Reproductive Biology of the Indian SCAD, Decapterus Russelli (Ruppell, 1830) from Mangaluru Coast Ashwini

Research Article Volume 6 Issue No. 6

Reproductive Biology of the Indian SCAD, Decapterus Russelli (Ruppell, 1830) from Mangaluru Coast Ashwini. L1, S. Benakappa2, H.N. Anjanayappa3, Akshay. L4 Department of Fisheries Resources and Management Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, Karnataka, India [email protected]

Abstract: Aspects of reproductive biology such as maturity, spawning season, sex-ratio and fecundity of Decapterus russelli were studied for a period of one year along the coast of Mangaluru. The length at which 50% of females of Decapterus russelli attained maturity was estimated at16-18 cm. The presence of mature, ripe and spent gonads was observed from August to May indicating prolonged spawning season. The sex-ratio (male: female) varied from 1:0.51 in the commercial catches, showing dominance of male in the population. Significant difference in the sex ratio was observed during all the months except during January and April. The absolute fecundity ranged from 71200 to 223680 eggs with an average of 140993 eggs per female. In the present study size of ova diameter ranged from 0.03 to 0.68 mm.

Keywords: Decapterus russelli, Mangaluru, spawning season, fecundity, Sex-ratio, Gonado- Somatic Index.

Introduction which 667 were male and 339 were female. The length, Fishes exhibit periodic or cyclic reproductive weight, sex and stage of maturity of individual fish in each behaviour. A thorough knowledge of maturation cycle will samples were noted. The ovaries were removed and preserved help to understand and predict the annual changes that a in 5% formalin for further studies. population undergoes. This involves morphological and Spawning season histological observation like changing pattern of the structure The spawning season was determined on the basis of and condition of the gonads are used to ascertain the maturity availability of mature gonads in commercial catches. The stages. The term maturity stages means the degree of ripeness Gonado - somatic Index (GSI) and relative condition factor of the gonad. Periodical microscopic and histological (kn) were also considered for assessing the spawning season. examination of testes and ovaries for at least one year helps in Size at first maturity understanding the progression and depletion of gonads The size at first maturity was determined plotting throughout the maturation cycle. Fish biologists have devised cumulative percentage of mature fish- III, IV, VI and VII schemes to identify maturity in different stages, usually 4 to stages in case of male and female against sizes (James and 5 or even up to 7 to 8 stages (Clark, 1934; Hickling and Badrudeen, 1981); (d) Methods Jayabalan (1986) and (e) Rutenberg, 1936; Prabhu, 1956; Qasim, 1973; Crossland, Udupa (1986). 1977). Gonado- Somatic Index Maturation refer to the cyclic morphological changes For calculating the Gonado - somatic Index, the weight that the male and female gonads undergo to attain full growth of the individual fish was noted and the gonads were removed and ripeness (Qasim, 1973) to understand those changes, it is carefully and weighed in an electronic after removing the also necessary to follow the regular and cyclic changes excess moisture using a blotting paper. (James, 1967; Baragi, undergone by the gonad. This can be best done by recognizing 1977). The Gonado – somatic Index was calculated using the the different phases in the cycle by assigning set of unique formula. GSI = Gonad weight/ Fish weight ×100. The average stages that identify the states of maturity of the gonads, as they GSI values wear plotted against months. pass through the different stages of development and spawn. Fecundity Thus, different maturity stages are assigned to the gonads, Fecundity was estimated gravimetrically using based on the well-defined criteria (Crossland, 1977). formalin preserved ovaries. The excess moisture was drained out and the ovaries were weighed to the nearest milligram. Materials and Methods Ovaries of the IV, V and VI stages were used for fecundity The present study on Decapterus russelli from estimation. A small sample from each ovary was removed and Mangaluru is based on a random samples of 1006 individuals weighed. The number of mature ova inn the weighed sample were collected fortnightly from fish landing center, individuals was counted. Fecundity was calculated form the number ova were ranging in size from 11 to 23 cm total length (TL) of for each individual by using the following formula.

Fecundity = Numbers of mature ova in the sample X Total weight of ovary (g) Weight of the sample (g)

Fecundity: length/weight/gonad weight-relationship Sex – ratio The relationship between fecundity and length of Sex – ratio was studied with respect to months and fish/weight of fish/ovary weight wear calculated using size groups of fish. Data on sex –ratio were analysed by x2 appropriate statistical methods.

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June 2016 7381 http://ijesc.org/ (chi-square) test to find out whether there was any percentage. In March and April all the stages were observed. dominance of either sex using following formula. Compared to March in April I and II the percentage of stage increased. In March III and V stages were dominant. In May 2 2 ᵡ 2 = (O M – E) + (OF-E) all the stages were observed except VI stage, percentage of II and IV stage decreased, while the percentage of stage I, III

E E and V stages increased compared to previous month. Where, OM and OF = Observed number of male and female in the month respectively, E= expected number of male or female in a month, E= n/2. In case of female, stage III, IV and VI were recorded in August with dominance of stage III and IV and Results and discussion VI stage with similar percentage. In September and Spawning season November stages II, III, IV, V and VI made their The spawning season was determined on the basis appearance. Stage III and V were dominant in September of occurrence of individuals in mature, running, and spent month, and II and VI stage were dominant in November stages of maturity in each month. The seasonal changes in month. In October only III, IV, V and VI stages were the occurrence of gonads of Decapterus russelli in different present; III and IV stages were dominant. In December and stages of maturity are presented in Table 1. February all stages were observed, II and VII stages were dominant in December, while II and IV stages decreased in The results of the gonadal maturity of male during February. In January all stages were observed except V August showed only I, II, III, IV, and V stages. Stages I, II stage, the percentage of stage II, III, IV and VI decreased, and III were predominant. In September I, II, III, IV, and V while the percentage of stage I and VII increased. In March stages were present; I, II and III stages being predominant. In except stage I all stage were observed, stage IV and VI being October I, II, III, IV and V stages were present, II and III predominant. In April all stages were recorded I and III stage stages were dominant, but the percentage of stage III were dominant. In May only I, II, III, IV and V stages were increased compared to previous month. present; I stage being predominant, percentage of stages II, III, IV and V decreased compared to previous month. November showed only I, II and III stages but the Selvam et al. (2013) observed that Decapterus percentage of stage I and II increased compared to previous russelli eggs were observed during post monsoon, and months. In December only I, II, III, IV and VII were noticed; monsoon seasons. Manickasundaram (1990) noticed eggs stages II and III were dominant. In January, only stage I, II, during post monsoon season along Coleroon estuary and III and VII were present; I and II stages being predominant. Ramaiyan et al. (2005) observed these eggs in the monsoon In February only I, II, III, IV and VII stages were present; II and post monsoon seasons. stage was predominant and I and VII stages showed similar

Table 1: Month wise percentage occurrence of gonads in different stages of maturity of D. russelli

Months No. of Sex Maturity stages fish I II III IV V VI VII Aug.15 38 M 23.68 21.08 23.68 15.78 15.78 - - 12 F - - 83.34 8.33 - 8.33 - Sep. 71 M 28.57 34.28 24.28 2.85 10.02 - -

29 F - 13.79 31.05 10.34 24.14 20.68 -

Oct. 72 M 4.16 25.02 54.16 12.5 4.16 - -

28 F - - 25.02 35.71 21.42 17.85 -

42 38.09 57.14 4.77 - - - - Nov. M 18 F - 33.33 16.67 11.11 16.67 22.22 - Dec. 135 M 14.94 45.52 33.58 1.49 - - 4.47 44 F 13.72 20.25 9.12 9.12 6.81 9.12 31.86 Jan.16 50 M 50.87 29.83 1.76 - - - 17.54 48 F 35.41 14.59 6.25 4.17 - 4.17 35.41 Feb. 78 M 22.03 50.84 3.38 1.69 - - 22.06 33 F 15.15 6.07 24.24 9.09 15.15 15.15 15.15 Mar. 53 M 7.54 11.32 22.64 11.33 33.96 1.88 11.33 47 F - 2.13 12.77 29.8 21.27 23.4 10.63 Apr. 61 M 49.19 27.87 4.91 11.47 1.64 3.28 1.64 40 F 30.00 15.00 20.00 12.5 10.00 5.00 7.50 May. 60 M 51.67 20.00 10.00 10.00 6.66 - 1.67 40 F 37.50 15.00 17.50 17.50 12.50 - -

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June 2016 7382 http://ijesc.org/ Relation between the size of fish and maturity group 16-18 cm, about (21.97%) of mature fish were Fishes were grouped sex-wise into two cm size observed. From this group onwards, mature fishes were groups and details of percentage occurrence of fish in recorded up to 20-22 cm size groups. various maturity stages were calculated. Fish from stage IV In case of female Fig. 1a in size group 12-14 cm onwards were considered as mature. The data are presented size group (42.84%) mature fish were found. In the size in Fig. 1. group 14-16 cm, 16- 18 cm, 18-20 cm and 20-22 cm most of From Fig. 1b it could be seen that all the males up the fish were found to be mature (25.99%), (57.78%), to 16 cm were in immature stage (stage I, II and III). Above (67.00%) and (70.00%). 16 cm size onwards mature fish started appearing. In the size

120

100

Percentage occurance gonadsof occurance Percentage 0 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20 20-22 22-24 Toata length (cm) I II III IV V VI VII Fig. 1a: Percentage occurrence of different stages of maturity in relation to different size group of D. russelli- Female 120

100

Percentage occurance gonadsof occurance Percentage 0 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20 20-22 22-24

Total length (cm) I II III IV V VI VII

Fig. 1b: Percentage occurrence of different stages of maturity in relation to different size group of D. russelli- Male

In order to determine the size at first maturity, the plotted against size groups. In Fig.2 the size at 50% distribution of the cumulative percentage of IV to VI stages cumulative percentage was considered to indicate the overall were considered. For this purpose cumulative percentage reproductive maturity of the population as a whole. As seen frequencies of fishes belonging to the above stages were from the Fig.1. The male and female mature at 16-18 cm TL.

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110

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

10 Cumulative percentage frequency percentage Cumulative 0 13 15 17 19 21 23 Total length (cm) Male Female

Fig. 2: Cumulative percentage frequency of mature gonads of both male and female of D. russelli

Development of ova to maturity ‘1st ’, ‘2nd ’ and ‘3rd ’ at 0.37 mm, 0.41mm and 0.47 mm Typical ovaries belonging to seven stages of respectively with the largest egg measuring 0.57 mm. One maturity described above were selected and the ova diameter batch of maturing eggs from previous stock was mature as frequency polygons of these ovaries were drawn. The data are seen at mode II stage. Similarly stage V also showed 2 modes presented in Fig. 3. ‘1st’ at 0.27 mm and another at 0.41 mm which was a batch of Ova diameter frequencies of 7 stages are represented mature eggs. Stage VI was a ripe ovary with 3 modes ‘1st ’, in Fig 3. Immature eggs measuring less than 0.03 mm were ‘2nd ’ and ‘3rd ’ at 0.27mm, 0.41mm and 0.45 respectively. The present in almost all stages of ovary and can be named as largest egg seen was 0.68 mm. Stage VII was spent ovary with general egg stock. Stage I showed one distinct mode at 0.05 one mode at 0.05 mm. The eggs measuring between 0.53 mm mm representing the immature ova. The largest egg measured and 0.68 mm were few in number. The largest egg found was was 0.18 mm in diameter. The stage II showed ‘1st’ mode at 0.68 mm. 0.07mm and ‘2nd’mode at 0.15mm. These eggs belonged to Ova diameter ranging from less than 0.06 to 1.02 mm the immature stock. The largest egg measured was 0.44 mm. was reported by Manojkumar (2005) from Malabar Coast Stage III belonged to the maturing group with 3 modes ‘1st ’ at which is much higher than that of 0.03 to 0.55 mm reported by 0.23 mm, ‘2nd ’ 0.35mm and the other mode ‘3rd ’ at 0.41 mm Tamhane (1996) from Mumbai waters. Poojary et al. (2015) which shows that some of the eggs drawn from the general studied reproductive biology of the Indian scad, Decapterus stock were under the process of maturation. The largest egg russelli from Maharashtra waters, northwest coast of India. measured was 0.55 mm. Stage IV again showed three modes The author reported that from 0.01 to 0.97 mm.

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Fecundity The details of fecundity counts are presented in the Only the mature ova were considered for the Table 2. A total of 30 individuals in stages IV and V were estimation of fecundity. In Decapterus russelli, a clear studied for fecundity. The fecundity in Decapterus russelli demarcation of mature and immature ova was noticed from ranged from 71200 to 223680 eggs with an average of IV stage onwards. Hence, for fecundity studies, stage IV, V 140993 eggs. The minimum weight of the mature and VI were taken into consideration. Fecundity was Decapterus russelli was 49.43g and the maximum weight estimated by counting the number of ova in a small portion was 96.00g, with total length varying between 16.4 cm 21.5 of the ovary of known weight and computing the total cm. The number of ova generally increased with increase in number of ova based on this count and total weight of ovary. length and weight. However, variations in fecundity with Three portions were taken from each ovary from the anterior, respect to length and weight were also noticed. middle and posterior ends, and an estimate was made of mean egg weight of each ovary from the samples taken.

Table 2: Number of mature ova in individuals of D. russelli

SL. Total Body Gonad Stage of No. length weight (g) weight (g) Fecundity Maturity (cm) 1 17.9 66.5 3.35 107111 IV 2 17.7 52.86 4.01 77673 IV 3 17.5 53.9 3.89 106766 IV 4 18.2 64.54 4.15 124500 V 5 17.5 64.89 4.02 120600 IV 6 20 82.57 6.89 172250 VI 7 17.6 62.45 4.99 114770 IV 8 17.6 62.69 4.89 122250 IV 9 18.1 70 4.99 99800 V 10 19.5 79.37 6.01 138230 VI 11 18.5 72.11 6.06 133320 V 12 18 65.08 5.13 102600 V 13 17.5 64.21 5.02 105420 IV

14 16.4 49.43 3.99 79800 IV

15 17.5 56.87 3.96 99000 IV

Poojary et al (2015) studied reproductive biology of was applied in order to ascertain any significant difference in the Indian scad, Decapterus russelli (Ruppell, 1830) from sex- ratio in the monthly samples. Maharashtra waters, northwest coast of India. They reported Table 3 represents data on sex-ratio of Decapterus absolute fecundity based on 46 specimens in the size range russelli with respect to different months. Predominance of of 149 to 228 mm in total length with the corresponding total male was noticed throughout the period of the study. Chi- weight ranging from 28.55 to 118.47 g. The absolute square values at 5% probability level during the study period fecundity ranged from 29,986 to 1, 52,123 eggs for the ovary showed that there was significant difference in the sex ratio weighing between 0.601 to 4.3 g. during all the months expect during January and April. The Sex-ratio pooled sex- ratio (M: F) was found to be 1:0.51 which was Data on the sample number of male and female in statistically significant at 5% level. different months are given in the Table 3. Chi-square test The data were also analyzed by Chi-square test to test the number of male and female in various size groups. It is clear

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June 2016 7385 http://ijesc.org/ from the Table 4. That males were dominated over females. Poojary et al. (2015) reported that the sex-ratio At 0.05% probability level, chi-square values indicated no (male to female) of D. russelli which varied from 1:0.43 in significant difference in male and female except in the size 140-149 mm length group to 1:1 in 110-119 mm length range 12-14 cm TL, these size groups indicted significant group. Jadhav and Mohite (2013) reported that sex-ratio of difference in chi- square value in the number of male and M. cordyla showed that in most of the months, females female. Equality of sex-ration in male and female was dominated over male and the overall male: female ratio was obtained in the size range 14-16 cm and 18-20 cm. 1:1.3. The chi-square test showed significant deviation from 1: 1 during September and October.

Table 3: Monthly sex-ratio of D. russelli

(August, 2015-May, 2016)

Months Total no. of Male Female Sex-ratio Chi- square Fishes n % n % M:F values Aug. 15 12 1:0.31 13.52 * 50 38 76.00 24.00 Sep. 100 71 71.00 29 29.00 1:0.40 17.64 * Oct. 100 72 72.00 28 28.00 1:0.38 19.36 * Nov. 60 42 70.00 18 30.00 1:0.42 9.6 * Dec. 177 133 75.14 43 24.29 1:0.31 47.54 * Jan.16 50 48 1:0.84 0.76 105 47.61 45.71 Feb. 113 78 69.02 33 29.20 1:0.55 7.34 * Mar. 53 47 1:0.88 0.36 100 53.00 47.00

Apr. 61 40 1:0.67 4.36 * 101 60.39 39.60 May. 60 40 1:0.66 4.00 * 100 60.00 40.00 Pooled 667 654.18 339 1:0.51 106.942* 1006 336.81

Table 4: Sex-ratio in different size groups of D. russell

(August, 2015-May, 2016) Size Total no. Male Female Sex-ratio Chi- square group of Fishes n % n % M:F values (cm) 10-12 1 1 1.00 - - 1:00 - 12-14 19 13 68.42 6 31.57 1:0.46 2.56 14-16 224 156 69.64 68 30.35 1:0.43 34.56 * 16-18 335 206 61.49 129 38.50 1:0.62 17.68 * 18-20 301 201 66.77 100 33.22 1:0.49 33.88 * 20-22 90 60 66.66 30 33.33 1:0.5 10.00 *

22-24 12 10 83.33 2 16.66 1:0.2 5.32 * Gonado- Somatic Index: sudden decline in January (0.7491) and again increase in GSI In this study, both male and female were taken into was noticed in February. In March GSI values slightly consideration separately. The Gonado-Somatic Index (GSI) increased and then suddenly declined in the month of April was calculated for each individual fish and was averaged for and May. each month. The average GSI values were plotted against Delsman (1926), Tiews (1958) and Tiews et al. each month and the results are presented in Fig.3. (1975) observed prolonged spawning period for Decapterus Monthly changes in GSI for male and female were sp. from Java Sea and Manila Bay. In the Indian waters, noticed during the study period. The GSI values ranged Sreenivasan (1981) reported prolonged spawning for D. dayi between 0.7674 to 2.1427 in male fish. The lowest GSI value extending from February to November with peak during was recorded in April, while the highest in October. The GSI February and March. Raje (1997) reported November to values gradually increased from August to October and May as the spawning season. Reuben et al. (1992) were of declined in the month of November and December, the view that December and August is the peak spawning thereafter the GSI values increased in the months of January period for this species from Northwest coast of India. Murty and February. During March and April GSI values decreased (1991) documented December to August as spawning period followed by an increase in the month of May. in Kakinada waters while in Vizhinjam waters it spawned In case of female, the GSI values fluctuated during March to May. Balasubramanian and Natrajan (2000) between 0.7491 to 3.7267. The lowest value of GSI was reported November and December and Manojkumar (2007) recorded in the month of January, while the highest was reported March to December as the spawning period from recorded in the month of October indicating the occurrence Malabar. of maximum number of mature fish during winter months. In December GSI values was high (1.8237) followed by a

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3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5 Gonado Somatic Somatic Index Gonado 0 Aug.15 Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.16 Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Months Male Female

Fig. 4: Monthly variations in the Gonado-Somatic Index of D. russelli

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