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The Environmental Change Network at Alice Holt Research Forest

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The Environmental Change Network at Alice Holt Research Forest Purple emperor butterfly Research Note The Environmental Change Network at Alice Holt Research Forest Suzanne Benham June 2008 The Environmental Change Network (ECN) was established in 1992 to provide a framework for monitoring the effects of a range of environmental drivers on freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. The Alice Holt ECN site represents the Forestry Commission’s commitment to this long-term collaborative programme. This Research Note reviews data collected at the Alice Holt site over 14 years of operation from 1992 –2006. Evidence of the impacts of climate change, pollution and their interaction with land management are explored. Monitoring of air quality has demonstrated a decline in the levels of some harmful pollutants and this is reflected in a reduction in soil acidity and resulting changes in plant communities. Meteorological data provide evidence that the climate is changing with significant trends in summer rainfall and winter cold days. Changes in moth populations have been linked to changes in climate while the decline in some butterfly species is identified as a possible consequence of reduction in open space. In contrast, this reduction has benefited several species of ground beetle, which prefer shady conditions. Bird surveys have enabled assessment and identification of possible causes of changes to the woodland bird populations, including those species subject to Biodiversity Action Plans. Similar trends are becoming apparent across the network, providing a robust early warning system for detecting changes in natural ecosystems as the effects of climate change set in. FCRN001 1 Introduction The Alice Holt ECN site It is now accepted that the climate is warming, largely as a result The Alice Holt Forest ECN site (latitude 0 °50’W; longitude 51 °10’N) of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases into the occupies a gently sloping plateau on the Surrey–Hampshire atmosphere. Globally, temperatures have risen by 0.8 °C since border at an altitude of 70–125 m OD. The soils are heavy the late 19th century and in England 8 of the 12 warmest years surface-water gleys derived from drift. Gault clay dominates the on record have occurred since 1995. The Intergovernmental underlying geology, with some calcareous Upper Greensand Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) has concluded that the material. The forest probably originated during the Atlantic concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is likely to period ( c.7800–5700 BP) with pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur ) rise from the current of value of 383 parts per million (ppm) to emerging as the dominant tree species. In 1812 the Crown between 550 and 700 ppm by the end of the century, leading to enclosed the forest and undertook extensive replanting. In the a 3–5 °C rise in global temperature. The magnitude and rate of late 19th century, because of poor growth, oaks planted on these predicted changes are unprecedented since at least the areas of leached gravel soils were cleared and replanted with last glacial period and highlight the need to understand their coniferous species – primarily Scots pine, Norway spruce and likely impacts on natural ecosystems. Monitoring the impacts of Douglas fir. Ownership and management of the forest was climate change is an important element of a strategy to forecast transferred to the Forestry Commission in 1924. The forest is and adapt to the threats posed by global climate change. currently dominated by Corsican pine ( Pinus nigra var. maritima) However, climate change is not the only environmental pressure; but 140 ha of old-growth oak woodland remain and it is in this air pollution, habitat fragmentation and land management area that both extensive and intensive long-term environmental practices all affect the functioning of ecosystems. Identifying the monitoring are being carried out. cause and effect of individual drivers is a major challenge for environmental monitoring, as it requires that the effects of Figure 1 Map of Environmental Change Network sites in the UK. those drivers are distinguished from background variation. The Environmental Change Network The Environmental Change Network (ECN) is a multi-agency, long-term monitoring programme funded by a consortium of sponsoring government departments and agencies. The network (Figure 1) was established in 1992 to provide a long- Cairngorms River sites term integrated monitoring platform that is more likely to detect Glensaugh change than several individual and unconnected components. Lake sites Existing monitoring methodology was adopted by ECN where Terrestrial sites feasible, enabling inclusion of existing sites, surveys and networks. In addition, ECN methodology has been integrated Sourhope into a number of new monitoring initiatives. Alice Holt Forest is one of 12 terrestrial sites which operate to a Hillsborough Moor House and Upper Teesdale uniform system of core measurement protocols. Atmospheric, soil and water chemistry data provide information on abiotic drivers. Indicator species, representing all trophic levels (herbivores, insectivores, decomposers, higher plants), provide Yr Wyddfa information on biotic impacts. The indicator species/genera (Snowdon) were selected as those most likely to show an early response to the effects of climate change . These biological indicators and Drayton the physical parameters outlined above are listed in Table 1. Wytham Rothamsted Data collected at the ECN sites are available under licence for Porton Alice Holt research purposes and for teaching in schools and universities. North Wyke The ECN internet site is included in the National Grid for learning and, in 2000, ECN hosted a conference designed to promote the use of environmental data in teaching (www.ecn.ac.uk). 2 Table 1 Monitoring carried out by the ECN network at Alice Holt since 1994. Surveys prior Parameter Measurements Survey method Frequency to 1994 Physical Meteorology Temperature, rain, sun, wind, soil wetness Manual and automatic Daily Since 1949 Precipitation pH, conductivity, alkalinity, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Chemical analysis Weekly chemistry Na, Cl, Al, Fe, NO 3, SO 4, PO 4, TOC, Total N Ammonia Alpha sample, denuder tube Monthly Atmospheric Oxides of nitrogen Diffusion tubes Fortnightly chemistry Ozone Diffusion tubes Monthly Sulphur dioxide Diffusion tubes Monthly Soil survey Soil series Classification At start Soil chemistry Chemical and physical characteristics Various Every 5 and 20 years Soil solution pH, conductivity, alkalinity, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Chemical analysis Fortnightly chemistry Na, Cl, Al, Fe, NO 3, SO 4, PO 4, TOC, Total N Biological Canopy structure, vascular plants, seedlings Plot and quadrat counts Every 9 years NVC monitoring of vascular plants Plot and quadrat counts Every 3 years Vegetation Since 1987 Mensuration Heights and diameters Every 3 years Forest Health Survey Annual Moths Rothamsted Insect Survey Daily Butterflies National Butterfly Monitoring Scheme Annually (Mar–Oct) Invertebrates Since 1966 Spittle bugs† Quadrat counts Twice yearly (Jun, Aug) Ground beetles Pitfall traps Annually (Apr–Oct) Birds CBS and BBS Annually Deer Dung counts, infrared counts Twice yearly (Mar, Sep) Vertebrates Bats Activity Annually (Jun–Sep) Rabbits† Dung counts Twice yearly (Mar, Sep) † Data collected at Alice Holt not represented in this Research Note. Drivers of ecosystem function such as ‘active woods’, ‘nature’s health service’ (O’Brien, 2005) and ‘forest schools’ (O’Brien, 2006). Sixteen hectares of Alice Holt Forest Woodland management are devoted solely to recreational use and numerous new footpaths and cycle paths have been established in recent years. This has led The Forestry Commission is committed to sustainable forest to an increase in people using the forest from 197 000 visitors in management and this requires an understanding of the effects 2001 to over 250 000 in 2006 – a trend that is likely to continue. of management practice on woodland ecosystem function, associated biodiversity and the environment. Social and Climate biodiversity objectives are now key priorities for woodland management, and in many cases these have replaced The climate at Alice Holt Forest is characteristic of southeast economics and timber production as the principal objectives. England, with the growing season typically extending from mid- These changes in approach to management place different March to November. Average annual (1994–2006) temperature is pressures on forests. Integrated monitoring provides the 10.1 °C with January normally the coldest month (4 ºC) and July contextual detail that can help to explain the large variations usually the hottest month (19 ºC). Mean annual rainfall is 803 mm found in biological data and help to interpret interactions with November usually the wettest month (85 mm) and July the between management and a range of environmental drivers, driest month (56 mm). such as climate and atmospheric chemistry. There is already evidence of a systematic change in seasonality of Recreation and education precipitation in Alice Holt Forest, with wetter winters and drier summers in recent years. The summers of 1995, 1996 and 2003 Well-managed forests can enhance quality of life; woodlands were some of the driest on record, while 2005 was the driest year are now promoted for their contribution to a healthy lifestyle, since records began at Alice Holt in 1949. Average air temperatures and this requires additional infrastructure and increases visitor are rising and the number of cold days (mean temperature <0 ºC) pressure. This trend is likely to continue in response to initiatives in winter has decreased significantly (Figure 2a and b). 3 Figure 2 Trend in the number of (a) hot and (b) cold days at Alice Holt since 1947. The ‘critical load’ approach is used to identify areas where exposure to a pollutant is higher than an ecosystem can withstand a 30 in the long term. For nitrogen, 98% of broadleaved woodland in s 25 y the UK receives more than the threshold value. Annual average a d t NO concentrations at Alice Holt declined between 1994 and o 20 2 h f o 2000, a trend shared by all ECN sites (Figure 3).
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