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T.C. Selçuk University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science the Structural Analyses and Development Opportunities Of T.C. SELÇUK UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSES AND DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES OF PLUM PRODUCTION IN GRADACAC PROVINCE, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Sumedina SPAHIC - VUKOJEVIC DOCTORAL THESIS Department of Agricultural Economics + July -2019 KONYA All Rights Are Reserved ABSTRACT Ph.D. THESIS THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSES AND DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES OF PLUM PRODUCTION IN GRADACAC PROVINCE, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Sumedina SPAHIC – VUKOJEVIC THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE OF SELÇUK UNIVERSITY THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Advisor: Asst. Prof.Dr. Mithat DIREK 2019, 242 Pages Jury Asst. Prof.Dr. Mithat DIREK Prof.Dr. Cennet OGUZ Prof.Dr. Burhan OZKAN Prof.Dr. Kenan PEKER Assoc. Prof.Dr. Ferhan KUCUKBASMACI SABIR Plum production in Bosnia and Herzegovina is an agricultural activity which has an important economic significance. Bosnia and Herzegovina has a remarkable position concerning plum production. Plum is a domestic product and it is consumed domestically and exported as dry and fresh both in Europe and in the world. Gradacac province is a municipality and part of the Tuzla Canton. Gradacac has rugged terrain which allows not only plum production but also the production of other types of fruits successfully. In this respect, Gradacac province takes the leading position in Bosnia and Herzegovina fruit production. There is a very long tradition in the production of plums in Gradacac province but high yield levels which Gradacac deserves cannot be reached due to lack of fruit growing investment. Plum covers half of the fruit production in Gradacac. 6,167 tonnes of plums was produced in 2017 and the plums yield per tree in Gradacac province was only 4.5 kg. This indicates a low level of productivity. There are lots of reasons for the low level of productivity. Plum cultivation techniques are not performed by modern conditions, the continuation of the traditional structure, the application of traditional varieties and techniques instead of modern techniques, low product prices, inadequate processing facilities are obstacles of the production. The study aimed to analyze the state of production of plum in Gradacac province; to determine current production technologies and socio-economic structures of the plum production; to analyze economic results of plum production at farms. Accordingly, it was determined that the production of one kg of plum costs 1.89 KM, compared to 0.73 KM sales price. It is seen that farmers do not have any gain from plum production and therefore production continues in traditional dimensions. Therefore, measures should be taken to turn plum production into a lucrative production activity in the province. Otherwise, it is not possible to invest in the establishment of new plum orchards and existing gardens do not seem to be i able to perform adequate and modern maintenance practices. Besides, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis was conducted with the current production model of plum production, and infrastructure of strategic transformation of the future or plum trademark was established. With the SOR (strategic orientation) analysis, important information was presented to policymakers. In the study, as well as secondary sources data, data gathered from 65 farms which were randomly selected around the Gradacac province were used. The average annual gross production value of plum farmers was 17,366.41 KM.The average total costs at the surveyed farms is 17,743.79 KM, gross margin was 9,925.27 KM, the net product was 3,370.63 KM and agricultural income was 5,266.25 KM. Producers sold their plums mostly (94.98%) as fresh, (3.01%) as dried plums, and the rest (2.01%) were returned to local drink. In light of the information obtained, producers should be encouraged to modern production methods and supported to develop plum production. In particular, the plum processing facilities should be constructed and the sales price/cost balance should be established and producers should benefit from this production activity. So, the Gradacac plum could be transformed into a trademark. This will contribute to the worldwide recognition of the province, which is very suitable for plum production, and farmers will be able to earn more and more. Key Words: Plum production, gross production value, gross margin, production cost, total cost, SWOT analysis, SOR analysis, Bosnia and Herzegovina. ii ÖZET DOKTORA TEZİ BOSNA-HERSEK GRADAÇAÇ BÖLGESİNDE ERİK ÜRETİMİ YAPAN İŞLETMELERİN YAPISAL ANALİZİ VE GELİŞTİRME İMKÂNLARI Sumedina SPAHIC – VUKOJEVIC SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ TARIM EKONOMİSİ ANABİLİM DALI Danışman: Dr. Öğr. Üy. Mithat DIREK 2019, 242 Sayfa Jüri Dr. Öğr. Üye. Mithat DIREK Prof. Dr. Cennet OĞUZ Prof. Dr. Burhan ÖZKAN Prof. Dr. Kenan PEKER Doç. Dr. Ferhan KÜÇÜKBASMACI SABIR Erik üretimi Bosna ve Hersek'te önemli bir ekonomik öneme sahip bir tarımsal faaliyettir. Ülke erik üretimi konusunda Dünyaca tanınan bir konuma sahiptir. Ülkede üretilen erik, iç piyasa yanında önemli miktarda taze ve kuru olarak gerek Avrupa gerekse Dünyada diğer birçok ülkeye ihraç edilmektedir. Bosna Hersek’te Gradacac Bölgesi iklim ve diğer koşullar nedeniyle erik üretimini çok uygun bir ekoloji sunmaktadır. Yöre ülke içinde Tuzla Kantonuna bağlı belediyelik bir yerleşim bölgesi statüsündedir. Yörenin engebeli yapısı sadece erik değil, diğer birçok meyve türünün de başarıyla yetiştirilebilmesine fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Bu bakımdan Gradacac bölgesi Bosna Hersek’te meyve üretimi bakımından lider bir konuma sahiptir. Yörede erik üretimi çok eski dönemlere dayalı bir tarımsal faaliyet olsa da meyveciliğe olan yatırımların yetersiz olması nedeniyle hak ettiği yüksek üretim düzeylerine ulaşamamaktadır. Gradacac bölgesinde yetiştirilen meyvelerin yarıya yakını erik üretimine aittir. 2017 yılında Gradacac ilinde 6.167 ton erik üretilmiş, ağaç başına ortalama verim 4,5 kg olmuştur. Bu durum düşük bir verimlilik düzeyini göstermektedir. Düşük verimlik düzeylerinin birçok nedeni vardır. Erik yetiştirme tekniklerinin modern koşullara uygun yapılmaması, hala geleneksel yapının devam etmesi, üreticilerin modern teknikler yerine geleneksel çeşit ve teknikleri uygulaması yanında, düşük ürün fiyatları, yetersiz işleme tesisleri ile birlikte üretimin önündeki engellerdir. Bu çalışma ile Gradacac bölgesinde erik üretiminin analiz edilmesi, mevcut erik üretim tekniklerinin ve üreticilerin sosyo-ekonomik yapılarının belirlenmesi sağlanmış, erik üretiminin ekonomik analizi yapılmıştır. Buna göre bir kg erik üretiminin 0,73 KM satış fiyatına karşılık, 1,89 KM maliyeti olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çiftçilerin erik üretiminden bir kazançlarının olmadığı bu nedenle üretimin geleneksel boyutlarda devam ettiği görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla erik üretiminin yörede kazançlı bir üretim faaliyeti şekline getirilebilmesi için önlemler alınmalıdır. Aksi durumda yeni erik bahçeleri kurulmasına iii yönelik yatırım yapılmadığı gibi mevcut bahçelerin de yeterli ve modern bakım uygulamalarını yapması mümkün görünmemektedir. Ayrıca erik üretiminin mevcut üretim şekli ile SWOT (Güçlü Yönler, Zayıf Yönler, Fırsatlar, Tehditler) analizi yapılmış, gelecekte yapılabilecek stratejik dönüşümün ya da erik üretiminde markalaşmanın yapılabilmesinin altyapısı oluşturulmuştur. Buna uygun olarak yapılan SOR (stratejik yönelim) analizi ile politika yapıcılara önemli bilgiler sunulmuştur. Araştırmada Gradacac bölgesinden rastgele seçilen 65 işletmeden alınan veriler yanında ikincil kaynaklardan alınan veriler de kullanılmıştır. Erik üretimi yapan çiftçilerin bir yıllık ortalama gayrisafi üretim değeri 17.366,41 KM olarak hesaplanmıştır. İşletmelerde ortalama işletme masrafları 17.743,79 KM, brüt kar 9.925,27 saf hasıla 3.370,63 tarımsal gelir 5.266,25 olarak bulunmuştur. Üreticilerin bahçelerinden elde ettikleri erikleri en çok taze olarak (%94,98), kalanını kuru erik (%3,01) olarak sattıkları, kalan kısımlarını ise yerel olarak içkiye (%2,01) döndürdükleri tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bilgiler ışığında, üreticiler modern üretim yöntemleri konusunda teşvik edilmeli ve erik üretiminin geliştirilmesi yönünde desteklenmelidir. Özellikle erik işleme tesislerinin yapılası ile satış fiyatı/maliyet dengesinin kurulması ve üreticilerin bu üretim faaliyetinden kazanç sağlaması gerekmektedir. Böylece Gradacac eriğinin marka haline getirilmesi gerçekleşebilir. Bu durum erik üretimine çok uygun olan yörenin dünyaca çapında tanınır hale gelmesine katkı yapacak, çiftçiler daha fazla kazanç ve gelir elde edebileceklerdir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Erik üretimi, gayrisafi üretim değeri, gayrisafi hâsıla, üretim maliyeti, toplam maliyet, SWOT analizi, SOR analizi, Bosna Hersek. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Looking back two years from now, I remember very well the first steps I undertook for this study. Personally, those two years have been intellectually challenging and extremely enriching. At the heart of this extraordinary experience were the people who accompanied my way. I am grateful for all the people who assisted me and gave me information and ideas starting from the initial stage of this study. A special thanks goes to my supervisor Dr. Mithat Direk for his constructive comments and suggestion. I also wish to thank Prof. Dr. Cennet Oğuz on help at every stage of writing this study. Also I would like to thank to all professors from the Agricultur Economics Department who helped me in any way to finish my PhD thesis. Finally, and most importantly, my thanks go to my family. I want to express my greatest gratitude
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