DOCSLIB.ORG

Mouhleb, Naima 2005 Language and Conflict. Kabylia and the Algerian

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mouhleb, Naima 2005 Language and Conflict. Kabylia and the Algerian CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Language and Conflict Kabylia and the Algerian State Naima Mouhleb UNIVERSITY OF OSLO December 2005 MA Thesis in Arabic Program for African & Asian Studies Institute for Culture Studies & Oriental Languages University of Oslo Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) ii Table of contents December 2005............................................................................................................................................... i Table of contents........................................................................................................................................... iii 0.1 Table of Arabic transcription ...................................................................................................................v 0.2 Abbreviations...........................................................................................................................................vi 0.3 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ vii 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research design....................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Research traditions.................................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 The context of language, nation-building and conflict in Algeria ........................................................... 5 Map 1: Greater and Lesser Kabylia.................................................................................................................. 6 2. THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN ALGERIA............................................................................................ 9 2.1 Arabic and arabicization......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Berber or Thamazight............................................................................................................................ 16 Map 2: Geographical dispersion of Berber groups......................................................................................... 17 Map 3: Population density and Berberophone areas ...................................................................................... 19 2.3 Language repertoire in Algeria............................................................................................................. 21 Figure 1: Linguistic composition in Algeria .................................................................................................. 24 2.3.1 The local and the Islamic............................................................................................................................ 25 3. BERBERS AND THE BERBERIST MOVEMENT.................................................................................... 26 3.1 Roots...................................................................................................................................................... 26 3.2 What lies in a name ............................................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Colonial legacy...................................................................................................................................... 30 3.4 First stirrings......................................................................................................................................... 32 3.5 The post-war Berberist movement......................................................................................................... 34 3.5.1 Football as a political arena........................................................................................................................ 36 3.6. What is the ‘Kabyle question’?............................................................................................................. 37 3.6.1 Kabyle developments ................................................................................................................................. 40 3.6.2 The effect of national developments .......................................................................................................... 43 4. ‘PRINTEMPS NOIR’: THE EVENTS IN 2001 ........................................................................................... 44 4.1 A word on the sources ........................................................................................................................... 45 Table 1: Linguistic distribution of national media ......................................................................................... 47 4.2 The initial events.................................................................................................................................... 47 4.3 The channelling and organization of the protests.................................................................................. 49 4.4 The riots spread..................................................................................................................................... 51 4.4.1 Comments in the press 2001....................................................................................................................... 52 5. TAKING IT NATIONAL............................................................................................................................... 55 5.1 The origin and role of les Arūš or the Coordination of the Arš, Daïras and Communes (CADC)....... 56 5.2 The MAK................................................................................................................................................ 58 5.3 High Commission for Amazighté (HCA): An organ for nationalizing the Amazigh concept?............... 62 5.4 Thamazight in school............................................................................................................................. 65 Table 2: Number of Thamazight students by province ( wil āya ) and year...................................................... 67 5.5 The Thamazight experience at the University of Tizi Ouzou ................................................................. 69 5.6 Comments in the press 2001.................................................................................................................. 70 5.7 The national project .............................................................................................................................. 75 6. ETHNICITY AND CONFLICT .................................................................................................................... 77 6.1 Language as a motivating role for ethnic identity................................................................................. 80 6.2 What type of ethnicity for Algeria’s Berbers? ....................................................................................... 82 6.3 Ethnicity and internal political conflict................................................................................................. 83 6.3.1 Language as ethnic factor in internal political conflict............................................................................... 85 6.3.2 State use of ethnicity as legitimization in the Middle East and North Africa ............................................. 85 7. CONCLUDING DISCUSSION: THE QUESTION OF IDENTITY AND POLITICAL LEGITIMACY IN ALGERIA ...................................................................................................................................................... 87 iii 7.1 Nationalist agenda versus regionalist demands .................................................................................... 90 7.2 Whither the Berberist movement ........................................................................................................... 93 8. REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................ 95 8.1 Arabic sources and references............................................................................................................... 95 8.2 References ............................................................................................................................................. 96 8.3 Interviews ............................................................................................................................................ 100 iv 0.1 Table of Arabic transcription ا ā ب b ت t ث ج ǧ ح خ د d ذ ر r ز z س s ش š ص ض ط ظ ع غ ġ ف f ق q ك k ل l م m ن n h و w, ū ي y , ī ء a) Long vowels will be written ū, ā, ī b) Diphthongs will be written aw, ay c) Assimilation of definite article with sun-letters will not be marked (e.g. aš-šams ) rather it will be written as al- šams . d) Personal names and names of newspapers will be written according to accepted English spelling norms, or as with El Moudjahid , as it is spelled by the publisher self. e) I have marked Hamzatu l-qat and not hamzatu l-wasl. f) Words, single expressions and references are rendered in pausal
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Algeria: Free Press, Opaque Political Economy
    Algeria: Free Press, Opaque Political Economy One of the bright spots in Algerian politics since 1988 has been a vibrant printed press, privately owned in large part. Readership in both French and Arabic forged rapidly ahead of those in neighboring countries in the late 1980s, and Algeria exemplified the freest press in the region. During the Islamist insurrection readership plummeted but then recovered slightly in 1998, the last year of available World Bank statistics. Morocco, experiencing a gradual political opening after 1996 and a more diversified press, was now catching up with Algeria, although Moroccan literacy rates were much lower. Comparisons between Algeria and Tunisia are perhaps more instructive because the two countries have roughly similar literacy rates, but the latter has a much duller, controlled press and less readership. This paper will try to explain why Algeria’s press still attracts fewer readers than might be expected, given its contents and levels of public literacy. First I will illustrate how freely it operates, compared to its Maghribi counterparts, by examining how the Algerian press treats its president, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, and how it handled the news of the failure of a big Algerian private sector conglomerate, the Khalifa Group. But I also argue that press readership may reflect not only the relative liberty of the press but also the possibilities of the readership to respond to the news by engaging in forms of collective action. Newspaper readership is largely a function of per capita income, but within a given economy, at least along the Southern Mediterranean, it also tracks pretty well with political openings and closures in a number of Southern Mediterranean countries for which World Bank data are available 1980-1998 (Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, and Tunisia).
    [Show full text]
  • Demandespharmaciensarretau2
    REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE WILAYA DE TIZI-OUZOU DIRECTION DE LA SANTE ET DE LA POPULATION LISTE DES DEMANDES DES PHARMACIENS DE LA WILAYA DE TIZI OUZOU ARRETEE AU 28/02/2019 Commune N° Nom Prénom Lieu exact Date demandée la commune d'Ain El Hammam 1 NAIT BELKACEM Dehbia A.E.H arret abi youcef cote CEM amar ait chikh 12/16/2012 2 KACED Belkacem A.E.H Taourirt Menguelet 11/4/2015 3 AIT SI SLIMANE sofiane A.E.H Ain El hammam 8/21/2016 4 IKEROUIENE Dihia A.E.H à coté de l'arrêt des fourgons d'Iferhounene 9/22/2016 5 AHMED ALI Houria A.E.H Ain El hammam 9/27/2016 6 NAIT BELAID Dihia A.E.H Ain El hammam centre 12/6/2016 7 BEN ZERROUK Meriem A.E.H Route d'ait yahia 12/12/2017 8 ALILOUCHE Saida A.E.H taourirt amrane a coté polyclinique 12/18/2017 9 TAMAZIRT Boussad A.E.H ville AEH, à proximité de l'arret d'ait Yahia 1/11/2018 10 OUKACI Lynda A.E.H Village taourirte Amrane 8/14/2018 11 MESSAOUR Mustapha A.E.H Vge agouni nteslent en face du nouveau hopital 2/12/2019 la commune d'Aghribs 1 CHAREF KHODJA Djamila Aghribs Agouni Oucharki 11/11/2014 2 OURZIK Ouarda Aghribs Agouni Oucharki 4/28/2015 3 OUIDIR Nouara Aghribs Agouni Oucharki 8/30/2015 4 GUIZEF Mohammed Aghribs Agouni Oucharki 11/12/2015 5 DJEBRA Louiza Aghribs Agouni Oucharki 2/22/2017 la commune d'Ain Zaouia 1 MAZARI Sofiane Ain Zaouia Ain Zaouia 2/4/2016 2 TAKILT Hassina Ain Zaouia Ain Zaouia 5/2/2018 la commune d'Ait Aissa Mimoun 1 DEIFOUS BENASSIL Yamina Ait Aissa Mimoun Lekhali (daloute) 12/13/2016 2 SELLAM Yamna Ait Aissa Mimoun village akaoudj 3/2/2017 3 GHAROUT
    [Show full text]
  • Co-Opting Identity: the Manipulation of Berberism, the Frustration of Democratisation, and the Generation of Violence in Algeria Hugh Roberts DESTIN, LSE
    1 crisis states programme development research centre www Working Paper no.7 CO-OPTING IDENTITY: THE MANIPULATION OF BERBERISM, THE FRUSTRATION OF DEMOCRATISATION AND THE GENERATION OF VIOLENCE IN LGERIA A Hugh Roberts Development Research Centre LSE December 2001 Copyright © Hugh Roberts, 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher nor be issued to the public or circulated in any form other than that in which it is published. Requests for permission to reproduce any part of this Working Paper should be sent to: The Editor, Crisis States Programme, Development Research Centre, DESTIN, LSE, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE. Crisis States Programme Working papers series no.1 English version: Spanish version: ISSN 1740-5807 (print) ISSN 1740-5823 (print) ISSN 1740-5815 (on-line) ISSN 1740-5831 (on-line) 1 Crisis States Programme Co-opting Identity: The manipulation of Berberism, the frustration of democratisation, and the generation of violence in Algeria Hugh Roberts DESTIN, LSE Acknowledgements This working paper is a revised and extended version of a paper originally entitled ‘Much Ado about Identity: the political manipulation of Berberism and the crisis of the Algerian state, 1980-1992’ presented to a seminar on Cultural Identity and Politics organized by the Department of Political Science and the Institute for International Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, in April 1996. Subsequent versions of the paper were presented to a conference on North Africa at Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, under the title 'Berber politics and Berberist ideology in Algeria', in April 1998 and to a staff seminar of the Government Department at the London School of Economics, under the title ‘Co-opting identity: the political manipulation of Berberism and the frustration of democratisation in Algeria’, in February 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia: What Now?
    GEORGIA: WHAT NOW? 3 December 2003 Europe Report N°151 Tbilisi/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................. 2 A. HISTORY ...............................................................................................................................2 B. GEOPOLITICS ........................................................................................................................3 1. External Players .........................................................................................................4 2. Why Georgia Matters.................................................................................................5 III. WHAT LED TO THE REVOLUTION........................................................................ 6 A. ELECTIONS – FREE AND FAIR? ..............................................................................................8 B. ELECTION DAY AND AFTER ..................................................................................................9 IV. ENSURING STATE CONTINUITY .......................................................................... 12 A. STABILITY IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD ...............................................................................12 B. THE PRO-SHEVARDNADZE
    [Show full text]
  • Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State
    Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State By Neil Grant Landers A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Debarati Sanyal, Co-Chair Professor Soraya Tlatli, Co-Chair Professor Karl Britto Professor Stefania Pandolfo Fall 2013 1 Abstract of the Dissertation Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State by Neil Grant Landers Doctor of Philosophy in French Literature University of California, Berkeley Professor Debarati Sanyal, Co-Chair Professor Soraya Tlatli, Co-Chair Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State addresses the way the Algerian civil war has been portrayed in 1990s novelistic literature. In the words of one literary critic, "The Algerian war has been, in a sense, one big murder mystery."1 This may be true, but literary accounts portray the "mystery" of the civil war—and propose to solve it—in sharply divergent ways. The primary aim of this study is to examine how three of the most celebrated 1990s novels depict—organize, analyze, interpret, and "solve"—the civil war. I analyze and interpret these novels—by Assia Djebar, Yasmina Khadra, and Boualem Sansal—through a deep contextualization, both in terms of Algerian history and in the novels' contemporary setting. This is particularly important in this case, since the civil war is so contested, and is poorly understood. Using the novels' thematic content as a cue for deeper understanding, I engage through them and with them a number of elements crucial to understanding the civil war: Algeria's troubled nationalist legacy; its stagnant one-party regime; a fear, distrust, and poor understanding of the Islamist movement and the insurgency that erupted in 1992; and the unending, horrifically bloody violence that piled on throughout the 1990s.
    [Show full text]
  • Dépôt Du Dossier D'inscription Du 1Oto1tzo21 Au 13T01t2021
    -- -----.:- ,., Dépôt du dossier d'inscription du 1OtO1tZO21 au 13t01t2021 ':t: , iarii",;ii ,= , | (r:r-l Liste des étudiants Sciences de Gestion t: r'i.i..l[ ] , /'^Q) , Nb ,'.sù^/ Nom Prénoms Date Nais. Lieu de nal\$qe ,,/.rü,/ 1, ABBOU _-/)tilv / WALID 27 lO7 l7se8 TIGZIRT 2 ABDERRAHIM ".colyy FAHIMA 23/04/Lss8 BOGHNI 3 ABDERRAHMANI AISSA 12/0s/1,ees AIN EL HAMMAM 4 ABDERRAHMANI MADJID 02/10/2OOO AIN EL HAMMAM 5 ABELLACH E KOUCEILA 04/07 /20oo AIN EL HAMMAM 6 ADDAR KATIA 09/o8/2000 OUAGUENOUN 7 ADJEMOUT LENA 24/02/2OOt AZAZGA 8 AFIR ADEL 27 /07 /1997 DRAA BEN KHEDDA 9 AFLOU AMINA oe/03/tsse AZEFFOUNE 10 AGGAR KAHINA 26/0sltgee ltzl ouzou 11 AGGOUN LILIA 2s/02/1997 AZAZGA 12 AGUENACHE KAHINA 06/os/]-ses AZAZGA 13 AGUENI BILAL 1.6/Ot/1996 TIZIOUZOU 1,4 AHMIM AKLI 78/01/1997 Ain el hammam 15 AICHE MAHDI 23/t0/7s98 TIZI OUZOU 1,6 AID SAMI 7s/02/1998 AZAZGA 17 AIT ADDA MELISSA 1.3/Osl7ee7 AIN EL HAMMAM 18 AIT AIDER MASSINISSA 20/04/79s7 FREHA 19 AIT BOUDJEMA YASMINE 24/11/2000 AZAZGA 20 AIT GHERBI D]AMAL 26/01,/]-eee TIZI-OUZOU 2t AIT GUENISSAID Mohamed-amine Ls/07 /tsss AZAZ3A 22 AIT KHALDOUN KATHIA 27 /Os/1e98 TIZI-OUZOU 23 AIT OUARAB YAMINA 26/0s/2OOO Trztouzou 24 AIT YAHIATENE YACINE 30/12/2000 OUADHIA 25 AIT YAHIATENE YOUCEF t7 /01/2000 BOGHNI 26 AKLI KENZA 17 /1.1,/1,ee4 BOUZZEGUEN 27 AKLI NASRINE 30/08/tee8 OUADHIAS la AKLI OUISSEM Lsh2/19ss BOGHNI 29 AKTOUF ABDELLAH 09/08/1e96 DRAA BEN KHEDDA 30 ALILOUCHE ANIS 29/03/7e98 Ttztouzou 31 ALIOUANE HAKIMA Ls/07 /tses TIZI-GHENIFF 32 ALLALA SULTANA 20/12/1.s99 AIN EL HAMMAM 33 ALLAOUA
    [Show full text]
  • A Bibliography of Berber Language Materials Kyra Jucovy and John
    A Bibliography of Berber Language Materials Kyra Jucovy and John Alderete Swarthmore College, June 2001 (updated August 2006) This bibliography is intended as a resource for research on Berber languages. The references below are primarily devoted to linguistic research on Berber languages, but the bibliography may be of use to those interested in Berber literature, poetry, and music. This bibliography was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (BCS-0104604). Abdel Massih, Ernest T. 1969. Tamazight Verb Structure: A Generative Approach. Dissertation Abstracts International: Pt. A, 0419-4209; Pt.B, 0419-4217; Pt. C, 0307-6075. PubLg: English. Cat: Berber language, tamazight, morphology. Abel, Hans. 1913. Ein Erzahlung im Dialekt von Ermenne. Abh. Kais. Sach. Akad. Wissensch., vol. 29. Leipzig. PubLg: German. Cat: texts, Nubian, historical linguistics, comparative linguistics. Abercromby, John A. 1917. The language of the Canary Islanders. Harvard African Studies 1: 95-129. PubLg: English. Cat: Berber language, canary islands. Abes, M. 1916. Premiere annee de berbere. Rabat. PubLg: French. Cat: Textbook, Morocco, grammar, sample texts, glossary. Abes, M. 1917, 1919. Les Ait Ndhir. Les Archives berberes, vol. 2, vol. 3. PubLg: French. Cat: ethnography, Ait Ndhir, Morocco, Tamazight. Abes, M. 1919. Chansons d’amour chez les Berberes. France-Maroc. PubLg: French. Cat: songs. Ahmad ibn Khauwas. 1881a. Dialogues francais-kabyles. Algiers. PubLg: French. Cat: sample texts, Kabyle. Ahmad ibn Khauwas. 1881b. Notions succinctes de grammaire kabyle. Algiers. PubLg: French. Cat: grammar, Kabyle. Aikhenvald, Aleksandra Yu. 1986. On the Reconstruction of Syntactic System in Berber Lybic. Zeitschrift fur Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 39:5: 527-539. PubLg: English.
    [Show full text]
  • Corel Ventura
    Anthropology / Middle East / World Music Goodman BERBER “Sure to interest a number of different audiences, BERBER from language and music scholars to specialists on North Africa. [A] superb book, clearly written, CULTURE analytically incisive, about very important issues that have not been described elsewhere.” ON THE —John Bowen, Washington University CULTURE WORLD STAGE In this nuanced study of the performance of cultural identity, Jane E. Goodman travels from contemporary Kabyle Berber communities in Algeria and France to the colonial archives, identifying the products, performances, and media through which Berber identity has developed. ON In the 1990s, with a major Islamist insurgency underway in Algeria, Berber cultural associations created performance forms that challenged THE Islamist premises while critiquing their own village practices. Goodman describes the phenomenon of new Kabyle song, a form of world music that transformed village songs for global audiences. WORLD She follows new songs as they move from their producers to the copyright agency to the Parisian stage, highlighting the networks of circulation and exchange through which Berbers have achieved From Village global visibility. to Video STAGE JANE E. GOODMAN is Associate Professor of Communication and Culture at Indiana University. While training to become a cultural anthropologist, she performed with the women’s world music group Libana. Cover photographs: Yamina Djouadou, Algeria, 1993, by Jane E. Goodman. Textile photograph by Michael Cavanagh. The textile is from a Berber women’s fuda, or outer-skirt. Jane E. Goodman http://iupress.indiana.edu 1-800-842-6796 INDIANA Berber Culture on the World Stage JANE E. GOODMAN Berber Culture on the World Stage From Village to Video indiana university press Bloomington and Indianapolis This book is a publication of Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, IN 47404-3797 USA http://iupress.indiana.edu Telephone orders 800-842-6796 Fax orders 812-855-7931 Orders by e-mail [email protected] © 2005 by Jane E.
    [Show full text]
  • Ahwash Ntfrkhin’As a Case Study Sekkal Khadija Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Sais-Fez, Morocco
    SSRG International Journal of Humanities and Social Science (SSRG-IJHSS) – Volume 7 Issue 1–January 2020 An Ethnographic Approach to Women’s Identity Celebrating in Folklore: ‘Ahwash Ntfrkhin’as a Case Study Sekkal Khadija Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Sais-Fez, Morocco Abstract as an academic discipline articulating its own content The paper is about the discourse used by women in and methodology. Being no longer perceived as ahwash (a folk dance in Sous, Morocco). It aims at something amateurish associated with ‘primitive’ documenting the way ahwash ntfrkhin, (girls’ cultures, folklore has come to stand a ahwash)articulates anempowering and often genuineincarnation of the thoughts, attitudes, values, challenging discourse via performance and lyrics. and beliefs of specific communities (Propp 1984: 38). Though there are many folkloric performances in Many researchers have depicted folklore as Sous, ahwash ntfrkhin stands as the epitome of all the gender-biased (Radner and Lanser 1987, Kowawole dances since it grants women the opportunity to enjoy 1998, Kousaleos 1999,Sadiqi 2003, Ennaji 2008, autonomy and freedom of expression and experience. Sekkal 2012).Women are commonly deprecated in Freedom of expression implies that women can folklore. And when accorded some consideration, it express freely and outwardly a particular feminine only fits their prevalent image as evils, victims, and world view. Yet, freedom of experience refers to the failures or their traditional role as docile mothers and fact that females experience themselves as active submissive housewives. Not with standing, such subjects during this performance. The study unfolds stereotypical conceptualization of women in folklore that women are successful in challenging male and the one-dimensional interpretation of its data dominion in ahwash ntfrkhin showing their solidarity should be revisited as folklore also serves as a scope and unity against any patriarchal domination and for subverting gender-biased discourse.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire and People in Three Rural Communities in Kabylia (Algeria): Results of a Survey
    Open Journal of Forestry 2013. Vol.3, No.1, 30-40 Published Online January 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojf) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2013.31006 Fire and People in Three Rural Communities in Kabylia (Algeria): Results of a Survey Ouahiba Meddour-Sahar1, Raffaella Lovreglio2, Rachid Meddour1, Vittorio Leone3, Arezki Derridj1 1Facultés Sciences Agronomiques et Biologiques, Department of Sciences Agronomiques B.P., Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi-Ouzou, Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria 2Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy 3Department of Crop Systems, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy Email: [email protected] Received September 29th, 2012; revised November 11th, 2012; accepted November 23rd, 2012 This research was conducted to investigate about the causes of wildfires in three municipalities of the Tizi Ouzou and Bouira provinces, in Kabylia. Unknown forest fire causes account for 80% of total in Algeria, with a peak of about 99% in Kabylia, the most forested region in the country but also the most severely affected by wildfires. The three study areas exhibit a rather high forestry ratio (40% on average) but also a very high population density, up to 300 people per km2, living in a multitude of small hamlets, near or in- side the domanial forests and exerting an enormous pressure on them. Survey was carried out on people (N = 300) randomly selected in nine hamlets (thaddarth) through ad hoc questionnaires (134 possible re- plies) filled with face-to-face interviews. Factorial Correspondence Analysis was used to process data (300 × 134 replies in total).
    [Show full text]
  • Kurzübersicht Über Vorfälle Aus Dem Armed Conflict Location & Event
    ALGERIA, FIRST QUARTER 2017: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) compiled by ACCORD, 22 June 2017 National borders: GADM, November 2015b; administrative divisions: GADM, November 2015a; in- cident data: ACLED, 3 June 2017; coastlines and inland waters: Smith and Wessel, 1 May 2015 Development of conflict incidents from March 2015 Conflict incidents by category to March 2017 category number of incidents sum of fatalities riots/protests 130 1 battle 18 48 strategic developments 7 0 remote violence 4 2 violence against civilians 4 2 total 163 53 This table is based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project This graph is based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event (datasets used: ACLED, 3 June 2017). Data Project (datasets used: ACLED, January 2017, and ACLED, 3 June 2017). ALGERIA, FIRST QUARTER 2017: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BY ACCORD, 22 JUNE 2017 LOCALIZATION OF CONFLICT INCIDENTS Note: The following list is an overview of the incident data included in the ACLED dataset. More details are available in the actual dataset (date, location data, event type, involved actors, information sources, etc.). In the following list, the names of event locations are taken from ACLED, while the administrative region names are taken from GADM data which serves as the basis for the map above. In Adrar, 2 incidents killing 0 people were reported. The following location was affected: Adrar. In Alger, 11 incidents killing 0 people were reported. The following locations were affected: Algiers, Bab El Oued, Baba Ali, Mahelma.
    [Show full text]
  • People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
    People's Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Mentouri University Constantine Faculty of Letters and Foreign Languages Department of English Code- Switching in the Conversation of Salespersons and Customers in Ain Smara Market (Clothes Section) Thesis submitted to the department of English in partial fulfillement of the requirements of the Master Degree in Applied language Studies Candidate: Supervisor: Zerroug Nassima Dr. Lakehal Ayat Karima 2009 – 2010 Dedications In the name of God, most merciful, most compassionate. This work is dedicated to: My dear mother who has supported me a lot in my life. My father without whom I would not be who I am. All my family, particularly my sister Amel who shared the hard moment with me and encouraged me to go further. My sister Djalila and all my all brothers: Moncef, Skander, Faouzi, Mohsen and Chemseddine. - i - Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr Lakehal Ayat who guided this research and who has generously given her time and expertise to better my work. I am very grateful for her invaluable observations, for her precious advice that she has given me, for her encouragement, support and especially tenderness because she has really treated I like her daughter. A special thank to Dr Ahmed Sid and Dr Athamna for helping me with sources. I would also to express my thanks to all my friends: Nassima, Nedjoua, Zahoua, Ibtissem, Meriem, Nora, Sara, Zineb, Hanane, Souhila and especially to Nouri Nassira for her friendship, knowledge and support to overcome all the obstacles that I faced in this dissertation.
    [Show full text]