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S. PANNUZI, Produzioni Ceramiche, Scambi, Committenza E Circolazione Delle Maestranze in Abruzzo Tra XIV E XVIII

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S. PANNUZI, Produzioni Ceramiche, Scambi, Committenza E Circolazione Delle Maestranze in Abruzzo Tra XIV E XVIII PRODUZIONI CERAMICHE, SCAMBI, nell’area teramana dagli influssi della Protomaiolica COMMITTENZA E CIRCOLAZIONE DELLE meridionale, che utilizzava questo colore in associazione al MAESTRANZE IN ABRUZZO TRA XIV E bruno sin dal XIII secolo (BUERGER 1974, p. 246; PATITUCCI UGGERI 1990, pp. 12-18), e dall’area abruzzese fu forse in- XVIII SECOLO: PRIMI APPUNTI trodotto nella gamma coloristica della ceramica nelle altre re- di gioni limitrofe dell’area centro-settentrionale (PANNUZI 1994a, pp. 67-68; PANNUZI 1995, pp. 207-208; PANNUZI-STAFFA 1995, SIMONA PANNUZI in c.s.). Contatti molto stretti con l’ambito umbro-toscano sono infatti attestati nella produzione atriana per il repertorio mor- fologico e decorativo di questi primi vasi maiolicati. I. I CENTRI DI PRODUZIONE CERAMICA IN ABRUZZO Per Lanciano vengono a sopperire una documentaria DAL TARDO MEDIOEVO ALL’ETÀ MODERNA: più nebulosa riguardo la reale ubicazione delle fornaci atte- NASCITA E SVILUPPO state dalla fine del XIII secolo, probabilmente collocate in aree esterne al centro cittadino vicino a corsi d’acqua, il Grazie agli interventi archeologici che negli ultimi due Senello e l’Olivello, forse entrambi controllati dal vicino decenni si sono condotti nella regione abruzzese si può co- monastero di S. Giovanni in Venere (vedi dopo), le impor- minciare a tracciare un quadro abbastanza chiaro di quella tanti scoperte archeologiche avvenute durante il restauro che doveva essere la realtà produttiva in Abruzzo in età tar- dell’antica chiesa di S. Legonziano (poi S. Francesco), con- domedievale e moderna. Il risultato della ricerca è un pano- cessa ai francescani dal vescovo di Chieti Landolfo rama molto più variegato e complesso di quello che si pote- Caracciolo nel 1252 e ricostruita con più ampie proporzio- va immaginare anche solo pochi decenni fa, caratterizzato ni nella seconda metà del XIII secolo, o al più tardi agli dall’esistenza di una pluralità di centri artigianali per la pro- inizi del XIV secolo. Nel rincalzo delle volte in laterizio è duzione ceramica, particolarmente numerosi già dal tardo- stata rinvenuta una serie di vasi in Maiolica Arcaica, fra cui medioevo nell’area gravitante sulla costa adriatica, mentre alcuni allo stato di biscotto (ODOARDI 1994, pp. 15-36). più limitato sembra essere stato l’apporto delle aree inter- Questo ritrovamento permette di attribuire al centro frentano ne, per le quali però si può far ricorso ad una documentazione l’esistenza di fornaci per una produzione di maiolica Arcai- archeologica meno estesa rispetto al versante adriatico. ca particolarmente elaborata dal punto di vista decorativo, Il primato di Castelli nella realizzazione di vasi maioli- evidenziando chiari contatti da una parte con l’area tosco- cati sta cedendo il passo, ma soltanto cronologicamente, umbra, dall’altra con le Protomaioliche meridionali, specie alle prime produzioni di Maiolica Arcaica che si sono indi- pugliesi, con una rielaborazione originale dei modelli mor- viduate in altri centri Abruzzesi, come Atri e Lanciano, dove fologici e decorativi, ed un livello tecnico senz’altro eleva- si cominciò a sperimentare la tecnica del rivestimento stan- to. Le botteghe ceramiche abruzzesi, di cui l’officina nifero su manufatti ceramici già nel XIII-XIV secolo, con lancianese rappresenta un’eloquente testimonianza, potreb- risultati anche particolarmente elevati. La posizione dei due bero dunque aver costituito, probabilmente proprio tramite centri, all’estremità Nord e Sud della costa adriatica abruz- le celebri fiere di Lanciano, uno stimolo per la diffusione zese, appare particolarmente privilegiata, per la possibilità nell’Italia centrale di tipologie e motivi decorativi derivanti di scambi frequenti con le regioni limitrofe, da cui poteva- dalla commistione di elementi di varia provenienza, specie no provenire merci, maestranze e tecnologie artigianali, dal meridione e dalle aree centrali della penisola. A questo come sempre più appare evidente dal confronto tipologico proposito va ricordato il riattivarsi in età normanna della e decorativo dei primi manufatti maiolicati abruzzesi con grande transumanza, lungo i numerosi Tratturi che collega- quelli pugliesi e dell’area umbro-laziale. vano le aree costiere ed interne dell’Abruzzo e del Molise Entrambi i centri si trovano in un territorio particolar- con la Puglia, sul principale dei quali, il grande tratturo mente adatto dal punto di vista geologico al reperimento L’Aquila-Foggia erede dell’antica via litoranea, il centro di dell’argilla per i vasi, posizionati favorevolmente sulla fa- Lanciano risultava collegato (PROPERZI 1988, p. 63). Tali scia collinare allo sbocco al mare di valli fluviali di colle- itinerari venivano così a rappresentare un canale privilegia- gamento con l’interno ed infine vicini alla viabilità costiera to per commerci (derrate alimentari, lana, zafferano) e con- e a luoghi d’approdo. Dipendeva da Atri il porto di Cerrano tatti di ogni genere, ivi compreso quello legato alla diffu- attestato già dal XIII secolo (KEHR 1909, vol. IV, p. 307), sione ed utilizzo di prodotti ceramici (PICCIONI 1993, pp. particolarmente florido nel XIV-XV secolo e collegato alla 205-212; STAFFA 1994, pp. 70-71). Puglia per il commercio di cereali (SORRICCHIO 1929, p. 281; Malgrado per l’Abruzzo si possa far ricorso a pochi dati AA.VV. 1983, p. 51), che decadde alla fine del XVI secolo, documentari, si può ipotizzare anche per questa regione un quando l’approdo fu spostato alla spiaggia di Calvano determinante impulso da parte della committenza monasti- (AA.VV. 1983, p. 55; BATTISTELLA 1985, p. 213 nota 25). ca alla produzione ceramica, come risulta dalla documen- Anche Lanciano era ben collegata ai porti di Ortona e di S. tazione d’archivio anche per altri ambiti regionali, per esem- Vito ed era inoltre luogo di famose fiere semestrali, forse pio già dal X secolo per i monasteri di Montecassino e di S. già dal XII secolo, nelle quali si incontravano mercanti pro- Vincenzo al Volturno (DONATONE 1993, p. 13). venienti anche da altre regioni italiane e dove si poteva com- Per l’Abruzzo si ha notizia nel XIII secolo di una figu- prare piombo e stagno, materie prime necessarie all’arte lina «sotto il monastero di S. Giovanni in Venere» che dava ceramica, di cui l’Abruzzo era privo (BOCACHE, ms. sec. ai monaci una cospicua rendita, la cui ubicazione ha dato XVIII, vol. II, p. 444 e sg.; MARCIANI 1962). adito ad ipotesi diverse tra gli studiosi locali (ANTINORI 1790, Ad Atri l’attività ceramica appare documentata in età p. 50; BINDI 1883, p. 26; PRIORI 1942, pp. 60, 68, 178 e medievale fin dal XIV secolo, attraverso documenti d’ar- 1950, pp. 133-134). chivio da cui risulta la presenza in città nel 1324 e nel 1341 Dell’esistenza di fornaci all’interno di complessi mo- di vasai, di pignatas pictas pro cocta, di urceos de terra nastici per l’area abruzzese è rimasta traccia nell’insedia- vitreatos e non, e di generici «vasselli» (SORRICCHIO 1929, mento benedettino di S. Maria dello Spineto a Quadri, dove p. 458), denominazioni che dovevano probabilmente indi- si sono rinvenuti probabili resti di una fornace (inf. S. La care prodotti ceramici maiolicati, rendendo più che plausi- Penna-C. Piraino), che forse produceva un tipo di ceramica bile l’ipotesi dell’esistenza in Atri di artigiani che realizza- Ingubbiata, rinvenuta nello scavo delle strutture medievali vano vasi in Maiolica Arcaica, in cui era presente anche della chiesa, ad imitazione delle Protomaioliche di XIII- l’uso del colore blu, forse tra le prime attestazioni in Italia XIV secolo di ambito molisano e napoletano, ma con l’ado- (in ultimo PANNUZI 1995, pp. 209-210; PANNUZI-STAFFA 1995, zione di una tecnica più economica senza l’uso dello sta- in c.s.). L’uso del blu-cobalto fu probabilmente stimolato gno per la copertura dei vasi (PIRAINO 1992, pp. 523-547; ©2001 Edizioni all’Insegna del Giglio - vietata la riproduzione e qualsiasi utilizzo a scopo commerciale – 1 PIRAINO 1994, pp. 37-48). Questi manufatti dovevano esse- gubbiate, graffite e non, fu probabilmente stimolata dalle re realizzati per le limitate necessità dell’isolata comunità botteghe castellane, i cui manufatti erano senz’altro supe- monastica, per la quale erano sufficienti ceramiche poco riori come qualità e resa artistica. costose con un limitato repertorio decorativo. Nella stessa epoca anche nel vicino centro di Penne, Un altro esempio di produzione ceramica in ambito situato anch’esso in un’area geologicamente favorevole allo monastico sembra potersi attribuire al caso dell’Abbazia di sviluppo delle manifatture ceramiche, esistevano delle bot- S. Maria d’Arabona, nella Valle del Pescara, per la quale si teghe di vasai, specializzati nella realizzazione di Ingub- ha notizia del rinvenimento di superficie di scarti di forna- biate( graffite, dipinte e monocrome), di cui si sono rinve- ce di Maiolica Arcaica, databili al XIII secolo (DE POMPEIS nuti alcuni scarti di fornace, che tenevano a modello la coe- 1989, p. 39). va produzione castellana (COSTANTINI 1989; PANNUZI-STAF- Da altre ricerche compiute in monasteri benedettini del FA 1997, in c.s.). Anche la fornace pennese doveva trovarsi teramano, S. Maria di Mejulano presso Corropoli e S. Ma- in una zona periferica della città, vicino al Portello Marzio, ria di Montesanto presso Civitella del Tronto, è emerso in- come pare documentato, oltre che dai rinvenimenti cerami- vece come queste comunità non facessero grande uso di ci, anche da una fonte più tarda, del XVII secolo (vedi dopo). manufatti ceramici, almeno nelle epoche più antiche, forse Anche per questo centro può ipotizzarsi un impulso all’at- sostituiti da più economici recipienti in legno o in pietra tività ceramica da parte delle abbazie benedettine presenti ollare. Inoltre anche in periodi più recenti non risulta si svol- in un certo numero nel territorio, come quella di gesse in loco una produzione ceramica, preferendo impor- Colleromano, fondata probabilmente nell’XI secolo in area tare da altri centri limitrofi, come risulta dai dati archeolo- prossima al centro abitato.
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