Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020 Science Policy Reports
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Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020 Science Policy Reports The series Science Policy Reports presents the endorsed results of important studies in basic and applied areas of science and technology. They include, to give just a few examples: panel reports exploring the practical and economic feasibility of a new technology; R & D studies of development opportunities for particular materi- als, devices or other inventions; reports by responsible bodies on technology stan- dardization in developing branches of industry. Sponsored typically by large organizations – government agencies, watchdogs, funding bodies, standards institutes, international consortia – the studies selected for Science Policy Reports will disseminate carefully compiled information, detailed data and in-depth analysis to a wide audience. They will bring out implications of scientific discoveries and technologies in societal, cultural, environmental, political and/or commercial contexts and will enable interested parties to take advantage of new opportunities and exploit on-going development processes to the full. For other titles published in this series, go to http://www.springer.com/series/8882 Mihail C. Roco • Chad A. Mirkin Mark C. Hersam Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020 Retrospective and Outlook Mihail C. Roco Chad A. Mirkin National Science Foundation Department of Chemistry 4201 Wilson Boulevard Northwestern University Arlington, VA 22230 2145 Sheridan Road USA Evaston, IL 60208 USA Mark C. Hersam Department of Engineering and Materials Science Northwestern University 2220 Campus Drive Evaston, IL 60208 USA The cover picture suggests the integration of various nanotechnology-based solutions in the design of a blended hybrid-wing-body concept for future subsonic commercial aircraft. It represents a radical departure from con- ventional subsonic aircraft design. Mechanical and thermal insulation properties of the nanocomposite will allow for “morphing” airframe and propulsion structures that can change their shape or properties on demand to improve aerodynamic efficiency and respond to damage. Composite materials derived from low density, high strength carbon nanotube-based fibers and durable nanoporous matrixes will enable the production of ultra- lightweight multifunctional airframes and with embedded lightning strike protection. Nanotexturing will create surfaces that are naturally resistant to ice accretion thereby eliminating the need for runway deicing and in-flight ice mitigation. Replacement of heavy copper wiring cables with carbon nanotube wires will enable significant reductions in aircraft weight. Distributed autonomous networks of nanotechnology based state sensors powered by high efficiency energy harvesting (thermoelectric, piezoelectric, or photovoltaics) will enable real-time moni- toring of the overall health and performance of the aircraft leading to reduced emissions and noise and improved safety. The design, developed by NASA and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is for a 354 passenger air- craft that would be available for commercial use in 2030–2035 and would enable a reduction in aircraft fuel consumption by 54% over a Boeing 777 baseline aircraft. (Courtesy of NASA and MIT). Copyright 2011 by WTEC. The U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive and nontransferable license to exercise all exclusive rights provided by copyright. This document is sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under a cooperative agreement from NSF (ENG-0844639) to the World Technology Evaluation Center, Inc. The first co-editor was supported by the NSF Directorate for Engineering. The Government has certain rights in this material. Any writings, opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Government, the authors’ parent insti- tutions, or WTEC. A selected list of available WTEC reports and information on obtaining them appears on the inside back cover of this report. This document is available at http://www.wtec.org/nano2. ISBN 978-94-007-1167-9 e-ISBN 978-94-007-1168-6 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1168-6 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011928076 © WTEC, 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover design: estudio Calamar S.L. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Acknowledgements We at WTEC wish to thank all the participants for their valuable insights and their dedicated work in conducting this international study of nanoscience and nanotech- nology. Appendix 2 has a complete list of the “cast of thousands” of experts around the world who shared their valuable time with us. The expert panelists who wrote chapters of this report need specific mention: Dawn Bonnell, Jeff Brinker, Mark Hersam, Evelyn Hu, Mark Lundstrom, Chad Mirkin, André Nel, and Jeff Welser. They were assisted in the writing by Mamadou Diallo, James Murday, Mark Tuominen, and Stuart A. Wolf. For making this study possible, our sincere thanks go to the many who contributed some of their research funds: Michael Reischman NSF/ENG, Clark Cooper and Shaochen Chen NSF/CMMI, Robert Wellek NSF/CBET, Robert Trew and Pradeep Fulay NSF/ECCS, Christine Rohlfing NSF/MPS, Shankar Basu NSF/CISE, and Hongda Chen USDA/NIFA. Our international hosts supported the costs of the work- shops abroad, and provided unparalleled hospitality. Among others, they included in Hamburg: Christos Tokamanis, EU; Helmut Dosch, DESY—in Tsukuba: Kazunobu Tanaka, JST, Japan; Jo-Won Lee, MEST, Korea; Maw-Kuen Wu, NSC, Taiwan—and in Singa—re: Freddy Boey, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Chennupati Jagadish, Australian National University; Chen Wang, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), China; Jayesh R. Bellare, IIT Bombay, India; Salman Alrokayan, King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, Saudi Arabia. And, of course, Mike Roco provided the guiding light for the whole effort, very much engaged in coordination, writing and editing, and in pushing everyone along to get the best possible results. R.D. Shelton President, WTEC WTEC Mission WTEC provides assessments of international research and development in selected technologies under awards from the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Office of Naval Research (ONR), and other agencies. Formerly part of Loyola College, WTEC is now a separate nonprofit research institute. Michael Reischman, Deputy Assistant Director for Engineering, is NSF Program Director for WTEC. WTEC’s mission is to inform U.S. scientists, engineers, and policymakers of global trends in science and technology. WTEC assessments cover basic research, advanced devel- opment, and applications. Panelists are leading authorities in their field, technically active, and knowledgeable about U.S. and foreign research programs. As part of the assessment process, panels visit and carry out extensive discussions with foreign scientists and engineers abroad. The WTEC staff helps select topics, recruits expert panelists, arranges study visits to foreign laboratories, organizes workshop presenta- tions, and finally, edits and publishes the final reports. See http://wtec.org for more information or contact Dr. R. D. Shelton at [email protected]. v WTEC Study on Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020 Study Coordinator Mihail C. Roco, Ph.D. Senior Advisor for Nanotechnology, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22230 WTEC Panel and Other Contributors Chad A. Mirkin, Ph.D. Mark Hersam, Ph.D. Dawn Bonnell, Ph.D. (Co-chair) (Co-chair) University of Pennsylvania Northwestern University Northwestern University Department of Materials Department of Chemistry Department of Materials Science and Engineering 2145 Sheridan Road Science & Engineering 3231 Walnut Street Evanston, IL 60208 2220 Campus Drive Rm 112-A Evanston, IL 60208 Philadelphia, PA 19104 C. Jeffrey Brinker, Ph.D. Mamadou Diallo, Ph.D. Evelyn L. Hu, Ph.D. University of New Mexico California Institute of Harvard School of Department of Chemical and Technology Engineering and Applied Nuclear Engineering Division of Engineering and Sciences, 29 Oxford Street 1001 University Blvd. SE Applied Science Cambridge, MA 02138 Albuquerque, NM 87131 1200 East California Blvd. and Mail Stop 139-74 Pasadena Sandia National Laboratories CA 91125 Self-Assembled Materials Dept 1002 Albuquerque NM 87131 Mark Lundstrom, Ph.D. James Murday, Ph.D. André Nel, M.D., Ph.D. Purdue University USC Office of Research UCLA Department of School of Electrical & Advancement Medicine and California Computer Engineering 701 Pennsylvania Avenue NanoSystems Institute DLR Building, NCN Suite, NW Suite 540 10833 Le Conte Ave. 207 S. Martin Jischke Dr. Washington, DC 20004 52-175 CHS West Lafayette, IN 47907 Los Angeles, CA 90095 Mark Tuominen, Ph.D. Jeffrey Welser, Ph.D. Stuart A. Wolf, Ph.D. University of Massachusetts Semiconductor Research University of Virginia Center for Hierarchical Corp. NanoStar Manufacturing and 1101 Slater Road, Suite 120 395 McCormick Road MassNanoTech,