Planetary Ecosynthesis As Ecological Succession
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A Theory of Mars Introduction Over the Last 10 Years Or So I Have Been
A Theory of Mars Introduction Over the last 10 years or so I have been researching the idea there might be alien artifacts on Mars. Over this time there have been many interesting discoveries by myself and others, and some candidate artifacts have been found to be likely natural. So far proof remains elusive but some evidence has grown stronger. As more and more of these candidate artifacts have been found, similarities have begun to emerge, pointing at a more plausible theory for their origin. So in this paper I am explaining this theory, with the caveat that nothing is proven at this stage. If more candidate artifacts are found and they also support this theory then this will be additional evidence for artificiality. The reason is formations of randomly appearing similar to artifacts should also randomly seem to fit in with many different contradictory theories. To explain this theory I will need to start at the beginning of this story, which is likely to be at least several hundred million years and possibly over a billion years ago. So these artifacts, if they exist at all, are likely to be incredibly old and only have survived because erosion on Mars is very small. The main reason for this is the near vacuum on Mars prevents most erosion because most of the atmosphere is frozen at the poles. This subject then is far removed from such things as UFOs or Von Daniken like theories of extra terrestrials visiting us today. By contrast any evidence of visitation from so long ago is likely to be archeological with little more than ruins to be found. -
Revolution Changed the Climate
Revolution changed the climate In the first in a series of four articles about climate change and agriculture in New Zealand, Dr Harry Clark of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre lifts the lid on the origins and science of climate change, explaining how human activities are dramatically increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and triggering major environmental changes. ABOUT 250 years ago a revolution began in Europe that would drastically alter the lives and lifestyles of millions, eventually billions, of people worldwide. Clever industrialists discovered that by extracting and burning fossil fuels like coal and oil they could power machines capable of producing goods and food on an unprecedented scale. Soon they discovered the same fuels could drive vehicles of previously unimaginable might, carrying their goods to market faster and in larger quantities than ever before. Fortunes were made. The population exploded. Forests made way for towns, roads and railways and farms to feed the hungry masses. Little did those pioneering industrialists know their revolution would reverberate in a very different way, centuries later. The unconstrained burning of fossil fuels and rapid deforestation that characterise the industrial era have significantly disrupted the cycles of elements like carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, which are found naturally in the earth and atmosphere. Atmospheric concentrations of some of these elements in their gaseous form – named greenhouse gases or ‘GHGs’ – have increased rapidly, causing the atmosphere to warm up and our climate to change. Average and extreme temperatures around the planet are rising, resulting in reduced snow cover, melting glaciers, extended growing seasons and shifting rainfall patterns. -
An Economic Analysis of Mars Exploration and Colonization Clayton Knappenberger Depauw University
DePauw University Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University Student research Student Work 2015 An Economic Analysis of Mars Exploration and Colonization Clayton Knappenberger DePauw University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.depauw.edu/studentresearch Part of the Economics Commons, and the The unS and the Solar System Commons Recommended Citation Knappenberger, Clayton, "An Economic Analysis of Mars Exploration and Colonization" (2015). Student research. Paper 28. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student research by an authorized administrator of Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Economic Analysis of Mars Exploration and Colonization Clayton Knappenberger 2015 Sponsored by: Dr. Villinski Committee: Dr. Barreto and Dr. Brown Contents I. Why colonize Mars? ............................................................................................................................ 2 II. Can We Colonize Mars? .................................................................................................................... 11 III. What would it look like? ............................................................................................................... 16 A. National Program ......................................................................................................................... -
Environmental Philosophy and the Ethics of Terraforming Mars
ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY AND THE ETHICS OF TERRAFORMING MARS: ADDING THE VOICES OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND ECOFEMINISM TO THE ONGOING DEBATE Robert Heath French Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2013 APPROVED: Robert Figueroa, Committee Chair Eugene Hargrove, Committee Member Adam Briggle, Committee Member Patricia Glazebrook, Chair of the Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies Mark Wardell, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School French, Robert Heath. Environmental Philosophy and the Ethics of Terraforming Mars: Adding the Voices of Environmental Justice and Ecofeminism to the Ongoing Debate. Master of Arts (Philosophy), August 2013, 133 pp., 1 table, bibliography, 78 titles. Questions concerning the ethics of terraforming Mars have received some attention from both philosophers and scientists during recent decades. A variety of theoretical approaches have been supplied by a number of authors, however research pursuant to this thesis has indicated at least two major blindspots in the published literature on the topic. First, a broad category of human considerations involving risks, dangers, and social, political, and economic inequalities that would likely be associated with efforts to terraform Mars have been woefully overlooked in the published literature to date. I attempt to rectify that oversight by employing the interpretive lens of environmental justice to address questions of environmental colonialism, equality in terms of political participation and inclusion in decision making structures, risks associated with technological progressivism, and responses to anthropogenic climate change. Only by including the historically marginalized and politically disenfranchised “voices,” of both humans and nonhumans, can any future plan to terraform Mars be deemed ethical, moral or just according to the framework provided by environmental justice. -
A Brief Discussion from the Epistemological, Religious and Societal Dimension
International Journal of Astrobioethics: a brief discussion from Astrobiology the epistemological, religious and cambridge.org/ija societal dimension Octavio A. Chon-Torres1 Research Article Programa de Estudios Generales, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru Cite this article: Chon-Torres OA (2019). Astrobioethics: a brief discussion from Abstract the epistemological, religious and As astrobiology progresses in its quest to discover life on other planets or to put ourselves in societal dimension. International Journal of another one, so does its moral problematic. Astrobiology is not only part of natural sciences, Astrobiology 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S147355041900017X but also deals with direct aspects of humanities. For this reason, this paper aims to briefly examine astrobioethics from the epistemological, religious and societal dimension. It also Received: 31 January 2019 deals with different researches in this regard, in order to better understand the state of the Revised: 24 June 2019 art on this topic and that astrobioethics can help us not only on how we should relate with Accepted: 25 June 2019 extraterrestrial lifeforms, but even with terrestrials. Key words: Astrobiocentrism; astrobioethics; astrobiology; transdisciplinarity Astrobioethics is the discipline inside astrobiology that studies not only the morality of all activities related to the presence of life on other worlds, but also studies our attitude towards Author for correspondence: the expansion of terrestrial life in the Universe. The discipline that focuses on moral problems Octavio A. Chon-Torres, E-mail: ochon@ulima. edu.pe is ethics; however, as ethics is not an exact science but rather a branch of philosophy, its prob- lematic nature makes its content always updated according to the social context in which it operates. -
Perceptions of Female High School Students on Engineering
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.7, No.25, 2016 Perceptions of Female High School Students on Engineering Diana Starovoytova Madara* Sitati Namango School of Engineering, Moi University P. O .Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya Abstract There is overwhelming evidence that females are underrepresented in engineering worldwide, and Kenya is not an exception. Recent study at School of Engineering (SOE), Moi University (MU) established that engineering parity ration was found to be 1.68 %, meaning that for every 59 students admitted to MU there was only one student admitted to SOE. Engineering female parity index was found to be 0.0038, meaning that, on average, for 260 female students admitted to MU, only 1(one) female student was admitted to SOE. Humankind depends on engineers to create new technologies, to find solutions to practical problems and to shape the world that people live in and the future they rely on. Yet young people have little or no perception of engineering and the understanding they do have is all too often confused with other careers, such as science. The perception of engineering as “masculine” and “too hard” is a contributing factor for the female minority in engineering. On the other hand there are very few studies on what high school students think about engineering. In view of the above, this paper will try to fill this gap of information, by exploring teenage girls’ perceptions of engineering as a subject for study and as a potential career choice. Furthermore, it will attempt to raise awareness about and improve the image of engineering, by providing fused notion of engineering to the potential broad audience of this paper. -
Dicionarioct.Pdf
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Earth Science Second Edition McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be repro- duced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-141798-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-141045-7 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw- Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decom- pile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. -
Long Futures and Type Iv Civilizations
PERIODICA POLYTECHNICA SER. SOC. MAN. SCI. VOL. 12, NO. 1, PP. 83–89 (2004) LONG FUTURES AND TYPE IV CIVILIZATIONS Zoltán GALÁNTAI Department of Innovation Studies and History of Technology Budapest University of Technology and Economics H–1111 Hungary, Budapest, Stoczek u. 2., bg. St., gfloor 7. Tel: (+36) 1 463–2141, Fax: (+36) 1 463–1412 e-mail: [email protected] Received: September 7, 2003 Abstract The emergence of the physical eschatology in the last decades led to an opportunity to ask questions about the fate of our Universe from a cosmologist’s point of view and to study mankind’s possible future on a cosmological scale, while we can define some theoretical limits of a civilization’s possible developments. Keywords: physical eschatology, Kardashev civilizations, Type IV civilization, criticism of Anthropic Cosmological Principle, artificial and natural signs. “Whether the details of my calculations turn out to be correct or not, I think I have shown that there are good scientific reasons for taking seriously the possibility that life and intelligence can succeed in mold- ing this universe of ours to their own purposes.” (Freeman Dyson: Time Without End: Physics and Biology in an Open Universe) 1. Introduction We could imagine a physicist floating in his laboratory in the outer space, far from any celestial body. That physicist would never discover the gravitational force without the closeness of big masses like our planet, wrote Astronomer Royal Sir Martin Rees, and similarly, the existence of some unknown forces is also imaginable, whose effects are not detectable on the scale of our Planetary System – but they would play an important role either in the centers of galaxies or in cosmology [1]. -
SOLVING the PUZZLE: Researching the Impacts of Climate Change Around the World TABLE of CONTENTS
On the cover: The climate change “puzzle” includes pieces from science and engineering fi elds including ecology, glaciology, atmospheric science, behavioral science, and economics. The photos in this puzzle collage represent the various fi elds that contribute to our full understanding of Earth’s climate. The missing puzzle piece symbolizes the need for continued basic research on global climate change and variability. Cover design: Adrian Apodaca, National Science Foundation Cover photo credits: © 2009 JupiterImages Corporation (background) Sphere: top row, left to right: David Cappaert, Bugwood.org, © University Corporation for Atmospheric Research; © 2009 JupiterImages Corporation. Second row: Eva Horne, Konza Prairie Biological Station; © 2009 JupiterImages Corporation (2). Third row: © 2009 JupiterImages Corporation; Jeffrey Kietzmann, National Science Foundation; © Forrest Brem, courtesy of NatureServe; Digital Vision, Getty Images. Fourth row: Jim Laundre, Arctic LTER; © 2009 JupiterImages Corporation; Lynn Betts, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service; Peter West, National Science Foundation. Bottom row: David Gochis © University Corporation for Atmospheric Research; © University Corporation for Atmospheric Research SOLVING THE PUZZLE: Researching the Impacts of Climate Change Around the World TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Sky 8 Sky Research Highlights 16 Sea 27 Sea Research Highlights 33 Ice 43 Ice Research Highlights 52 Land 62 Land Research Highlights 66 Life 74 Life Research Highlights 79 People 90 People Research Highlights 98 INTRODUCTION Earth’s Changing Climate To explain the diff erence between weather and climate, scientists often say, “Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get.” Climate is the weather of a particular region, averaged over a long period of time.1 Climate is a fundamental factor in ecosystem health—while most species can survive a sudden change in the weather, such as a heat wave, fl ood, or cold snap—they often cannot survive a long-term change in climate. -
Moon-Miners-Manifesto-Mars.Pdf
http://www.moonsociety.org/mars/ Let’s make the right choice - Mars and the Moon! Advantages of a low profile for shielding Mars looks like Arizona but feels like Antarctica Rover Opportunity at edge of Endeavor Crater Designing railroads and trains for Mars Designing planes that can fly in Mars’ thin air Breeding plants to be “Mars-hardy” Outposts between dunes, pulling sand over them These are just a few of the Mars-related topics covered in the past 25+ years. Read on for much more! Why Mars? The lunar and Martian frontiers will thrive much better as trading partners than either could on it own. Mars has little to trade to Earth, but a lot it can trade with the Moon. Both can/will thrive together! CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX MMM THEMES: MARS MMM #6 - "M" is for Missing Volatiles: Methane and 'Mmonia; Mars, PHOBOS, Deimos; Mars as I see it; MMM #16 Frontiers Have Rough Edges MMM #18 Importance of the M.U.S.-c.l.e.Plan for the Opening of Mars; Pavonis Mons MMM #19 Seizing the Reins of the Mars Bandwagon; Mars: Option to Stay; Mars Calendar MMM #30 NIMF: Nuclear rocket using Indigenous Martian Fuel; Wanted: Split personality types for Mars Expedition; Mars Calendar Postscript; Are there Meteor Showers on Mars? MMM #41 Imagineering Mars Rovers; Rethink Mars Sample Return; Lunar Development & Mars; Temptations to Eco-carelessness; The Romantic Touch of Old Barsoom MMM #42 Igloos: Atmosphere-derived shielding for lo-rem Martian Shelters MMM #54 Mars of Lore vs. Mars of Yore; vendors wanted for wheeled and walking Mars Rovers; Transforming Mars; Xities -
V Isysphere Mars: Terraforming Meets Eng Ineered Life Adaptation MSS
Visysphere mars: Terraforming meets engineered life adaptation MSS/MSM 2005 Visysphere Mars Terraforming Meets Engineered Life Adaptation International Space University Masters Program 2005 © International Space University. All Rights Reserved. Front Cover Artwork: “From Earth to Mars via technology and life”. Connecting the two planets through engineering of technology and life itself to reach the final goal of a terraformed Mars. The Executive Summary, ordering information and order forms may be found on the ISU web site at http://www.isunet.edu/Services/library/isu_publications.htm. Copies of the Executive Summary and the Final Report can also be ordered from: International Space University Strasbourg Central Campus Parc d’Innovation 1 rue Jean-Dominique Cassini 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden France Tel. +33 (0)3 88 65 54 32 Fax. +33 (0)3 88 65 54 47 e-mail. [email protected] ii International Space University, Masters 2005 Visysphere Mars Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The International Space University and the students of the Masters Program 2005 would like to thank the following people for their generous support and guidance: Achilleas, Philippe Hill, Hugh Part-Time Faculty Faculty, Space Science International Space University International Space University IDEST, Université Paris Sud, France Lapierre, Bernard Arnould, Jacques Coordinator “Ethics Applied to Special Advisor to the President Engineering” course. CNES Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal Averner, Mel Marinova, Margarita Program Manager, Fundamental Planetary -
Downloadable in OWL (Web Ontology Language) Format
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2014, 3, 345-367; doi:10.3390/ijgi3010345 OPEN ACCESS ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ISSN 2220-9964 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijgi/ Article Geo-Enrichment and Semantic Enhancement of Metadata Sets to Augment Discovery in Geoportals Bernhard Vockner * and Manfred Mittlböck Research Studios Austria—Studio iSPACE, Schillerstr. 25, Salzburg 5020, Austria; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +43-662-90858-5222; Fax: +43-662-90858-5299. Received: 17 January 2014; in revised form: 18 February 2014 / Accepted: 3 March 2014 / Published: 17 March 2014 Abstract: Geoportals are established to function as main gateways to find, evaluate, and start “using” geographic information. Still, current geoportal implementations face problems in optimizing the discovery process due to semantic heterogeneity issues, which leads to low recall and low precision in performing text-based searches. Therefore, we propose an enhanced semantic discovery approach that supports multilingualism and information domain context. Thus, we present workflow that enriches existing structured metadata with synonyms, toponyms, and translated terms derived from user-defined keywords based on multilingual thesauri and ontologies. To make the results easier and understandable, we also provide automated translation capabilities for the resource metadata to support the user in conceiving the thematic content of the descriptive metadata, even if it has been documented using a language the user is not familiar with. In addition, to text-enable spatial filtering capabilities, we add additional location name keywords to metadata sets. These are based on the existing bounding box and shall tweak discovery scores when performing single text line queries.