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Fall 2011 Issue of Centerpiece CenterPiece Research Scholarship, Collaboration, and Outreach at Northwestern University FALL 2011 IN THIS ISSUE Too late to regulate? Do you know nano? Leaping from lab to marketplace Journal experience for undergrads Overcoming (organ) rejection The media circus comes to town hey call us “Nano U.” No wonder when close to 200 faculty members are involved in the Tstudy of nanotechnology in some way. Northwestern researchers have been pushing forward the frontiers of nano-knowledge since before the turn of the 21st century. In this issue of CenterPiece, we’ve collected articles about a number of these research pioneers and the new knowledge they’re creating in "elds including biomedicine, materials research, and business. And to reassure you that there’s a lot more to Northwestern research than nanotechnology, we’ve also covered exciting historical and medical research projects in this issue. Creating New Knowledge™ O!ce for Research Jay Walsh, Vice President for Research Address all correspondence to: Meg A. McDonald, Senior Executive Director Joan T. Naper Joan T. Naper, Director of Research Communications Director of Research Communications Kathleen P. Mandell, Senior Editor Northwestern University Amanda B. Morris, Publications Editor O!ce for Research, 633 Clark Street Evanston, Illinois 60208 Writers: Joan T. Naper, Amanda B. Morris Designer: Kathleen P. Mandell This publication is available online at: www.research. Photographers: Andrew Campbell, Mary Hanlon northwestern.edu/orpfc/publications/centerpiece. ©2011 Northwestern University. All rights reserved. Volume 11, Number 1 &217(176 2 17 Twenty (or More) Navigating the Things You Might Nanoscape Not Know About Nanotechnology 9 18 Tiny Particles Transplants: More Big Risks Than Finding the Perfect Match 12 22 On the Bookshelf Researching the Fadda A#air: A Media Circus in New Rome 14 Back Cover From University Center | Point Research Lab to the Marketplace FRONT COVER – Channeling the Future: The schematic depicts a thin-film transistor, imagined by the laboratory of Mark Hersam, materials science and engineering. The channel material in the transistor is a meshed network of single-walled carbon nanotubes, which can offer exceptional performance and promise for optoelectronic materials. CenterPiece | Fall 2011 1 20TWENTY (OR MORE) THINGS YOU MIGHT NOT KNOW ABOUT NANOTECHNOLOGY BASIC RESEARCH Q Chad Mirkin, chemistry and director of the International Institute of Nanotechnology: “One of the lessons learned over the "rst 10 years of nanotechnology research is that every material, when miniaturized, has new properties, and many of these properties can be used to create applications and technologies that solve problems in health care, electronics, energy, and the environment.” So testi"ed Chad Mirkin at a US Senate Subcommittee Committee on Science and Space hearing last summer. “The fastest way to new materials is through the miniaturization of existing materials — a tenet of nanotechnology.” Q Mark Ratner, chemistry and director of the Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Tamar Seideman, chemistry: Nanoscale structures have certain properties that are governed not by the classical mechanics that describes a thrown baseball, but rather by quantum mechanics. One quantum prediction that is a bit shocking is that electrons The image above shows gold bipyramid-shaped can $ow between two sites in such a way that the current nanoparticles made by using a small amount of silver to $owing through two independent pathways is not twice direct particle growth in solution. The sharp corners of these the value of the current through one of those pathways— structures may be useful for enhancing the signal detected or, to put it another way, maybe 1+1 is not always equal from trace amounts of molecules such as biological markers and contaminants. The nanostructures and scanning to 2. A joint project of the Ratner and Seideman groups electron microscopy image were prepared by Michelle has calculated that this is exactly what will happen when Personick of the Mirkin Lab. 2 Northwestern University O!ce for Research that of nanostructures built mostly with peptides that can promote the regeneration of tissues and organs. This can include regeneration of the heart, brain, spinal cord, bone, cartilage, and other tissues without using stem cells. Regeneration is without a doubt the new medicine in this century, linked to the universal aspiration of humans to have longevity and a high quality of life. two molecular wires are lined up next to one another (see picture above). These quantum behaviors have been observed — and might even be the basis for some future electronic devices — but the behavior still seems wonderfully strange. FDA-approved screws (L) are compared with screws (R) consisting of an elastomer and hydroxyapatite nanocrystals fabricated in the Ameer group. These biomaterials can be both stiff and flexible. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH Courtesy Ameer lab. Q Samuel I. Stupp, materials science Q Guillermo Ameer, biomedical engineering and engineering and director of the Institute (and former student Eunji Chung): for Bionanotechnology in Medicine: Nanometer-sized structures play a wide range of roles in One of nanotechnology’s speci"c strategies has been order to meet the biological and engineering criteria of to create biomimetic nanostructures made from our tissues and organs. In particular, bone consists of 60 natural building blocks used by biological systems to to 70 percent (by weight) hydroxyapatite, a nanometer- create proteins and genes. Biomimetic nanostructures sized mineral consisting of ions such as calcium and by de"nition can emulate some of the functions of phosphates. Hydroxyapatite particles are distributed molecules in living systems. An interesting area of among collagen fibers in bone and provide mechanical nanotechnology "rst developed in Stupp's laboratory is rigidity needed for skeletal movement. In addition, these particles can store proteins and trigger biological cues that differentiate local stem cells into bone cells when needed. By incorporating hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into a synthetic, biodegradable, and elastic polymer, researchers in the Ameer laboratory have fabricated a biomaterial that meets both the mechanical and biological requirements of bone. This novel biomaterial can be engineered for use in minimally invasive surgeries and supports new bone formation. Q John Marko, molecular bioscience: “The thing I "nd most amazing about the nanoworld is that the most impressive nanoscale machines are the Peptide nanofiber capable of signaling cells to activate ones that random variation and natural selection have regeneration of tissues and organs. Several signals can be built up inside all living things. By this I mean the enzymes integrated into the nanostructure, and the density of signals that catalyze metamorphoses of biological molecules, can also be controlled to manipulate the biological response. Courtesy of Stupp lab. CenterPiece | Fall 2011 3 transferring realm of the simplest biological structures, where atoms, energy, physics and chemistry meet biology. Beginning in the and information 1970s Northwestern chemists developed methods for from one precisely making arti"cial strands of DNA in the laboratory, building de"ned location up segments of genes one nucleotide base at a time. to another. Today, arti"cial yet biologically active segments of DNA Even more can be easily synthesized using automated machines. amazingly, those biomolecule Q Lonnie Shea, chemical and biological machines can engineering: be made to work "I have been collaborating with Steve Miller, microbiology- outside of cells, immunology, and Xunrong Luo, medicine: nephrology, on often to carry the development of nanoparticles to ‘train’ the immune These images show a stretching experiment on a out chemical or system not to react to speci"c antigens (tolerance). This single chromosome taken out of a cell. The bar is biomedical jobs 10 microns (10 millionths of a meter). This photo training is useful for autoimmune disease, in which the in the service of was taken by Michael Poirier, former graduate body’s immune system reacts to self-proteins. Additionally, humanity.” student from the Marko lab. tolerance is a critical component for cell therapies, in which the recipient immune system would normally attack Q Thomas Meade, chemistry: the transplanted cells.” Today’s doctors tweak the dose of prescriptions based on how their patients respond over the course of weeks. Q Fraser Stoddart, chemistry, and Ross Variation in dosage sometimes causes patients to Forgan, postdoctoral fellow, chemistry: experience unnecessary side e#ects or to lose valuable Nanomechanics have medical applications. By attaching time if the dose is suboptimal. With current technology, arti"cial molecular switches — mechanical components there is little room to improve this process because 10,000 times smaller than a human hair — to the surface of each patient is in a di#erent state of health. The doctor a porous nanoparticle, cannot visualize the drug once it’s been administered and it is possible to prepare must wait to observe the e#ects in order to prescribe a targeted drug treatment. Iron oxide nanoparticles (essentially nano-sized delivery devices. chips of rust) are tiny magnets that can be visualized by Drugs can be encased magnetic resonance imaging. Their nanoscale size means within the pores of that they don’t stick together and clump up like everyday the nanoparticle
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