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Le Homard Européen Homarus Gammarus (Linnaeus, 1758)

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Le Homard Européen Homarus Gammarus (Linnaeus, 1758) Le homard européen Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus, 1758) Citation de cette fiche : Pere A., Noël P., 2017. Le homard européen Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus, 1758). in Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed.], 11 février 2017. Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel, pp. 1-25, site web http://inpn.mnhn.fr Contact des auteurs : Anthony Pere, chercheur indépendant ; e-mail [email protected] ; Pierre Noël, UMS 2006 "Patrimoine naturel", Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 43 rue Buffon (CP 48), 75005 Paris ; e-mail [email protected] Résumé. Le homard européen mesure souvent 25 à 50 cm ; il peut atteindre 60 cm et un poids de 12 kg. Les pinces des gros individus sont énormes. Le jeune est bleu clair et l'adulte est bleu foncé à noir ; il devient rouge à la cuisson. L’accouplement intervient après la mue de la femelle. La fécondation a lieu au moment de la ponte. Le nombre d'œufs varie de 5 000 à 50 000 selon la taille de la femelle. L'éclosion se tient en mai-juin. Il y a trois stades larvaires planctoniques et un stade postlarvaire. La croissance se fait au moment de la mue. La longévité du homard est de plusieurs dizaines d'années. Le homard est assez agressif ; il a une alimentation variée : algues, hydraires, mollusques, vers, échinodermes et parfois crustacés et poissons. Il reste la journée dans son abri et sort la nuit pour chercher sa nourriture. Il est parasité par divers organismes (protozoaires, copépodes, annélides) et est atteint par des bactéries et des mycoses. Il est associé à plusieurs espèces (amphipodes, gastéropodes, annélides) et vit en compagnie du congre et de crevettes. Le homard adulte a peu de prédateurs ; les jeunes peuvent être la proie de céphalopodes, crustacés, poissons et mammifères marins. Il vit sur des fonds rocheux jusqu'à 60 m, rarement davantage. On le rencontre dans l'Atlantique nord de la Norvège au Maroc, en Méditerranée, et en Mer Noire où il est rare. Pêché principalement au casier (pêche réglementée), cette espèce patrimoniale s'est raréfiée en raison de sa surexploitation. Des tentatives d'élevage n'ont pas été couronnées de succès. Figure 1. Aspect général vue dorsale. Photo © Michel Le Quément. Figure 2. Carte de distribution en France métropolitaine. © P. Noël [Ploubazlanec, Pointe de l'Arcouest, 2011]. INPN-MNHN 2017. Classification : Phylum Arthropoda Latreille, 1829 > Sub-phylum Crustacea Brünnich, 1772 > Super-classe Multicrustacea Regier, Shultz, Zwick, Hussey, Ball, Wetzer, Martin & Cunningham, 2010 > Classe Malacostraca Latreille, 1802 > Sous-classe Eumalacostraca Grobben, 1892 > Super- ordre Eucarida Calman, 1904 > Ordre Decapoda Latreille, 1802 > Sous-ordre Pleocyemata Burkenroad, 1963 > Super-famille Nephropoidea Dana, 1852 > Famille Nephropidae Dana, 1852 > Genre Homarus Weber, 1795. Synonymes (Zariquiey Álvarez 1968 ; GBIF 2016 ; INPN 2017 ; Noms vernaculaires: ITIS 2016 ; WoRMS 2016): Homard, homard européen (Bertran 1984), homard vulgaire Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, p. 631 (basionyme) Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1798, p. 406 (Gadeau de Kerville 1894). Homarus vulgaris H. Milne Edwards, 1837, p. 334 ; Heller, 1863, p. Le cardinal des mers (Le Fevere 1965) ; 219 ; Nobre, 1936, p. 151 ; Bouvier, 1940, p. 56 ; Zariquiey criquet [jeune individu] (Carbonne 2009 ; Collectif 2010) ; legrest Álvarez, 1946, p. 96, pl. 2. (Carbonne 2009) ; lingoumbeau (Carbonne 2009) ; liangaou Homarus gammarus Herrick, 1911, p. 160 ; ZA, 1968, p. 199. (Carbonne 2009) ; lorman (Carbonne 2009) ; mollet [individu venant de muer] (Blavet 1998). N° des bases de données : GBIF ID : 5972003 ; INPN Cd_Nom : 18427 ; ITIS : 97315 ; IUCN 169955; WoRMS AphiaID : 107253. Principaux noms étrangers : Anglais: European lobster (Mantiri & al. 1995). Allemand: Europäischer Hummer. Italien: Astice, lupicante. Néerlandais, flamand : kreeft (Holthuis & al. 1986). Espagnol: Bogavante, lubricante, abricanto, llangant, homar, langosta (Zariquiey Álvarez 1968). Portugais : lagoszim (Azevedo 1999). Catalan : Llamàntol europeu. Russe: Obyknovennyi (yevropeiskii) omar Etymologie : Homarus : vient du danois [hommer] ou de l'allemand [Hummer] ; gammarus : vient du latin [gammarus] ou [cammarus] = nom d'un crustacé indéterminé, crevette, écrevisse (Sohier & al. 2007). Description (Figure 1). Les plus grands exemplaires de Homarus gammarus sont des mâles qui atteignent une taille respectable de 60 cm (Wolff 1978) (la taille de 80 cm donnée par Maître-Allain 1997 correspond sans doute à une mesure "hors- tout" avec les pinces) et un poids de 12 kg (Noël 1985) et même de 13 à 18 kg (Carbonne 2009), mais en général la taille des spécimens pêchés est de 25 à 50 cm. La carapace est lisse, le rostre est bien développé et pointu. Les trois pattes antérieures portent une pince (chélipèdes), les deux autres sont terminées par une griffe. Les premiers chélipèdes sont énormes, surtout chez les mâles adultes et se terminent par de fortes pinces, légèrement asymétriques : une des pinces est plus large et munie de dents irrégulières sur ses bords coupants (pince broyeuse), l’autre est plus mince et armée d’une rangée de dents en scie sur le bord interne du doigt fixe (pince coupante). Si la grosse pince est amputée, une petite pince est régénérée à sa place, alors que la petite pince non amputée évolue en grosse pince. Ainsi, il n'y a pas de latéralisation, c'est à dire un côté préférentiel pour la grosse pince. L’abdomen et la rame caudale sont robustes. Les juvéniles ont le corps bleu clair avec des marques blanches et les appendices blancs (Sohier & al. 2016). Chez l'adulte, la couleur générale du corps est bleu foncé et marbré, les extrémités des pattes sont blanchâtres, les flagelles des antennules et des antennes sont orange (Zariquiey Álvarez 1968). Les zones de couleur bleue sur l'animal vivant deviennent rouges pendant la cuisson. Les couleurs du homard sont dues à des caroténoprotéines (pigments caroténoïdes complexés à des protéines), principalement la crustacyanine dont le pigment est une xanthophylle, l'astaxanthine (Ceccaldi & Allemand 1964 ; Clarke & al. 1990 ; Mantiri & al. 1995). Ce complexe moléculaire décale la longueur d'onde d'absorption de la lumière qui passe de 472 nm pour le caroténoïde simple à 632 nm pour la caroténoprotéine. La cuisson, en coagulant la protéine de la crustacyanine, libère de l'astaxanthine et lui rend sa couleur rouge. La couleur des œufs est due à des pigments encore plus complexes et de poids moléculaire très élevé, à savoir des lipo-glyco-caroténo-protéines (Sohier & al. 2016). Figure 3. Homard en vue dorsale ; noter la pince droite coupante et la pince gauche broyeuse. Photo © Anthony Pere. Risques de confusion, espèces voisines, variations infra-spécifiques. L’espèce la plus proche du homard européen est le homard américain Homarus americanus Milne Edwards, 1837 de la côte est des Etats-Unis et du Canada. Cette dernière se distingue du homard européen par des caractéristiques peu marquées et variables ; le critère le plus net est la présence chez l'espèce américaine d'une dent sous le rostre. La coloration serait davantage vert foncé (orange sur la face ventrale), et les pinces seraient plus larges et plus plates chez le homard américain (Hedgecock & al. 1977). Notons que les deux espèces peuvent s'hybrider au laboratoire (Audouin & Léglise 1972 ; Carlberg & al. 1978) et que des formes morphologiques intermédiaires ou des hybrides peuvent s'observer en milieu naturel (Stebbing & al. 2012). Le "homard du Cap" autrefois nommé Homarus capensis (Herbst, 1792) et donc rattaché au genre Homarus est en fait plus proche des langoustines (Tam & Kornfield 1998) ; son nom de genre est devenu ultérieurement Homarinus (Kornfield & al. 1995). Le homard a peu évolué et s'est peu diversitifié au cours des temps géologiques ; c'est une forme panchronique, une sorte de "fossile vivant" (Glaessner 1969). Ses ancêtres du genre Palaeohomarus diffèrent peu morphologiquement ; ils remontent au Crétacé, il y a plus de 100 millions d'années (Secretan 1988). Biologie. Reproduction et cycle de vie. L’accouplement intervient juste après la mue de la femelle, lorsque la cuticule de celle-ci est encore molle. Le sperme est introduit par les appendices abdominaux du mâle modifiés en organes copulateurs dans le réceptacle séminal de la femelle et stocké dans une poche, la spermathèque. Le nombre de chromosomes est variable ; il est de 2n = 90 à 134 (Hughes 1982). La fécondation a lieu au moment de la ponte (Bloch 1935 ; Goudeau & Goudeau 1986). La femelle peut féconder ses œufs avec le même sperme pendant au moins deux années successives (Latrouite & al. 1981). Le nombre d'œufs varie entre 5 000 et 50 000 selon la taille de la femelle (Jensen 1958 ; Bertrand 1982 ; Latrouite & al. 1984 ; Fechter & al. 1987 ; Tully & al. 2001 ; Lizárraga-Cubedo & al. 2003). La fécondité varie considérablement entre les zones étudiées. Par exemple, une femelle de 1 kg produit en moyenne 13 500 œufs en Irlande (Tully & al. 2001) et 18 000 en Norvège (Agnalt 2008). Ellis & al. (2015) ont démontré l’importance des facteurs géographiques et environementaux sur la variabilité de la fécondité, et ont mis en evidence l’impact du Golf Stream comme régulateur de la production d’œufs. Les œufs mesurent entre 1,5 et 2 mm de diamètre (Zariquiey Álvarez 1968) et la taille fluctue en fonction du développement embryonnaire. Plus la taille des femelles est élevée, plus les tailles des œufs et des larves nouvellement écloses sont grandes. De même, il semblerait que la survie des larves soit plus importante chez les grosses femelles (Moland & al. 2010). Les œufs sont pondus de juillet à décembre et sont attachés sur les soies ovigères présentes sous les pléopodes (appendices abdominaux) des femelles pendant 7 à 10 mois environ selon la température ambiante en milieu naturel (Pandian 1970 ; Branford 1978 ; Moland & al. 2010). En milieu contrôlé, Branford (1978) a observé que la période d’incubation diminuait avec l’augmentation de la temperature. En effet, cette période pouvait fluctuer de 9,5 à 3,6 mois pour une temperature variant de 10,0 °C à 18,3 °C.
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