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Stand Structure and Aboveground Biomass of a Pelliciera Rhizophorae Mangrove Forest, Gulf of Monitjo Ramsar Site, Pacific Coast, Panama

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Stand Structure and Aboveground Biomass of a Pelliciera Rhizophorae Mangrove Forest, Gulf of Monitjo Ramsar Site, Pacific Coast, Panama Wetlands (2014) 34:55–65 DOI 10.1007/s13157-013-0482-1 ARTICLE Stand Structure and Aboveground Biomass of a Pelliciera rhizophorae Mangrove Forest, Gulf of Monitjo Ramsar Site, Pacific Coast, Panama Jessica Gross & Eric E. Flores & Luitgard Schwendenmann Received: 11 April 2012 /Accepted: 13 September 2013 /Published online: 9 October 2013 # Society of Wetland Scientists 2013 Abstract Mangroves provide several ecosystems ser- 10,075 trees ha−1. Further inland, species composition vices including carbon storage. Aboveground biomass shifted towards a Rhizophora racemosa dominated for- as a proxy for carbon storage and stand structure were est. Lower density of larger trees in the inland plots investigated in nine plots located in a riverine Pelliciera may be due to small-scale cutting of trees at the forest rhizophorae forest, Gulf of Montijo Ramsar Site, margin. Across all plots, P. rhizophorae was smaller in Pacific Coast, Panama. Aboveground biomass for all diameter and height than R. racemosa. Aboveground bio- trees above 2 cm was estimated using common pan- mass ranged from 76 Mg ha−1 to 335 Mg ha−1 (average: tropical mangrove biomass regression models. Despite 176 Mg ha−1) and was closely related to stem density and a comparatively low tree species diversity there was a basal area. Compared to other neotropical mangrove for- considerable variation in stand structure and biomass ests this riverine P. rhizophorae forest stores substantial among the plots. P. rhizophorae dominated the river amounts of biomass. Conservation strategies have to be put and center plots with tree densities between 1,275 and in place to maintain the threatened P. rhizophorae forest in Central America. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article Keywords Allometric equations . (doi:10.1007/s13157-013-0482-1) contains supplementary material, Diameter-height-relationships . Disturbance . Riverine which is available to authorized users. mangroves . Species composition . Wood density J. Gross Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Introduction E. E. Flores Ramsar Regional Center for Training and Research in the Western Mangroves, occurring at the land ocean interface in the tropics Hemisphere (CREHO), Building 131 A, City of Knowledge, and subtropics, provide important ecosystem services such as Clayton, Republic of Panama raw material, coastal protection and carbon sequestration E. E. Flores (Polidoro et al. 2010; Barbier et al. 2011). The role of coastal Asociación Amigos del Parque Nacional Santa Fe (AMIPARQUE), vegetation in carbon uptake and storage has become of spe- PO Box 0923-00123, Santa Fe, Republic of Panama cific interest in relation to mitigating atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (Mcleod et al. 2011). The amount of L. Schwendenmann (*) School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Private Bag carbon captured and stored in mangrove biomass and sedi- 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand ments is highly variable (Saenger and Snedaker 1993; e-mail: [email protected] Bouillon et al. 2008; Komiyama et al. 2008) and influenced by plant productivity, species composition, physical and Present Address: J. Gross chemical site conditions, decomposition rates, and human 385A South Chalan Antigo, Talafofo, Guam 96915, USA disturbances (Brown and Lugo 1982; Day et al. 1987; Chen 56 Wetlands (2014) 34:55–65 and Twilley 1999; Sherman et al. 2003;Walters2005). northern South America during the Holocence (Jaramillo Thus, it is important to assess all mangrove forest types in and Bayona 2000). The area of P. rh iz op ho ra e declined since order to obtain reliable global mangrove biomass estimates the Holocene and P. rhizophorae is considered to be one of the (Lovelock et al. 2005). rarest ‘true’ mangrove species (Condit et al. 2001). The dis- Despite the value and importance of mangroves and other tribution of P. rhizophorae is mainly restricted to the wetter coastal habitats, these ecosystems are subject to degradation regions along the Pacific Coast between the Gulf of Nicoya in and destruction worldwide (Alongi 2002; Spalding et al. Costa Rica and the Esmeraldas River in Ecuador and a few 2010). For example, in Panama where this study was locations on the Caribbean Coast (Winograd 1983; Jimenez conducted, the mangrove-covered area decreased from 1984; Lacerda et al. 1993; Jimenez 1999). Due to its small 250,000 to 170,000 ha between 1980 and 2005 (FAO geographic range, specific habitat requirements (low salinity) 2007). Around 40 % of mangrove species along the and ongoing habitat loss, P. rhizophorae is classified as vul- Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central America are threat- nerable under the International Union for Conservation of ened with extinction (Polidoro et al. 2010). Increasing pres- Nature Red List (Ellison et al. 2010a, b; Polidoro et al. 2010). sure on mangrove forests in Panama resulted in new legal P. rhizophorae stands are still found in the Gulf of Montijo regulations that among others impose high fines for illegal Ramsar Site on the western Pacific Coast of Panama logging (ARAP 2008a, b). (CREHO 2010). However, there is no information about The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance the structure and aboveground biomass in this mangrove (Ramsar Convention) highlights in their resolution on forest. The objectives of our study were: (1) to assess ‘Climate Change and Wetlands’ (Resolution X.24) that the forest structure of riverine P. rhizophorae stands, (2) the protection of remaining wetlands and the restoration to quantify the aboveground biomass combining forest of degraded ones is crucial since destruction and degra- structure data and published allometric equations, and (3) dation of mangrove results in the loss of stored biomass to investigate the relationship between aboveground bio- and carbon into the atmosphere (Ramsar 2008). This mass and structural parameters. resolution also encourages contracting parties to assess the role of wetlands in carbon storage and sequestration (Ramsar 2008). Biomass is a useful indicator for the pro- Materials and Methods ductivity of a stand. It provides information on the storage of carbon and nutrients, and is a measure of stand conditions (i.e. Study Area age, structure, silvicultural practices, disturbance) (Soares and Schaeffer-Novelli 2005). The study was conducted in the vicinity of the river Rio Aboveground biomass and carbon storage are com- de Jesus within the Gulf of Montijo Ramsar Site No. monly derived from tree inventory data (such as diam- 510 (Fig. 1). The Ramsar Site (7° 46′ 19″ N, 81° 7′ 51″ W) eter and height) and species-specific allometric equa- covers an area of 80,765 ha and is located in the southern tions (Clough and Scott 1989; Fromard et al. 1998; part of the Veraguas province on the Pacific Coast of Komiyama et al. 2005). For sites where species-specific Panama. The elevation of the area ranges from 0 m to allometric equations are lacking, the pan-tropical mixed spe- 250 m above sea level (CREHO 2010). Average annual cies biomass regression models (model I and model II) precipitation is around 2,800 mm with a pronounced dry developed by Chave et al. (2005) are often applied. season from December to April (CREHO 2010). Average Biomass regression model I includes trunk diameter, annual temperature is 27 °C (CREHO 2010). Salinity in the total tree height and wood density whereas model II Gulf of Montijo area varies between 8.2 ‰ in the wet season only includes trunk diameter and wood density (Chave (May to November) and 33.8 ‰ in the dry season (December et al. 2005). to April) (CREHO 2010). Mangrove biomass estimates have been reported from Different vegetation types such as woodlands, man- only a few sites in Panama (Golley et al. 1969;Lovelock groves, swamps and marsh areas are found within the et al. 2005) and to the best of our knowledge the present study Gulf of Montijo. Mangroves (approximately 6,310 ha) is the first assessment of aboveground biomass stocks for grow on flat alluvial sediments along the coastline and Pelliciera rhizophorae (Triana and Planchon) mangrove riversandextendupto300minlandinsomeparts, forests located in the western part of the Pacific Coast meanwhile cropland and pastures form the inland border of Panama. with the mangrove forest (CREHO 2010). The dominat- P. rhizophorae (common Spanish name: Mangle piñuelo) ingtreespeciesfoundinthestudyareaarePelliciera was a widely distributed mangrove species along the rhizophorae (Triana and Planchon) and Rhizophora Caribbean and Pacific Coast of Central America and racemosa (G. Meyer). Wetlands (2014) 34:55–65 57 Fig. 1 Location of the nine study plots, river Rio de Jesus, Gulf of Monitjo Ramsar Site, Panama http://geography.about.com/library/blank/blxpanama.htm Plot Selection and Forest Inventory measurements were made 50 cm above the highest prop root and the point of measurement (pom) was recorded. Three parallel transects of approximately 200 m in The measurement was still referred to as dbh. The height of length were laid out extending from the river Rio de trees was measured with an extendable pole for trees below Jesus inland in the direction 40° N-E (Fig. 1). The distance 5 m. The height of trees above 5 m was estimated visually. The between each transect was around 100 m. Along each transect, dbh and height of trees/saplings (2 cm<dbh<10 cm; dbh class three 20 m×20 m sample plots were established (nine I) were measured in the 5×5 m subplots. Sediment properties plots in total). Subplots (5 m×5 m) were established at such as salinity and redox potential were not determined due the center of each plot. Geographic coordinates were to the lack of suitable equipment. recorded with a GPS (eTrex Venture Cx, Garmin Ltd., NewTaipeiCity,Taiwan)ateachplotcenter. Structural Characteristics The stand inventory was conducted between May and July 2009 using the methods described in Cintron and Stand basal area (G, m2 ha−1) is the sum of all individual tree Schaeffer-Novelli (1984).
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