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Full Profile (2014) Al-Mawred Al-Thaqafi (Culture Resource) Organization launched in 2009 a regional initiative aims to identify the main features of cultural policy in Arab countries. The ultimate goal is to build a Knowledge Base that supports cultural planning and collaboration in the region, as well as propose mechanisms to develop cultural work in Arab countries. First stage of the project targeted preliminary surveys of policies, legislations, and practices that guide cultural work in eight Arab countries: Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. The process of Monitoring was conducted in the period between May 2009 and January 2010 by Arab researchers from all eight countries, and thus “Ettijahat. Independent culture” as the regional coordinator of the project developed the surveys and updated its information and data through specialized researchers who reviewed the information and amended it based on the most recent developments in the cultural scene. The study has been completed according to the Compendium model which is adopted in study about cultural policies around the world. Research is divided into the following: 1- Cultural context from a social and historical perspective. 2- Administrative Subsidiarity and decision-making. 3- General objectives and principles of cultural policies. 4- Current topics debated in cultural policy development. 5- Main legal texts in the cultural field. 6- Financing of culture events and institutions. 7- Cultural institutions and new partnerships. 8- Supporting creativity and collaborations. This survey has been conducted in 2009 and 2010 by the researchers Rana Yazeji and Reem Al Khateeb. The original material of the current survey is found below in black. "Ettijahat. Independent culture", a regional coordinator of the project has updated the exploratory surveys periodically, in cooperation with national groups and independent researchers, the updates in the year 2013 was done by the researchers Rana Yazeji and Wedad Salloum. Then updated again in 2014 by the researchers Wael Qadour and Wedad Salloum, you can find these most recent updates in red within the survey. 1 Summary 1. The cultural context ..................................................................................................... 4 1-1 Socio- Cultural Perspective .............................................................................................. 4 1.2 Historical Perspective: Policies and Cultural Instruments................................................ 7 2. Subsidiarity, decision-making and administration ....................................................... 12 2.1. The Organizational structure ........................................................................................ 12 2.2 description of the system (All representatives of cultural policy) ................................. 14 2.3. Inter- ministerial or intergovernmental (inter-sectorial) co-operation ........................ 24 2.4. International cultural cooperation ............................................................................... 25 2.5. Foreign cultural policies (foreign centers, institutions, institutes, etc.) ........................ 43 2.6. Cultural Policies in the Independent (Civil) Sector ........................................................ 44 2.7. Cultural Policies in the Private (Commercial) Sector .................................................... 45 3. General Objectives and Principles of Cultural Policy .................................................... 47 3.1 Main Elements of the Current Cultural Policy Model .................................................... 47 3.2 National Definition of Culture ........................................................................................ 48 3.3 Cultural Policy Objectives .............................................................................................. 49 3.4 Cultural Policies Assessment Standards and Mechanism .............................................. 51 4. Current issues in cultural policy development and debate ........................................... 52 4.1 Main Cultural Policy Issues and Priorities ...................................................................... 52 4.2 Recent Policy Issues and Debates .................................................................................. 54 4.3 Cultural diversity (minorities, groups and communities) ............................................... 58 4.4 Media Pluralism and Content Diversity ......................................................................... 65 4.5 Cultural Industries: Policies and Programs .................................................................... 67 4.6 Employment policies for the cultural sector .................................................................. 68 4.7 New Technologies and Cultural Policies ........................................................................ 68 4.8 Heritage Issues and Policies........................................................................................... 69 5. The Main Legal Texts in the Cultural Field ................................................................... 71 5.1 The General Legislation ................................................................................................. 71 5-2. Legislation Regulating Cultural Domain ....................................................................... 99 5.3 Sector specific legislation ............................................................................................... 99 6. Culture Financing ..................................................................................................... 120 6.1 Short general overview (funding trends and procedures) ........................................... 120 6.2 Public cultural expenditure per individual ................................................................... 124 6.3 Public cultural expenditure divided by levels of government ...................................... 124 2 6.4 Public cultural expenditure distribution into administrative, assets, and program costs ........................................................................................................................................... 125 6.5 Distribution according to sectors ................................................................................ 127 6.6 Private sector expenditure ........................................................................................... 131 6.7 Independent (civil) sector expenditure ........................................................................ 132 6.8 Foreign agencies expenditure ...................................................................................... 134 7. Cultural institutions and new partnerships ................................................................ 143 7.1 Re-allocation of public responsibilities ........................................................................ 143 7.2 Status/role and development of major cultural institutions ....................................... 144 7.3. Emerging of new partnerships or collaboration ......................................................... 150 8. Support to creativity and participation ..................................................................... 153 8.1 Direct and indirect support to artists ........................................................................... 153 8.2 Audiences and participation ........................................................................................ 156 8.3 Arts and cultural education ......................................................................................... 167 8.4 Socio-cultural interventions and community arts........................................................ 170 9. Sources and Links ..................................................................................................... 175 9.1 Key documents on cultural policy ................................................................................ 175 9.2 Organizations and their Websites ............................................................................... 175 3 1. The cultural context 1-1 Socio- Cultural Perspective Modern History of Syria In1516, Syria was taken under by Ottoman Empire; this occupation continued through the following four centuries. This occupation started to stagger under the pressure of Arab liberal revolutions in 1916 during First World War, only to come in to an end in 1918, Syria then was declared independent under the leadership of King Faisal I. During the two years that followed the end of the war in 1918 – and in accordance with the Sykes-Picot Agreement that was signed between Britain and France during the war – Syria was decided to be part of the French territories. In early 1920, French troops landed on the Syrian shores, and in 1923 the French control of Syria became formalized by the League of Nations' mandate system, The French mandate of Syria lasted until April 17, 1946. Upheaval and instability were the dominant factors in Syrian politics in both internal and foreign affairs, the creation of Israel State on the land of Palestine was declared in 1948. March 1949 witnessed the first Syrian coup d'état by Col. Husni al-Za'im, This was soon followed by another overthrow, by Col. Sami al-Hinnawi, who was himself quickly deposed by Col. Adib Shishakli, all within the same year. Shishakli was in power until 1954, during which the opposition forced him to resign and leave the country. The
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