is very interesting in cultural and historical terms - there is something to offer tourists for visiting. Prospects – The fact that tourism was transferred from the Ministry of Culture are expected to be good there against the background of a general to the Ministry of Economic Development is very good. In the past rise in the tourism industry. few months, we have been actively working with the ministry and jointly – Sea and river cruises are the most The cruise market in Russia elaborating the cruise tourism concept. fast-growing segment of tourism A couple of months ago, a conference today. A lot of ships are being built, is showing intensive growth, was held in Astrakhan, where these new destinations are being opened, thereby fostering the development issues were raised in the presence and the Caspian Sea is actually one of the Minister, and Igor Shakalo, of the few places in the world where of inland waterways and tourism a USC representative, took part in there are no cruises yet. There are infrastructure the discussion. It is important that tourists in the Arctic, in the Antarctic, today our president is beginning to on all the rivers, lakes, in Myanmar, give instructions to facilitate the visa in China, in India ... they are everywhere. And somehow, regime, which further boosts tourism development. This may be the Caspian has not yet been covered. Meanwhile, people who one of the options for using “soft power” to change the attitude of prefer this type of recreation collect their sea voyages. They travel foreigners towards our country in a positive direction. along the same route two or three times, and if a new one appears, I note that in 2015, after the reunification of the Crimea with they are seeking to get there. Today, we receive 15,000 foreign Russia, we suffered a drop in tourist arrivals - the influx of foreign tourists every year, and we have many partners around the world tourists fell by 50%. But last year a steady growth began - the World who say: “Give us a ship and we’re ready to sell tours for her”. Cup has had a significant impact. We’ve already had a lot of We have a clear understanding that we can make that happen. applications, and all our motor ships for the 2019 navigation season We have always shown an interest in the Caspian; we have been booked. Sales start approximately one year in advance, have repeatedly called on the President on behalf of the Union and the plan for the following year has also been formed.

World tonnage on order / 2000–2018 / Thousands of dead-weight tons /

350 000 Dry bulk carriers Oil tankers Container ships General cargo ships

300 000

250 000

200 000

150 000

100 000

50 000

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Source. UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on data from Clarksons Research. Notes. Propelled seagoing merchant vessels tons and above, as at 1 January.

32 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 33 shutterstock

– You said that you have Solemn ceremony of opening cruise navigation many partners abroad. And in Moscow organized by the River Alliance what about the regions?

– We sail from Moscow – But the cruise prices across the entire unified are also rising. What is deep-water system to the reason? Astrakhan, Perm and St. Petersburg - these – This year, are more than twenty the prices have risen regions. Working with by approximately travel companies, we are 20% first because constantly looking for new the fuel price has attractions, new museums and new moorings. increased by 40%. There was a hike in wholesale fuel I can give an interesting example - the town of Myshkin prices, and we buy fuel precisely in the wholesale market. in the Yaroslavl region. Our ship went there for the first time We had to raise the price of tours. In addition, new ships

Dry bulk carriers Oil tankers Container ships General cargo ships in 1996, and there was no tourism infrastructure at all. But an feature huge capital intensity - there remains the need to active mayor came, who, together with the schoolchildren, pay leasing payments. In order for a company to be able undertook to make the Mouse Museum. He persuaded us to to develop, the average check per person must be about put a pier there, and during the year the town was visited by $300 per day, that is, $3,000 for ten days. Compared to five motor ships with tourists - that is one and a half thousand sea cruise liners, this is, of course, more expensive. With people. The next year there were already five thousand people, the same level of comfort, a sea cruise will cost 100-150 and now there are a million tourists arriving there a year: 150 dollars. Since the river cruise liner has a much smaller thousand by motor ships, the rest by cars and buses. There capacity - these tours become exclusive. are already three hotels and several very different museums In addition, we are implementing a full cycle of tourism devoted to lard, felt boots, Mouse Chambers, handicraft products: we are ourselves tour operators, we are ourselves settlements, etc. A number of such towns can be mentioned: shipowners, we have our own catering services, receiving Goritsy in the Vologda region, Sviyazhsk and Bulgar in companies that serve us in other cities. Tatarstan, towns in the Kaliningrad region, Kizhi, Solovki, The cruise market in Russia is showing intensive growth, Valaam, Staraya Ladoga. This year we added cruises to Veliky thereby fostering the development of inland waterways, Novgorod from Moscow. Some new travel destinations and new tourism infrastructure and, in general, the territories across itineraries appear almost every year. which tourist routes pass.

32 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 33 owadays, when Russia became a recognized leader of the world construction of icebreakers and we are celebrating the 60th anniversary of our atomic icebreaking fleet, Zamiatin’s statement does not seem Nto be an overestimation: “An icebreaker is as much a specific Russian item as a samovar”. None of the European nations are building such icebreakers for the own needs, not a single European country needs them: the seas are free everywhere, only in Russia they are enchained in ice by a relentless winter, and in order not to stay separated from the world, we have to break those chains.” Evgeniy Zamiatin was directly related to the appearance of the first icebreakers in Russia. In his essay “On my wives, on icebreakers and on Russia” he writes, “And later, during the war, a whole hatch, a whole flock of icebreakers: “” (previous, pre- revolutionary name of the “Lenin” was “Saint Alexander Nevskiy”), “Krasin” (“Svyatogor” before the revolution), two twins – “Minin” and “Pozharskiy” (do not remember their new names), “Ilya Muromets” and around five small icebreakers. All those icebreakers were built in England, in Newcastle and on plants in the vicinities of Newcastle; each of them has traces of my work, and especially the “Alexander Nevskiy” one – it’s other name is “Lenin”: for it I did the pre-design and not a single drawing for the ship used to enter the workshop without being checked and signed: “Chief surveyor of Russian Icebreakers Building E. Zamiatin”. This is why it will be right to say that this year we are celebrating the jubilee of the shipbuilder as well as the writer. According to the biographers, Evgeniy Zamiatin entered the shipbuilding faculty of the Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic Institute in 1902 out of stubbornness. In gymnasium it was not as easy for him to deal with mathematics as, for instance, with languages, but for an engineer of shipbuilding it was the first out of all the sciences. Being a revolutionary-minded young man and even a member of the Russian Social-Democratic Working Party, he constantly got into various troubles. In the summer of 1905, returning from a trip to Egypt, in Odessa, he witnessed an uprising on the battleship “Prince Potemkin-Tavricheskiy”. ROMANCING In 1906 he was arrested (not for the first time already) and exiled to the Tambov governorate, to his native town of Lebedyan, but he quite quickly returned to Petersburg illegally. He graduated from the institute, after which he worked as a teacher at the faculty of shipbuilding for two years. AN ICEBREAKER In 1908 he had his first story “Alone” published in a journal. In 1914 Evgeniy Ivanovich wrote a short novel “At the World’s End”, where he explicitly described THIS YEAR WE CELEBRATED THE 135TH ANNIVERSARY a down and dirty life of the Russian military in the Far SINCE THE BIRTH OF EVGENIY ZAMIATIN – A WORLD East. The authorities didn’t like the author’s pungent words. The writer was convicted and sent to an exile to RENOWNED RUSSIAN WRITER, AN AUTHOR OF Kem. In March 1915 Zamiatin was released and sent THE “WE” FAMOUS ANTI-UTOPIA NOVEL for a mission to England, where he became the head of the construction of icebreakers for Russia at the shipyards of Newcastle, Glasgow and Sunderland. There he wrote But Evgeniy Ivanivich used to admit ironically, a book called “The Islanders”. “My two wives are technology and literature.” In September 1917 Evgeniy Ivanovich came back to Russia. Irrespective of the fact that he was a socialist, He meant not just some abstract technology, Zamiatin constantly criticized the bolsheviks. In 1922 it was about icebreakers the writer was arrested again and nearly expelled from the country, but then the literary community stood up for him. The publication of the “We” novel abroad only aggravated the situation. In 1929 a real manhunt on

34 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 35 An icebreaker is as much a specific Russian item as a samovar. None Icebreaker “Svyatogor” of the European nations are building such icebreakers for the own needs: the seas are free everywhere, only in Russia they are enchained in ice…

some independent writers started, and Zamiatin was among those hunted men. An epigram on Zamiatin, written by poet Alexander Bezymenskiy and published in the “Literary Newspaper” is well known:

Type – Zamiatin. Rank – Evgeniy. Class – bourgeois. In the village – sitting pretty. The result of degenerations. The footnote: an enemy.

After this Zamiatin had to sign a statement on the cancellation of membership in the board of management of the All-Russia Union of Writers. Since 1929 there was a halt on the publication of Zamiatin’s works in Russia. Then he writes a letter to Stalin with a request to leave the country Icebreaker and go abroad. In 1931, upon reception of the permission, “Alexander Nevskiy” Zamiatin leaves Russia. It is interesting that in 1934, when he was already an emigrant, he becomes a member of the Union of Writers of the USSR, and in 1935 he participates in the anti-fascist congress of writers in defence of culture as a member of the Soviet delegation. Evgeniy Ivanovich Zamiatin died in Paris in 1937. Until the end of his life, Evgeniy Zamiatin retained his love for his two “wives” - literature and icebreakers. He called his dual identity “amphibious”, because “amphibians, as is well known, have a double life, double breathing: in water and in the air”: “Along with the sheets of the design of a tower-deck ship, I had pages of my first story on the table”, “Checking the drawings of “Lenin”, I was writing the novel about the English – “The Islanders”. As they say, both the novel and the icebreaker were successful.” Being a ship architect, Zamiatin liked icebreakers, wrote about them, they were reminding him of Russia, the destiny of which he compared with a passage of a powerful ship, “Russia moves forward in a strange, difficult way, unlike the movement of other countries, its path is uneven, convulsive, it climbs up - and quickly falls down, there is a roar and a crash around, it moves, destroying. And so the passage of an icebreaker is different from the movement of a decent European ship.” Out of all the icebreakers, which were constructed with participation of the writer, the “Krasin” had the most successful destiny. And not just due to the story of the rescue of the Arctic expedition from Italy headed by , when the work of the “Krasin” was followed by millions of eyes and its name went around the whole world. This is also because the ship is still alive. No, it no longer prowls the “sparkling, impassive, merciless ice fields”, it does not break the thickness of ice any longer. Having become a museum, the icebreaker breathes history and tells about its amazing 100-year-old romancing a human being.

34 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 35 ”ICE CONTINENT”

Gleb CHUBINSKI tories and tales about the existence of a mysterious southern continent inhabited by the underworld had been / PR specialist at Kronshtadt Marine Plant / told back in ages past and gone. Ptolemy and Macrobius used to point to a mysterious Terra Australis Incognita in In late January 2020 the 200th Sthe early AD centuries. A thousand years later, in early XVI century, the Portuguese allegedly closed in on the islands anniversary of the sixth continent discovery close by the southern continent yet to be discovered. In XVIII century, as fast and furious reclamation of the World Ocean by Russian circumnavigatory naval began, the sea-goer of the highest rank, Captain mission under command of Thaddeus progressed farthest ahead in pursuit of the southern continent. Bellingshausen and During his second circumnavigation of the world in 1772–1775, he discovered a number of archipelagoes and islands at the to be commemorated southernmost point of the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. Still he came to the conclusion that the mysterious continent did not exist, and if it did, then somewhere at the southernmost pole, Admiral Vladimirski Oceanographic research ship and one could allegedly not get to it by sea. Captain Cook’s preparing for a voyage to the Antarctic in dockage facility at Kronshtadt Shipyard dictum suspended efforts to discover the southern continent by half a century. However, in the summer of 1819 a Russian naval mission from Kronshtadt, a small town and a naval garrison in the Gulf of Finland, fitted out two sloop-rigged vessels named (East) and (Peaceful) for a voyage towards the South Polar Region. By that time, Russian sailors had committed a number of circumnavigations of the world, which enriched the world science with discoveries, esp. in the Pacific Ocean. This time the crew had to find way to the south as far as possible to end the southern continent issuance for good.

VOSTOK (EAST) AND MIRNY (PEACEFUL) The three-striper Thaddeus Bellingshausen, a seasoned sea- goer and a member of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world (1803–1806) under command of Ivan Krusenstern and Juri Lisyanski, was in charge of the mission itself and the Vostok ship. The Mirny was under command of Lieutenant Mikhail Lazarev, who had committed a circumnavigation of the world aboard the Suvorov six years before.

36 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 37 The ships sailed out across the Atlantic towards the that the Alexander I Land was a big island situated 20 km off Brazilian coast. Bellingshausen and his crew logged their the Antarctic West Coast. scientific observations scrupulously and in detail. In the late The ships of Bellingshausen and Lazarev continued fall of 1819, having stocked up on provisions, the ships left the exploration of the Antarctic coastline until mid-February the Brazilian coast and set a course for the south towards the of 1821. As it has been found that Vostok drew in water, unknown regions of the polar sea. In late December, the ships the mission turned northwards and sailed back to Kronshtadt reached the South Georgia Island. through the Atlantic, which on 5 August 1821 completed The ships sailed slowly forward, maneuvering delicately the 751-day-long circumnavigation of the world. amid drift ice coming its way in increasing frequency. Soon Over the course of the mission, the Russian sea- the mission came across the first floating ice island, and as goers, sailing two hoys poorly adapted for ice navigation, they sailed forward southwards, so often the more did they covered 92,000 km, discovered 29 islands and a coral reef. come across the giant ice slides – the icebergs. The travelers The scientific matter compiled during the voyage, gave struggled to find the bottom of the ocean but the lead got the chance to make the first insight into the Antarctic. beyond depth. Bellingshausen has prepared a detailed report that came In early January of 1820, the Russian sailors discovered out in 1831 under a label “Twofold exploring in the Antarctic a few islands entirely covered with snow and ice. One of Ocean and Circumnavigation of the World in 1819, 1820 and them turned out to be an active volcano over 1821 onboard the Vostok and the Mirny 350 m high. Ships”. Lazarev has built a unique collection The mission continued movement The “Admiral of ship models they had come across during southwards. When the freshwater resources Vladimirskiy” the voyage. Both captains have later made aboard the ships were over, the travelers a remarkable career and left a mark in history invented a method of freshwater preparation has made more than as naval commanders and Russian Flags. using the iceberg ice. They soon came across twenty scientific The Russian naval mission to a group of rock islands again, which they the Antarctic (1819–1821) not only discovered named the Candlemas Islands. The mission expeditions, which the sixth continent, but also conducted then beached the Sandwich Island discovered also included round- important research in the area of hydrography by Captain James Cook. Here it appeared to (oceanography) just in prospect in those be that the discoverer had mistaken the whole the-world voyages days. Also today, do Russian hydrographic archipelago for one big island. The Russian survey ships and oceanographic research sailors fixed the mistake: they named the group ships yearly commit multi-month voyages of islands the South Sandwich Islands. to the outermost parts of the World Ocean and conduct major The ships crossed the Antarctic Circle and reached studies in the areas of oceanics, marine biology and geology 69 degree 25 minute S. Here on 28 January 1820 an ice observing and studying the marine and atmospheric physical wall barred the mission’s way. Lazarev wrote in his diary: and chemical processes, global and reginal in scope. “We’ve come across hardcore ice of exceptional height… opening up ahead and disappearing over the horizon”. DISCOVERY OF THE ANTARCTIC: This was the Antarctic itself, “the ice continent”! Ice shelves of 200 YEARS the Antarctic coast, which would be named the Princess Martha One of the participants of the modern research process is Coast 110 years later, have barred the mission’s way. the oceanographic research ship Admiral Vladimirski named In February of 1820, the ships, by sailing gradually after the outstanding Soviet naval figure and explorer and alongside the ice, gained the Indian Ocean. Fighting their homeported in Kronshtadt. The ship has committed over couple way southwards, they beached the Antarctic coast twice dozen scientific missions, among them circumnavigations of more. Nevertheless, the severe ice conditions forced them the world, multi-month cruises to remote waters in the southern to sail northwards repeatedly and to move on eastwards sector of the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic and the Pacific, alongside the sea bars. The ships split and in mid-April, including the Antarctic. In 1982, the ship recreated the route of they singly reached the Australian harbor, Port-Jackson the circumnavigatory naval mission of the Vostok and the Mirny, (presently Sydney). This was the end of the mission’s Phase in 2014–2016 it committed circumnavigations of the world and 1. The Russian sailors spent the austral winter in tropical part a cruise to the Antarctic. of the Pacific, exploring Polynesian islands, and in November No wonder that particularly the Admiral Vladimirski of 1820, the mission sailed out again to the Antarctic waters, will be in charge of an important mission commemorating this time skirting the ice on the Pacific side. “Antarctic-200” in January 2020 held within the framework of its regular circumnavigatory voyage. The ship preparation for this A FIRST LOOK AT THE ANTARCTIC highly sensitive task is underway in the Kronshtadt Shipyard. Striking southwards, the ships discovered the land in late The cruise is to start on completing the repairs in the fall of January of 1821. ”At 11 o’clock we saw the coast; the cape 2019. The hydrographic survey ship Marshal Gelovani of the RF stretching away northwards ended up in a high mountain will join the Admiral Vladimirski during this voyage. separated from other mountains by a strait”, Bellingshausen The voyage will be fittingly dedicated to the 250th wrote in his diary, regarding as certain that this was part of anniversary of the birth of the outstanding Russian sea-goer the Antarctic continent. He named it the Alexander I Land. Only Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern and will, just like the first Russian 120 years later, in 1940, the research community would find out circumnavigatory mission, sail out from Kronshtadt.

36 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 37 2017 RYL Higher Division races on the Neva River, St. Petersburg

Stage IV races of the 2018 RYL Youth Division, St. Petersburg Natalya GRIGORYEVA / project manager, USC / participate in each race (with up to 27 teams taking part in the regatta). Thirdly, during Anna MSTISLAVSKAYA / PR director, National Sailing League / three days of competition, the crews change boats and chase according to a special change scheme. Fourth, the distance has four sections - two windward legs and two leeward legs; this allows athletes to demonstrate not only the speed and ability to HIGHER LEAGUE manage the J70 yacht, and most importantly, THE SEA IS A DRIVER OF ECONOMY, A SPACE FOR POLITICS, the skill of building a tactical naval battle. A RICH FIELD FOR CULTURE AND, OF COURSE, SPORTS – AGILITY Sailing is, in fact, high-speed chess on AND ENDURANCE, PLEASURE AND EMOTIONS the water, a kind of short-track skating. In five years, the League has become USC team, Stage II, 2018 RYL, Sochi a unique all-Russian project, and today or years, the United Shipbuilding the Russian Yachting Federation (RYF). it brings together more than five hundred Corporation has been the general In September 2014, the first test stage sportsmen in three divisions - Higher, partner of the National Sailing of the National Sailing League, a new Premier and Youth. We must realize that League. According to respected RYF project, took place on the premises the Higher Division races are the first step encyclopedias, sailing originated of the Konakovo River Club. From to victory in the world championship. Fin the 16th century in the Netherlands. the very beginning, it became clear that The second step is leadership in This country gave the world the word the competition was going to succeed, the European Sailing Champions League, "yacht" and most of the nautical terms. because the League was able to gather which gives the 32 best teams in the world of Sailing was included in the program of top-ranked competitors, provide incredible 400 crews a ticket for the finals of competitions. the second Olympic Games in 1900, and dynamic races, technical conditions for their The National Sailing League the International Sailing Federation (now implementation, a high level of refereeing, has immediately established itself as World Sailing) with its headquarters in live broadcast and wide media coverage. a territory of dialogue. Crews, helmpersons London was established in 1907. World Interest in these competitions grew from learned from each other, trying on strict Sailing is still responsible for the sailing year to year both among yachtsmen and refereeing. USC employees, team members, competitions during the Olympic and spectators. The National Sailing League comprehend the basics of sailing races Paralympic Games, organizes and has become the most spectacular sailing and go to the starting line together with supervises the world championships. project in our country. Firstly, these are famous yachtsmen. They all share the love It unites more than one hundred national short races visible from the shore, as they of the sea, the admiration of the sail and federations, and Russia is represented by say, with naked eye. Secondly, nine boats the desire to win.

38 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 39 Participants of the 2018 RYL Youth Division final in Artek ICC

The Federation supported the Corporation’s A YACHT initiative to award teams with a special prize when summing up the results of each stage AS A REWARD of the project. Since 2017, USC, the leader of IN OUR COUNTRY, THE HISTORY the shipbuilding industry in Russia, has been OF SAILING COMPETITIONS awarding a special “Leader” prize for the fastest IS ASSOCIATED WITH EMPEROR covering of the League’s distance. Probably, PETER THE GREAT. Historians believe someone will say that this is a prize for good that the Neva Fleet, which consisted of luck, but believe me, a yacht and a sail are such 141 ships, was the first Russian yacht Stage IV races of the 2018 RYL Youth Division, St. Petersburg a complicated duet that minimal inaccuracy, club. The Fleet’s yachts were presented invisible oversight can throw a team out of the race to the highest dignitaries and other leaders. The stages of the National Sailing League nobles of St. Petersburg as a reward 2018 were the main components of the largest for special achievements. The owner of festivals on the water "Baltic Yacht Week" in the vessel could make small trips on Neva St. Petersburg and "Sailing Week of Sevastopol." at any time convenient to him and was The National Sailing League’s vivid, spectacular required to take part in general Sunday competitions with exciting finals, beautiful sails entries. In the 19th century, the Imperial and short races became popular. The number of St. Petersburg yacht club was established, applications from cities to host the League stages and the first sailing regatta was held in is growing, marine fashion returns. And it’s right. 1847 in the waters of the Gulf of Finland. After all, Russia is a maritime power. A mere seven vessels participated in it. USC team, Stage II, 2018 RYL, Sochi

A Stage USC team Ahmad team IV race of the 2018 RYL the 8th race of Stage I, finishing the 16th race Higher Division, 2019 RYL Higher of Stage I, 2019 RYL St. Petersburg Division, Sochi Higher Division, Sochi (video) (video) (video)

Vladimir Silkin, President of the Russian Yachting Federation

The dynamics As many as three divisions grown. The entertainment of the project appeared, and the most massive of the event increased is enormous! The United and promising among them, significantly - millions of people Shipbuilding Corporation the Youth Division, is aimed at are watching the League provides invaluable support developing and supporting young regattas. We launched a school to the National Sailing sportsmen, educating the future of umpires, which significantly League, Russia’s largest shipbuilders of our country… improved the quality of sailing project. Much has Over the years of refereeing and attracted new been done to develop and implementation of our highly specialists. The geography popularize sailing in Russia sophisticated technical of competition venues over the period of our project, not only the level spreads from Vladivostok cooperation. of competitions has to Kaliningrad.

38 I Informational bulletin Informational bulletin I 39 top 35 flags of registration by dead-weight tonnage / 2018 /

Number Vessel Dead-weight Share of Cumulated Average Dead-weight of share of tonnage world total share of vessel size tonnage change, vessels world total (thousands dead-weight dead-weight (dead-weight 2017 – 2018 (percentage) of tons) tonnage tonnage tons) (percentage) (percentage) (percentage)

1 Panama 7 914 8.40 335 888 17.46 17.46 42 442 -2.04

2 Marahall Islands 3 419 3.63 237 826 12.36 29.82 69 560 9.91

3 Liberia 3 321 3.53 223 668 11.63 41.44 67 350 3.10

4 Hong Kong (China) 2 615 2.78 181 488 9.43 50.88 69 403 4.60

5 Singapore 3 526 3.74 127 880 6.65 57.52 36 268 2.93

6 Malta 2 205 2.34 108 759 5.65 63.18 49 324 7.45

7 China 4 608 4.89 84 184 4.38 67.55 18 269 6.79

8 Bahamas 1 418 1.51 76 659 3.98 71.54 54 061 -4.14

9 Greece 1 343 1.43 72 345 3.76 75.30 53 868 0.14

10 Japan 5 299 5.63 37 536 1.95 77.25 7 084 7.88

11 Cyprus 1 020 1.08 34 848 1.81 79.06 34 165 3.16

12 Isle of Man 412 0.44 27 275 1.42 80.48 66 201 9.15

13 Indonesia 9 053 9.61 22 313 1.16 81.64 2 465 9.95

14 Madeira 422 0.45 19 105 0.99 82.63 45 273 27.11

15 India 1 719 1.83 18 481 0.96 83.59 10 751 6.70

16 Daniah International 452 0.48 18 165 0.94 84.53 40 188 7.80 Register of Shipping

17 Norwegian International 519 0.55 18 056 0.94 85.47 34 790 -0.76 Ship Registry

18 1 157 1.23 16 764 0.87 86.34 14 489 5.79

19 Italy 1 405 1.49 15 090 0.78 87.13 10 740 -5.54

20 Republic of Korea 1 897 2.01 14 426 0.75 87.88 7 605 -4.89

21 Saudi Arabia 380 0.40 13 522 0.70 88.58 35 584 238.90

22 United States 3 692 3.92 12 045 0.63 89.21 3 262 2.48

23 Bermuda 160 0.17 10 612 0.55 89.76 66 325 -3.01

24 Malaysia 1 704 1.81 10 230 0.53 90.29 6 004 3.88

25 Germany 629 0.67 9 936 0.52 90.81 15 797 -5.51

26 Russian Federation 2 625 2.79 8 613 0.45 91.25 3 281 3.45

27 Antigua and Barbuda 853 0.91 8 578 0.45 91.70 10 056 -15.02

28 Belgium 192 0.20 8 497 0.44 92.14 44 255 5.87

29 Viet Nam 1 863 1.98 8 176 0.42 92.57 4 389 2.01

30 Turkey 1 263 1.34 7 740 0.40 92.97 6 128 -3.48

31 Netherlands 1 233 1,31 7 326 0.38 93.35 5 942 -0.83

32 Thailand 807 0,86 6 212 0.32 93.67 7 698 15.21

33 Cayman Islands 165 0,18 6 155 0.32 93.99 37 303 10.17

34 Philippines 1 615 1.72 5 683 0.30 94.29 3 519 -8.41

35 French Flag 94 0.10 5 031 0.26 94.55 53 521 -4.68 Register

Total, top 35 flags 70 999 75.40 1 819 112 94.55 94.55 25 622 -

Rest of world 23 170 24.60 104 890 5.45 5.45 4 527 -

World total 94 169 100.00 1 924 002 100.00 100.00 20 431 3.34

Source: UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on data from Clarksons Research. Notes: Propelled seagoing merchant vessels of 100 gross tons and above, as a 1 January. For a complete listing of countries, see http://stats.unctad.org/fleet Abbreviation: SAR, Special Administrative Region.

40 I Informational bulletin strength and power at sea

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