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Mangrove Leaf Herbivory Along A Enviro & nm m en u t e a l l o B r ACCESS Freely available online t i OPEN o e t P e f c o h Journal of Petroleum & n l o a n l o r g u y o J Environmental Biotechnology ISSN: 2157-7463 Research Article Mangrove Leaf Herbivory along a Hydrocarbon Pollution Gradient in a Mangrove Forest (Rhizophora racemosa) in the Niger River Delta, Nigeria Aroloye O Numbere1,2* and Gerardo R Camilo1 1Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; 2Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria ABSTRACT This study was done to test the palatability of leaves of mangroves growing in a highly and lowly polluted environment. We hypothesized that bottom-up transfer of pollutants from soil to leaves would influence herbivory due to the toxic effect of pollution. Exclusion experiment was done to test for leave herbivory in lowly and highly polluted plots while cafeteria experiment was done to determine the feeding preference of 20 West African red mangrove crabs (Goniopsis pelii). In the first experiment a total of 453 mangrove leaves were sampled for six months, one year and two years. Results indicate that there was significant difference in herbivory between highly and lowly polluted treatment in the six months (F2, 160=3.33, P=0.04), one year (F2, 184=1.90, P=0.02) and two years (F1, 169=7.58, P=0.01) samples. There was more leave herbivory in highly than in lowly polluted plot. The pattern of incisions indicates that crab herbivory was the highest (53%) followed by insects (25%) and undetermined (22%). In the laboratory- based experiment, there was significant difference in leave incisions from both plots (P=0.01) with more leaves from highly polluted plot consumed (4, 521.69 cm2) than leaves from lowly polluted plot (2, 769.83 cm2). This implies that hydrocarbon pollution influenced leaf herbivory. Keywords: Cafeteria experiment; Exclusion experiment; Goniopsis pelii; Herbivory; Hydrocarbon pollution; Crab INTRODUCTION Crabs, on the other hand, are a major herbivore of mangroves. This is because their predation of mangrove propagules affects Herbivory is the act of feeding on the tissues or internal fluids natural regeneration and species distribution across intertidal of living plants or algae [1]. Herbivory changes the physical and zones [13]. Crabs form obligatory relationship with mangroves for chemical traits of plants [2], which may have ripple effect on the survival [14]. Grabsidae, a family of crabs, in the Indo-west Pacific food chain. Insects are the most destructive herbivores [3,4], and region live and forage directly on mangrove trees [13]. Similarly, show greater presence in higher latitudes [5] such as tropical areas Sesarma leptosome of East Africa is an active climber, and feed on e.g., Africa. Leaf herbivory is higher in nutrient rich sites and mangrove materials [15]. However, crab preference for mangrove amongst younger leaves [6]. Younger leaves have higher herbivory depends on the age [16], and nutritional value of the tree [17,18]. because they have higher photosynthetic ability than older leaves. Mangrove leaves are nutritious; and influence the survival, growth Insect incision on premature leaves cause the loss of apical buds, and reproduction of crabs [15]. lowers productivity and changes plant architecture [7,8]. Insect Hydrocarbon pollution therefore, affects plant resistance and herbivory causes defoliation, which reduces the survival potential makes it vulnerable to herbivore attack [19]. Plants growing in of mangroves [9]. Wood-boring moths and beetles create tunnels polluted soil may have more damage- tolerance than plants growing through leaves of mangroves [10]. A species of mangrove called in non-polluted soil [12]. Leaves from polluted soil can become Kandelia obovata had reduced life span as a result of leaf damage [11]. unpalatable for herbivores when pollutants lodge in the leaves [20]. Similarly, consumer activities of herbivores impact the structure But, high concentration of crude oil can out rightly kill mangrove of plant communities and influence species succession [12]. fauna and flora [21], which affects nutrient cycle [22] and leaf Succession occurs when herbivory alters the regional differences production in mangroves. These situations reduce the ability of in plant diversity [4]. mangroves to resist herbivore attack [23]. Crude oil can also act as Correspondence to: Aroloye O Numbere, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria, Tel:+2348056002989; E-mail: [email protected] Received: March 28, 2019, Accepted: April 18, 2019, Published: April 29, 2019 Citation: Numbere AO, Camilo GR (2019) Mangrove Leaf Herbivory along aHydrocarbon Pollution Gradient in a Mangrove Forest (Rhizophora racemosa) in the Niger River Delta, Nigeria. J Pet Environ Biotechnol 10: 391. doi: 10.35248/2157-7463.19.10.391 Copyright: © 2019 Numbere AO, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. J Pet Environ Biotechnol, Vol. 10 Iss. 2 No: 391 1 Numbere AO, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online antiseptic and destroy parasites [24], leading to the enhancement crude oil pipelines (~diameter 8-10 inches) that convey crude oil of growth in mangroves [20]. and petroleum products from the refinery to the jetty. These two features created an artificial partitioning of the mangrove forest into The goal of this study, therefore, was to firstly compare herbivory in two sections of highly and lowly polluted plots that are 20 m and highly and lowly polluted treatments (exclusion), and secondly to 40 m away from the crude oil pipelines respectively. The average compare the feeding preference of crabs of leaves from highly and total hydrocarbon content of the lowly polluted plot is 344.1 mg/l lowly polluted plots (cafeteria experiment). We specifically selected while the average THC of the highly polluted plot is 2361.3 mg/l. the red mangrove leaves (Rhizophora species) because they are the The THC of the highly polluted plot is higher because of higher most dominant and most palatable species in the study area. The crude oil spillages recorded in this area. This delineation is further objective of the study is therefore: (1) To determine leaf herbivory validated by an earlier studies carried out in the area [26,27]. in excluded and control mangrove branches, (2) to determine leaf herbivory in upper and lower mangrove branches, (3) to determine Study species leaf herbivory in highly and lowly polluted mangrove forest. Rhizophora racemosa Meyer (Rhizophoracea), known as red mangroves, are the most dominant species in the study area MATERIALS AND METHODS [28,29]. These mangroves survive hyper saline conditions and are widespread in the estuarine wetlands of the Niger Delta [30,31] and Study area the Atlantic [32]. Rhizophora species have the largest propagule size (i.e., 12-21 cm) when compared to other species such as black and This study was conducted in a mangrove forest in Okrika, located white mangroves. The leaves and propagules of the red mangroves near a major refinery in the southern part of Nigeria known as are a delicacy for crabs, fish and other herbivores because of their the Niger River Delta (Figure 1). This refinery is a major outlet nutritive value. for exportation of crude oil out of Nigeria. The climate is tropical The West African Red Mangrove crabs (Goniopsis pelii) inhabit monsoon with rainfall occurring all throughout the year except in mangrove forests in the Niger River Delta, and parts of the At- December, January and February. The mean annual precipitation lantic coast. For the purpose of our study the crabs are grouped ranges from 2500-4500 mm [25]. The mean annual temperature into three sizes namely: small (length: 5-6 cm; width: 4-5 cm), me- ranges from 26°C-30°C. The soil is swampy and grades from red to dium (length: 7-8 cm; width: 4-6 cm) and large (length: 8-10 cm; brown, while the soil pH ranges from acidic to neutral i.e., 6.10- width: 5-6 cm). This species of crabs are the most dominant in the 6.53 (Table 1). The soil is more acidic than alkaline because of the red mangrove forests (Rhizophora species), and have a black, white ammonia and methane gases produced through decomposition and orange color on their dorsal, ventral and limb regions respec- of plant matter. Its mangrove forest is uniquely divided into two tively. They are decapods with five pairs of limbs, four hairy (pelii) sections by a tarred road (~5 m wide). Running parallel to the road and one non-hairy (chelipads). The chelipads have sharp edges for and about 1 m apart are ten sets of giant nickel/steel alloy-plated shredding the leaves and propagules of mangroves. ;E ǑϰϯϱϬϵ Dz͕ ǑϬϱϮϱϵDz ϰ �ϳ Figure 1: Map of study area indicating the area where herbivory experiment was conducted in Okrika, Niger Delta, Nigeria. J Pet Environ Biotechnol, Vol. 10 Iss. 2 No: 391 2 Numbere AO, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online Study Conduct. µs/ SO 2- Cd Cu pH TOC (%) P (mg/) 4 Pb (mg/l) Zn (mg/l) Mn (mg/l) Ca (mg/l) K (mg/l) Mg (mg/l) THC (mg/l) location cm (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) OK1 1133 5.94 1.989 0.07 25 0.06 6.21 4.86 1.26 1.52 33.28 54.95 229.48 2682 OK2 783 6.4 1.716 0.03 28 0.001 0.001 1.26 0.001 0.44 45.17 38.31 143.73 2155 OK3 9920 5.97 3.315 0.09 60 0.001 0.001 2.6 0.001 4.71 36.95 334.8 513.2 2247 Mean 3945.33 6.10 2.34 0.06 37.67 0.02 2.07 2.91 0.42 2.22 38.47 142.69 295.47 2361.33 SD 5177.172 0.257 0.855 0.0306 19.399 0.034 3.5848 1.8195 0.727 2.2202 6.0884 166.583 193.373 281.490 SE 2989.042 0.147 0.494 0.0176 11.200 0.019 2.0697 1.0505 0.419 1.2818 3.5151 96.177 111.64 162.518 Table 1A: Soil physico-chemistry of mangrove soil in highly polluted plot in mangrove forest in the Niger Delta, Nigeria.
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