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A Compilation of Studies on the Ornamental Fish Trade in Regulatory Management, Health, and Applications for Education

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A Compilation of Studies on the Ornamental Fish Trade in Regulatory Management, Health, and Applications for Education A COMPILATION OF STUDIES ON THE ORNAMENTAL FISH TRADE IN REGULATORY MANAGEMENT, HEALTH, AND APPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION By ELISA JEANETTE LIVENGOOD A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2015 © 2015 Elisa Jeanette Livengood To Micheal William Coons and Memaw ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my advisor Dr. Frank Chapman. Without his support this work would not have been possible. I made promises in my masters about pulling back and trying to see the big picture. I will continue to make that promise. Without his ideas, faithful support, and making me a part of his research family, I would have never been able to do this. I will continue to strive to be the kind of scientist and educator he would like me to be, and build my own program. Dr. Chapman has set the precedent and taught me by example. I also thank Dr. Funicelli for encouragement and humor. I would also like to thank Dr. Miles for guidance and great ideas, and Dr. Ruth Francis-Floyd for her kindness, caring and support over the years. Dr. Brenner for your guidance and instruction over the years. I could not have done this project without the support of my husband, Micheal Coons. Without him I would have never been able to pick myself up after every fall and research failure. He makes life worth living. I can’t wait until we can fully start our future together. Fermentation forever! I would like to thank Dr. Ed Noga for much needed insight and discussion Quantitative injury project. Dr. Murat Balaban for guidance on picture taking and utilization of the LensEye software. I would like to thank the USFWS for help in obtaining the LEMIS data and Marly Wilson for writing the program to help analyze it. I would like to thank the Analytical Division, of University of Florida Chemistry for their help with HPLC analysis. I would like to thank my parents for never letting me think something was too hard and always expecting excellence when it came to school. So many other people in my family supported me through this overly long journey, including Lynette and John Grout, who let me stay with them when I returned from many trips to 4 wholesalers and farms in Miami. I would like to thank my lab mate Christian Lane for his kindred spirit, help, and always sticking together in the Chapman Lab. I would also like to thank the many scientists, fishermen, wholesalers, and farmers who helped me complete this dissertation: Enrique Schmalbach, Michael Rambarran, El Llanerito, Elizabeth Aya Baquero, Professor Arias and so many others. I am honored to have learned so much from them and forever grateful that so many of them opened their homes, businesses, and families to me. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 10 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND STRUCTORAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPILATION OF STUDIES EXAMING THE ORNAMENTAL FISH TRADE ....... 13 2 REGULATORY MANAGEMENT OF THE ORNAMENTAL FISH TRADE .............. 16 Publication 1: The Applicability of the Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS) Database for the Protection and Management of Ornamental Fish Trade ........................................................................................ 17 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 20 Results and Discussion........................................................................................... 21 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 28 3 ORNAMENTAL FISH HEALTH WITHIN SEGMENTS OF THE SUPPLY CHAIN ... 30 Mortality in Seven Select Species Imported from the Wild...................................... 30 Publication 2: Quantitative Measurement of Epithelial Injury in Ornamental Silver Dollar Fish (Metynnis orinocensis) Captured in the Wild, Imported Wild- Caught, and Aquacultured. .................................................................................. 33 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................... 36 Results and Discussion .................................................................................... 39 Publication 3: Uptake of Metronidazole in Artemia of Different Developmental Stages ................................................................................................................. 44 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................... 45 Results and Discussion .................................................................................... 47 4 EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION PUBLICATIONS FOR THE ORNAMENTAL FISH HOBBYIST .............................................................................................................. 50 5 CONCLUSIONS ON THE COMPLIATION OF STUDIES PRESENTED AND OVERALL RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................... 55 6 APPENDIX: EDIS PUBLICATIONS PDF AND URL LINKS .......................................... 59 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 60 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................................................................ 69 7 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 The composition and number of animal imports into the U.S. in 2010; principally for the pet trade ................................................................................. 22 2-2 The composition and number of animal imports into the U.S. ............................ 22 2-3 Principal ornamental fishes and their numbers imported into the U.S. in 2010 .. 25 3-1 Mortality as a percent of total shipping lot for selected Amazonian species imported into wholesaler in South Florida ........................................................... 32 3-2 Artemia developmental life stage, supplementation regime and resulting concentration measured for metronidazole from HPLC ...................................... 48 8 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1-1 A basic structure of the ornamental fish supply chain. ........................................ 13 2-1 Number of freshwater (FWTF) and marine (MATF) ornamental fish imported into the U.S. principally for the pet trade, in years 2008, 2009, and 2010. ......... 24 3-1 Wound pattern as a result of shipping and representative color analysis ........... 41 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS APPA American Pet Products Association EDIS Electronic Data Information Systems DOA Dead On Arrival FAO Food and Agricultural Organization LEMIS Law Enforcement Management Information System 10 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy A COMPILATION OF STUDIES ON THE ORNAMENTAL FISH TRADE IN REGULATORY MANAGEMENT, HEALTH, AND APPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION By Elisa Jeanette Livengood August 2015 Chair: Frank Chapman Major: Interdisciplinary Ecology This dissertation is principally a collection of articles that were published in refereed journals. They focus on aspects of the regulatory management, health, and education sectors of the ornamental fish trade. Regulatory management of the ornamental fish trade was examined through a study on the importation of ornamental fish into the United States. The purpose of this study was to review an existing database system, the Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS) and its utility for management. While many studies of higher class vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians) use the LEMIS database to evaluate trade impacts there was very little possibility of this same utility for ornamental fishes. This study did produce useful information on the magnitude of imports of ornamental fishes and corals. For example, the approximate number of individuals labeled as freshwater tropical fish (140 million) or marine aquarium tropical fish (12 million) that were imported in 2010. A survey of mortality in wild-caught Amazonian fishes was also conducted. Also an experiment was conducted monitoring the presence of injury in silver dollar fish Metynnis orinocensis that were wild-caught, wild-caught imported, and farmed. The 11 mortality survey indicated mortalities ranging from as low as 1% to as high as 71%, with much of the mortality occurring within the 24 hour period post-shipment. Injury was also found in Metynnis orinocensis that were imported as part of the aquarium fish trade and pattern of injury was identified on their ventral keel. In addition, an article was published proposing Artemia as a live drug delivery system for sick fish. Artemia were found to uptake a therapeutic level of metronidazole when supplemented at the developmental life stage of instar 2, which is their second molt. A series of extension publications were prepared
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