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COSSARO Candidate V, T, E Species Evaluation Form

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COSSARO Candidate V, T, E Species Evaluation Form Ontario Species at Risk Evaluation Report for Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) Saskatchewan-Nelson River populations Southern Hudson Bay-James Bay populations Great Lakes-Upper St. Lawrence populations Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario (COSSARO) Saskatchewan-Nelson River populations Assessed by COSSARO as Threatened Southern Hudson Bay-James Bay populations Assessed by COSSARO as Special Concern Great Lakes-Upper St. Lawrence populations Assessed by COSSARO as Endangered November 2017 Final Esturgeon jaune (Acipenser fulvescens) L’esturgeon jaune est un poisson bentophage à espérance de vie élevée et à maturité tardive. Il s’agit de l’un des plus gros poissons d’eau douce au Canada. On le reconnaît à ses grosses plaques osseuses et à son museau large et rond. Son aire de répartition regroupe les importants lacs et rivières qui vont du bassin versant de la rivière Saskatchewan en Alberta, à ceux de la baie d’Hudson et du fleuve Saint-Laurent au Québec, jusqu’au cours inférieur du fleuve Mississippi au sud. Sa répartition est étendue en Ontario, où on le recense dans tous les grands bassins versants de la province. Il revêt d’ailleurs une importance particulière pour les Autochtones. L’Ontario a identifié trois unités désignables (UD) en fonction de la différenciation génétique au sein de l’espèce (COSEPAC, sous presse), du plan d’eau occupé et de la séparation physique des populations : rivière Saskatchewan et fleuve Nelson, Sud de la baie d’Hudson et de la baie James, et Grands Lacs et haut Saint-Laurent. En Ontario, le nombre d’individus dans deux des UD (populations de la rivière Saskatchewan et du fleuve Nelson et celles des Grands Lacs et du haut Saint-Laurent) a chuté de plus de 90 % en 100 ans, principalement en raison de la pêche commerciale, de la pollution de l’eau, des obstacles à la migration que sont les barrages hydroélectriques et de la menace que posent les activités de gestion de l’eau et de régularisation du débit, ces dernières pouvant restreindre la disponibilité de la nourriture. Avec l’amélioration de la qualité de l’eau et la réduction des activités de pêche, certaines populations montrent maintenant des signes de rétablissement, alors que de nombreuses autres continuent de voir leur nombre décliner ou maintiennent un niveau inférieur par rapport aux estimations historiques. Chacune des populations provinciales ainsi que leur statut sont traités séparément ci- dessous. Populations de la rivière Saskatchewan et du fleuve Nelson Cette unité désignable du Nord-Ouest de l’Ontario est considérée comme étant menacée en raison du déclin du nombre d’individus matures depuis trois générations, les causes du déclin étant claires et réversibles et ayant cessé. Il s’agissait de l’UD la plus à risque de la province, vu les antécédents d’exploitation et de pollution de l’eau, ainsi que la perturbation et la fragmentation de l’habitat attribuables aux activités hydroélectriques. Cependant, comme la pêche dans cette UD est actuellement fermée, certaines populations se rétablissent. De plus, des efforts ont été déployés par les autorités autochtones et les gouvernements pour favoriser le rétablissement de l’esturgeon par l’ensemencement. Si ces efforts viennent surtout du Manitoba et des États-Unis, ils ont une incidence sur l’ensemble de l’UD, et aussi dans une certaine mesure sur les populations ontariennes grâce à la migration. Par ailleurs, l’entrée en vigueur des lois en matière de protection de l’eau a contribué à améliorer la qualité de l’habitat. Les principaux problèmes affectant l’espèce sont sa sensibilité à l’exploitation et à la perturbation de son habitat, auxquels s’ajoutent les déclins passés ainsi que la production d’énergie hydroélectrique. Cette unité désignable satisfait aux critères minimaux pour la désignation en tant qu’espèce en voie de disparition, mais vu l’accroissement observé des populations en Ontario, la fin ou la réduction des menaces ayant mené à son déclin historique (excès de récolte) ainsi que la difficulté à comparer le poids des captures historique et les estimations pour les populations actuelles, on juge qu’il respecte l’esprit des critères pour la désignation comme espèce menacée. Populations du Sud de la baie d’Hudson et de la baie James Cette unité désignable nordique est considérée comme étant préoccupante. En Ontario, les populations du Sud de la baie d’Hudson et de la baie James semblent être les plus résilientes et les moins à risque de toutes les populations de la province, notamment en raison de l’éloignement des activités de développement industriel et de pêche commerciale. Un nombre relativement élevé de populations saines subsistent, mais elles sont toujours exposées aux menaces de perturbation de l’habitat et des populations découlant des projets d’aménagement ou d’expansion hydroélectriques dans de nombreuses rivières du Nord de l’Ontario. Vu la responsabilité et élevée à l’égard de la conservation de l’espèce à l’échelle mondiale et les risques ciblés mais non résolus, le statut d’espèce préoccupante est approprié et conforme à l’évaluation précédente du CDSEPO. Populations des Grands Lacs et du haut Saint-Laurent Les individus de cette unité désignable sont considérés comme étant en voie de disparition en raison du déclin des individus matures depuis trois générations, les causes de ce déclin étant toujours présentes. Dans le passé, cette UD a subi durement les répercussions des chantiers d’installations hydroélectriques et de l’exploitation commerciale en Ontario. Des populations saines et de taille relativement importante subsistent, mais la plupart demeurent à un niveau assez faible en comparaison des niveaux historiques, et les menaces – notamment les répercussions de l’effluent industriel et d’origine agricole sur la qualité de l’eau – persistent dans l’ensemble de l’aire de répartition. Certaines populations continuent de voir décliner le nombre d’individus matures. Le CDSEPO avait précédemment estimé que l’espèce dans cette UD était menacée, mais ce changement de statut n’est que théorique (c.-à-d. qu’il ne reflète pas une réelle détérioration du statut de l’espèce depuis la dernière évaluation), puisqu’il découle en partie de changements dans les critères d’évaluation du CDSEPO depuis la dernière évaluation. Cette publication hautement spécialisée «COSSARO Candidate Species at Risk Evaluation for Lake Sturgeon» n'est disponible qu'en anglais conformément au Règlement 671/92, selon lequel il n’est pas obligatoire de la traduire en vertu de la Loi sur les services en français. Pour obtenir des renseignements en français, veuillez communiquer avec le CDSEPO au [email protected]. Executive summary The Lake Sturgeon is a long-lived, late-maturing, bottom-dwelling fish and it is one of the largest freshwater fish species in Canada. It can be recognized by the large bony plates that cover its body and the broadly rounded snout. It is widely distributed in large lakes and rivers from the Saskatchewan River drainage in Alberta to the Hudson Bay and St. Lawrence River drainages in Quebec, and south to the lower portion of the Mississippi River. It has a broad distribution in Ontario, occurring in all major watersheds across the province. It also has special significance to Indigenous peoples. Ontario has recognized three Designatable Units (DUs) based upon genetic differentiation (COSEWIC 2017), watersheds and physical separation: Saskatchewan- Nelson River, Southern Hudson Bay – James Bay, and Great Lakes/Upper St. Lawrence River. Two of Ontario’s DUs (the Saskatchewan-Nelson River populations and Great Lakes-Upper St. Lawrence populations) experienced declines of over 90% over 100 years ago due to largely from commercial fishing and water pollution, along with barriers to their migration through the development of hydroelectric dams, and threats from water management and flow regulation, which can have an impact on food availability. Due to improving water quality and reductions to harvest, some populations are now showing signs of recovery; many others persist at low levels, compared to historical estimates, or are declining in numbers. Each provincial population and its current status is discussed below separately. Saskatchewan-Nelson River populations This northwestern Ontario DU is assessed as Threatened based on declines in mature individuals over the past 3 generations where the cause of decline is reversible, understood and ceased. Previously this DU was the most at risk DU in the province due to the historical exploitation and water pollution, along with habitat disruption and fragmentation from hydroelectric power development, but Ontario fisheries for this DU are now closed, and some populations are recovering. There has also been effort to support sturgeon recovery through stocking efforts by both Indigenous and governmental communities; while the majority of these efforts have occurred in Manitoba and the USA, they benefit the overall DU and have some impact on Ontario populations through migration. Habitat quality has also improved since the implementation of legislation to protect water quality. The major concerns are the species’ sensitivity to exploitation and habitat disruption, combined with past declines, and future development of hydroelectric power. This designatable unit meets the thresholds for Endangered, but due to the observed increase in abundance in Ontario populations, and cessation/reduction of the threats that lead to its historic decline (overharvest), and the issues of comparing historical catch weights with modern population estimates, it is considered here to meet the spirit of the criteria for Threatened. Southern Hudson Bay-James Bay populations This northern designatable unit is assessed as Special Concern. In Ontario, the Southern Hudson Bay-James Bay populations appear to be the most robust and least at risk of the provincial populations, in part due to its distance from industrial development and active commercial fisheries. There are relatively large numbers of extant healthy populations, but the threat of habitat and population disruption from new or expanded hydroelectric power development on many of the northern rivers in Ontario remains.
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