An Early Electric Power Facility in Colorado
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An Early Electric Power Facility in Colorado BY CHARLES C. BRITTON "In 1890 a man from the west came east with a definite power transmission problem. His company was operating a stamp mill in the mountains of Colorado .... The man from the west wanted to know whether electricity could transmit one hundred horse power a distance of three miles and replace the steam plant he was using."1 The man was Lucien L. Nunn and the company was the San Miguel Gold Mining Company of Telluride, which thus became among the first corripanies2 in the world to transmit alternating-current electrical power for industrial use,3 particularly at high voltages. Its research work on high voltage transmission and lightning protection was of considerable importance. Its single-phase, synchronous system was probably the most extensive ever operated. And the in fluence of its early educational work is perpetuated to the present time. 1 Stephen A. Bailey, L. L. Nunn: A Memoir (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cayuga Press, 1930), p. 23, quoting Louis B. Stillwell. 2 The Telluride electric power operation became part of the San Miguel Con solidated Gold Mining Company in 1891 but was separated in February 1896 to operate as the Telluride Power Transmission Company and later as the Telluride Power Company. It became a part of the Utah Power and Light Company in November 1912. The Western Colorado Power Company was or ganized as a subsidiary of Utah Power and Light in March 1913 and absorbed the Telluride Power Company as well as the Telluride Electric Light Com pany, a municipal enterprise, which had been purchased by UP&L in No vember 1910. See "Power Company Histories: Utah Power & Light," Electrical West 129 (August 1962) :293-307; and Colorado State Planning Com mission, Development of Electric Power Industry in Co·lorado, 1916-1936 (Denver: Colorado State Planning Commission, 1938), p. 15. •An earlier electric plant for lighting was in operation by 1890 from the falls of the Willamette River at Oregon City to Portland, Oregon, a distance of about thirteen miles. See Charles F . Scott, "Long Distance Transmission for Lighting and Power," Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (New York: American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1892), 9 :426. This paper under the same title also appears in Electrical World 19 (June 18, 1892) :4 19-21. Inez Hunt and Wanetta W. Draper, Lightning in his Hand: The Life Story of Niko·la Tesla (Denver: Sage Books, 1964), p. 73, place "the date of organization of the Portland Company as late as 1891." This seems to be in error. Beginning August 20, 1891, 240 kilowatts of alternating-current power were transmitted at a potential of 15,000 volts from a hydroelectric plant at the Lauffen Dam across the Neckar River to the Electrotechnical Exhibition in Frankfort, Germany, a distance of 110 miles. Both lights and motors were operated. See George Siemens, History of the House of Siemens, trans. A. F. Rodger and Lawrence N. Hole (Freiburg and Munich, Germany: Karl Alber, 1957 ), 1:123. An Early Electric Power Facility in Colorado 187 A low-cost source of power available in most mountain ous regions is water. Three miles away and two thousand feet below the Gold King Mine was the South Fork of the San Miguel River. A solution to the financial difficulties of the mining operation seemed possible if this power could be har nessed and transmitted economically. At this time and even for the next several years power transmission by cable or rope drive, compressed air, high pressure water, and electricity all were considered viable op tions.7 As pointed out in personal recollections nearly forty years later, "back in 1890, electricity was very much in doubt."8 Hydroelectric power, which permitted the working of low grade mines, had been used previously in Colorado in the vi cinity of Aspen and Ouray.9 The alternatives all were con sidered for the Gold King development; but the advantages A tower at the Camp Bird Mine. of alternating-current transmission were recognized, and this Gold mining was an important industry of Colorado from its mode of transmission was chosen.10 inception for many years. Al though some gold was found in placer deposits, most of it involved tunneling. This required power for moving the ore as well as for crushing and processing it in mills. The famous Camp Bird Mine near Ouray, for ex ample, used one million watts of electrical power when it be came available. For many years steam was the principal source of power; but by around 1885, with nearly all nearby forests cut for fuel or mine support timbers, the cost of transporting fuel into the more isolated locations was prohibitive. Coal packed in by burros cost forty to fifty dollars per ton, and even this was cheaper than using wood.4 This lack of an economic source of power caused the financial failure of many mines located in such regions. Near Telluride the Gold King Mine had been attached by court order in 1888 to sa,tisfy debts. L. L. Nunn, an attorney Lucien L. Nunn Paul N. Nunn with mining interests in Telluride, had been retained by the mine owners as manager to work out a solution to the financial Lucien Nunn wrote his brother Paul N. Nunn on May 21, problems. The mine and an associated mill were located at the 1890: "I wish you would investigate the subject of transmission altitude of 12,000 feet; and, since this is above timberline, coal Tension Electric Power Transmission," Cassier's Magazine 27 (January 1905) :171-200. had to be packed in. An examination of the financial records led 7 "Projects for the Utilisation of Niagara," Engineering (London) 52 (October to the conclusion that the deficit in operations was due mainly 23, 1891) :46; W. Cawthorne Unwin, 'Power Distribution from Central Sta tions," Electrical World 20 (August 20, 1892) :124-25; ibid. (August 27, to the enormous cost of power, some $2,500 per month.5 A stay 1892) :136-67. 8 Paul N. Nunn, "We Did Not Know What Watts Were," General Electric of proceedings was obtained and other sources of power were Review 59 (September 1956) :43. 6 9 John McGhie, "Long-Distance Transmission of Power in the United States " investigated. Cassi er's Magazine 9 (February 1896) :362-63; and Colorado State Planning Commission, D evelopment of Electric Power Industry, p . 3. The latter states: : ~hl~ey, L. L. Nunn, pp. 67-68. See also " P ower Company Histories," p , 298. " The first h y droelectric plant in Colorado was erected at Aspen in 1885 .... In 1888 . three 1200 light Westinghouse alternating current dynamos 6 P. N. Nunn, "Pioneer Work of the Telluride Power Company," Transactions [were installed]." of the International Electrical Congress at S t . L ouis, 1904 (Np.: 1905 ), 2 :410. 10 It would appear that this decision was made principally by L . L. Nunn, an The same paper with additional illustrations is "Pioneer Work in High- attorney. However, the president of the Gold King Mining Company was 188 THE COLORADO MAGAZINE XLIX/3 1972 of power by electricity.... I am not sure of putting in the plant, but if I do I want you to take charge of the construction, and not let any one know that you are not an old hand at the work. Post your self thoroughly and know who to send for as an assistant if necessary."11 P. N. Nunn was to serve for several years as chief engineer of the Telluride Power Company. There was considerable doubt expressed by the investors and their advisors on the practicality of the power proposal. The controversy over alternating versus direct current with respect to safety as well as to several technical considerations was not settled; 12 and the physical environment, among the most extreme in the United States, was as great a barrier as the technical problems. The Gold King Mine was located high in the arctic zone of the San Juan Mountains, and temperatures of forty degrees below zero, avalanches, blizzards, and severe electrical storms were common.13 Despite these rather formidable obstacles, the decision was made to go ahead. An electrical generator and a motor were received from the Westinghouse Company in the summer of 1890 and installed that winter. The generator, for the power plant, and the motor, for the mill, were identical single-phase alternators of 100 horsepower operated at 3,000 volts, 133 cycles per second-the largest manufactured at that time.14 The sep arately-excited generator was housed in a rough cabin near where the Ames Station now stands and was belt-connected to a six-foot Pelton water wheel under a 320-foot head. The switch board was made of shellacked pine sheathing. Voltmeters and ammeters of both the solenoid and gravity-balance types were used and were mounted in black walnut cases with window- James Campbell of St. Louis, who also was associated with the Wagner Electric Manufacturing Company. See Mrs. M. L. Cummins, "An Industry and an Institution of Higher Learning Are Born at Ames, Colorado-1891," The original power station at Ames. Pioneers of the San Juan Country (Denver: Big Mountain Press for Sarah Platt Decker Chapter, NSDAR, 1961), 4:130. Some magazines for the general public discussed technical matters occasionally, and possibly Nunn was glass fronts. 15 Circuits were closed with jaw switches and acquainted with some of these. For example, see Thomas A. Edison, "The 16 Dangers of Electric Lighting," North American Review 149 (November opened with arc-light plugs. Breaking the circuit by pulling 1889) :625-34, and George Westinghouse, Jr., "A Reply to Mr.