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Asamblea General Distr Naciones Unidas A/HRC/22/59 Asamblea General Distr. general 5 de febrero de 2013 Español Original: inglés Consejo de Derechos Humanos 22º período de sesiones Tema 4 de la agenda Situaciones de derechos humanos que requieren la atención del Consejo Informe de la comisión de investigación internacional independiente sobre la situación en la República Árabe Siria* Resumen La magnitud de la tragedia siria se hace patente de manera conmovedora en los relatos de las víctimas. Sus desgarradoras experiencias de supervivencia ponen de manifiesto graves vulneraciones de los derechos humanos, crímenes de guerra y crímenes de lesa humanidad. La dinámica destructora de la guerra civil no solo afecta a la población civil, sino que desgarra el complejo tejido social del país, poniendo en peligro a las futuras generaciones y socavando la paz y la seguridad de toda la región. La situación de los derechos humanos en la República Árabe Siria ha seguido deteriorándose. Desde el 15 de julio de 2012 se ha producido una escalada en el conflicto armado que enfrenta a las fuerzas gubernamentales y a los grupos armados contrarios al Gobierno, conflicto que es cada vez más sectario, ya que la actuación de las partes implicadas ha registrado una radicalización y una militarización considerablemente mayores. Se realizaron 445 entrevistas para el presente informe. La permanente falta de acceso a la República Árabe Siria limitó en gran medida la capacidad de la comisión de cumplir su mandato de investigar todas las presuntas violaciones del derecho internacional y todas las masacres. Es lo que ocurrió en particular con la información relativa a los crímenes y los abusos cometidos por los grupos armados contrarios al Gobierno. Las fuerzas gubernamentales y las milicias afines cometieron crímenes de lesa humanidad consistentes en asesinatos, torturas, violaciones, desapariciones forzadas y otros actos inhumanos. También se cometieron crímenes de guerra y graves violaciones del derecho internacional humanitario y del derecho de los derechos humanos, como detenciones y reclusiones arbitrarias, agresiones ilegítimas, ataques contra bienes protegidos, saqueos y destrucción de bienes. * Los anexos del presente informe se distribuyen tal como se recibieron, en el idioma en que se presentaron únicamente. GE.13-10630 (S) 140213 190213 A/HRC/22/59 Los grupos armados contrarios al Gobierno cometieron crímenes de guerra, que incluyeron asesinatos, torturas, toma de rehenes y ataques contra bienes protegidos, y siguen poniendo en peligro a la población civil al colocar objetivos militares en zonas civiles. Los bombardeos de grupos armados en zonas predominantemente civiles propagaron el terror, lo que constituye el crimen de guerra de ataque a civiles. No obstante, las violaciones y los abusos cometidos por los grupos armados contrarios al Gobierno no alcanzaron la intensidad ni la magnitud de los cometidos por las fuerzas gubernamentales y las milicias afines. Se concluyó que tanto las milicias afines al Gobierno como los grupos armados contrarios a este habían violado el Protocolo facultativo de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño relativo a la participación de niños en los conflictos armados, en el que la República Árabe Siria es parte. Las milicias afines al Gobierno utilizaron a niños menores de 18 años en hostilidades directas, mientras que niños menores de 15 años participaron en hostilidades como integrantes de grupos armados antigubernamentales, lo que constituye el crimen de guerra de utilizar, reclutar y alistar a niños. La comisión reitera que la única solución para el conflicto sirio es una solución política, que se base en el marco establecido en el comunicado final del Grupo de Acción para Siria emitido el 30 de junio de 2012 (comunicado de Ginebra) (A/66/865-S/2012/522). Es indispensable asegurar que todas las partes rindan cuentas por los crímenes cometidos. La búsqueda de la paz y la seguridad es una responsabilidad compartida en los planos nacional, regional e internacional. Las recomendaciones detalladas de la comisión (al Gobierno sirio, a los grupos armados antigubernamentales, a la comunidad internacional, al Consejo de Derechos Humanos y al Consejo de Seguridad) ponen de relieve la necesidad de contrarrestar una cultura de impunidad cada vez más generalizada, mediante el recurso a la justicia en los planos nacional e internacional, además de otras vías para promover la verdad y la reconciliación, así como la recuperación y reintegración social de las víctimas. Cuando finalice el mandato vigente de la comisión, en marzo de 2013, se presentará a la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos una lista confidencial de las personas y las dependencias consideradas responsables de cometer crímenes de lesa humanidad, violaciones del derecho internacional humanitario y graves vulneraciones de los derechos humanos. 2 GE.13-10630 A/HRC/22/59 Índice Párrafos Página I. Introducción ............................................................................................................ 1–11 5 A. Dificultades .................................................................................................... 5–6 5 B. Metodología.................................................................................................... 7–11 5 II. Contexto.................................................................................................................. 12–41 6 A. Contexto político............................................................................................ 12–19 6 B. Contexto militar.............................................................................................. 20–29 7 C. Situación socioeconómica y humanitaria ....................................................... 30–41 9 III. Vulneraciones en el trato otorgado a civiles y a combatientes que se encuentran fuera de combate ..................................................................................................... 42–118 10 A. Masacres......................................................................................................... 42–57 10 B. Otras muertes arbitrarias................................................................................. 58–64 12 C. Detención y reclusión arbitrarias.................................................................... 65–76 13 D. Desaparición forzada ...................................................................................... 77–86 15 E. Tortura y otras formas de malos tratos ........................................................... 87–103 16 F. Violencia sexual ............................................................................................. 104–111 18 G. Vulneración de los derechos del niño............................................................. 112–118 19 IV. Violaciones cometidas durante las hostilidades...................................................... 119–162 19 A. Ataques ilegítimos.......................................................................................... 119–136 19 B. Personas y bienes que cuentan con una protección específica........................ 137–151 22 C. Saqueo y destrucción de bienes...................................................................... 152–162 24 V. Rendición de cuentas .............................................................................................. 163–166 25 VI. Conclusiones y recomendaciones ........................................................................... 167–180 26 Anexos I. Correspondence with the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic ............................................... 29 II. Military situation.............................................................................................................................. 40 III. Socioeconomic and humanitarian situation...................................................................................... 44 IV. Unlawful killing: "massacres".......................................................................................................... 47 V. Other unlawful killing...................................................................................................................... 56 VI. Arbitrary arrest and detention .......................................................................................................... 62 VII. Enforced disappearance ................................................................................................................... 66 VIII. Torture and other forms of ill-treatment .......................................................................................... 69 IX. Sexual violence ................................................................................................................................ 77 X. Violations of children's rights .......................................................................................................... 81 XI. Unlawful attacks .............................................................................................................................. 90 GE.13-10630 3 A/HRC/22/59 XII. Specifically protected persons and objects....................................................................................... 112 XIII. Pillaging and destruction of property............................................................................................... 120 XIV. Accountability.................................................................................................................................
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