TOME XIV-1§76. N° 3 (Juillet-Septembre)

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TOME XIV-1§76. N° 3 (Juillet-Septembre) ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES SOCIALES ET POLITIQUES INSTITUT D'ETUDES SUD-EST EUROPEENNES TOME XIV-1§76. N° 3 (juillet-septembre) Projets politiques et actions diplomatiques Evolution économique et transformation des institutions EDITURA ACADEMIEI REPUBLICII SOCIALISTE ROMANIA www.dacoromanica.ro Comité de rédaction M. BERZA membre correspondant de l'Académie de la République Socialiste de Roumanie rédacteur en chef ; ALEXANDRU DUTU rédacteurenchef adjoint ; EM. CONDURACHI, A. ROSETTI, membres de l'Académie de la République Sociallste de Roumanie H. MIHAESCU, COSTIN MURGESCU, D. M. PIPPIDI, membres correspondants de l'Académie de la République Socialiste de Roumanie ;AL. ELIAN, VALENTIN GEORGESCU, FR. PALL, MIHAI POP, EUGkN STANESCU La REVUE DES ÉTUDES SUD-EST EUROPÉENNES paralt 4 foispar an. Toute commande de rétranger (fascicules ou abonnement) sera adressée i ILEXIM, Export-Import (Presa), Calea Grivi.tei nr. 64-66, Oficiul postal 12, Casuo potala 2001, BucurestiRomania ou a ses représentants k Vétranger. La correspondance, les manuscrits et les publications (livres, revues, etc.) envoy& pour comptes rendus seront adressés i l'INSTITUT D.ÈTUDES SUD-EST EURO- PÉENNES, Bucarest, sectorul1, str.I. C. Frimu, 9, téléphone 50.75.25. pour la REVUE DES ÈTUDES SUD-EST EUROPÈENNES. Les articles seront remis dactylographiés en trois exemplaires. Les collaborateurs sont priés de ne pas &passer les limites de 25-30 pages dactylo- graphiées pour les articles et de 5-8 pages pour les comptes rendus. EDITURA ACADEMIEI REPUBLIC!! SOCIALISTE ROMANIA Calea Victoriei n° 125, téléphone 50 76 80, Bucuresti Romania www.dacoromanica.ro SUO-EST:DROP $1111ES TOME XIV 1976 N° 3 SOMMAIRE Projets politiques et actions diplomatiqueR $TEFAN ANDREESCU, En marge des rapports de Vlad l'Empaleur avec l'Empire Ottoman 373 NICOLAE C1ACHIR, Svetozar Marcovid A propos des relations interbalkaniques .. 381 BIANCA VALOTA CAVALLOTTI (Milano), I socialisti italiani e la guerra balcanica fra la Critica Sociale e l'Aoanti I 389 HOLM SUNDHAUSSEN (Miinchen), Politisches und wirtschaftliches Kalkill in den Auseinandersetzungen fiber die deutsch-rumlinischen PrAferenzvereinbarungen von 1931 Ein Beitrag zur Vorgeschichte des deutschen Informal Empire" in Stidosteuropa 405 MILAN VANKU (Belgrade), La lutte de la Petite 'ente contre le révisionnisme et le revanchisme 19201938 425 G. CARP CLIMA, Príncipes de droit international promus par la Roumanie en vue d'une collaboration entre les pays de la région balkanique 439 Evolution économique et transformation des institutions E. A. HAMMEL (Berkeley), Some Mediaeval Evidence on the Serbian Zadruga : A Pre- liminary Analysis of the Chrysobulls of Dedani 449 TFtAIAN STOIANOVICH (Rutgers University), The Balkan Domestic Family :Geo- graphy, Commerce, Demography 465 OLGA CICANCI, Les statuts et les règlements de fonctionnement des Compagnies grecques de Transylvanie (1636-1746). La Compagnie de Sibiu 477 JOHN PHOT IAD IS (West Virginia University), Patterns of Rural Social Transition in Southern Balkan Countries 497 ION SION, Protection et amélioration de l'environnement dans le cadre de la Commis- sion économique pour l'Europe 509 FtEV. gTUDES SUD-EST EUROP.. XIV, 3, P. 371-578, BUCAREST. 1976 www.dacoromanica.ro 372 Di802188i0718 OCTAVIAN ILIESCU, Nouvelles éditions d'actes notariés instrumentés aux X I I leXIV° siècles dens les colonies génoises de la mer NoireActes de Calla .. .. 523 Chronique PAUL CERNOVODEANU, Le colloqued'histoireroumano-bulgare(Bucarest, 15-16 décembre 1975) 531 Comptes rendus I. PATRUT, Studii de limbil romAnA si slavisticA (Elena Sccirldloiu); Memoiren eines JanitscharenoderTiirkischeChronik(CastingRotman-Bulgaru); Mov6- Tuna TO &yGivog. IIpox.qpgag Chanfattccrec Auroinutra, 1821-1827 .(1slestorCamariano); BEJIHO TOHEB, Ao6pynnta npea BoapantnaneTo : RynTypes »MOT, n'fipicoano-nagnonanen 6op6H, pesoniontionnu ntilintenlint (lon-Radu Mircea); MUSTAFA ALI MEHMED, Istoria turcilor (Anca Ghiald); MIRCEA MUSAT, ION ARDELEANU, Viata politicil in RomAnia 1918-1921 (Constantin lordan-Sima) 533 Notices bibliographiques 551 Livres reps 575 www.dacoromanica.ro Projets politiques et actions diplomatiques EN MARGE DES RAPPORTS DE VLAD D'EMPALEUR AVEC L'EMPIRE OTTOMAN §TEFAN ANDREESCU Les circonstances dans lesquelles, au printemps de1456,h la veille du siège de Belgrade, Vlad l'Empaleur est monté sur le trône de la Valachie sont assez bien connues. Il venait de Transylvanie, avec le consentement et l'appui de Ianco de Hunedoara, l'ancien gouverneur de la Hongrie qui visait par lh à soustraire la Valachie à l'orbite de l'Empire ottoman, en vue de l'imminent affrontement avec le sultan Mehmet II « le Con- quérant *. Mais la victoire des chrétiens à Belgrade n'a représenté que le succès d'une action défensive et ne fut pas suivie d'une contreoffensive. En outre, aussitert après la retraite des Turcs, ce grand capitaine que fut Ianco de Hunedoara quitta la scène de l'histoire, terrassé par la peste dans le camp de Zemun (11 aoilt1456). Dès lors, la situation du nouveau prince s'annonçait sous de fhcheux auspices. La Hongrie était incapable h ce moment comme ellele sera du reste aussi plus tardde porter un coup décisif aux Tures, alors que ceux-ci pouvaient à tout instant intervenir au nord du Danube, en Valachie. C'est pourquoi Vlad, après une juste analyse de la situation étrangère, décida de reconnaitre momentanément la suzeraineté de la Porte et de lui payer tribut. L'événement eut lieu à l'automne de1456, après le 10 septembre, date h laquelle il eommuniquait à la ville de Bra§ov qu'une ambassade turque était à sa résidence de Tirgovi§te, lui demandant entre autres le droit de passage pour les troupes ottomanes par la Valachie, vers la Transylvanie 2. Ce ne fut lh, bien shr, pour le jeune prince qu'une première prise de contact avec les Tures,ear la méme lettre110118le montre se berçant encore de l'illusion que l'envoi d'une troupe de soldats (« ducentos aut centum vel quinquaginta homines electos »), qui serait présente à ses côtés, pourrait suggérer à l'ambassadeur tarel'existenced'un soutienactifde la part de la Transylvanie et de la Hongrie. En attendant, la « normalisation » des relations entre la Valachie et l'Empire ottoman était un fait accompli dès le 17 décembre 1456,car on ne s'explique pas autrement pourquoi la cour royale de Voir Ion Bogdan, Vlad Tepes narattuntle germanesirusesti asupra lui Studiu critic (Vlad l'Empaleur et les narrations allemandes et russes à son sujet Etude critique), Bucure4i, 1896, p. 7-12. 3 Gustav Glindisch, Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Deutschen in Siebenbiirgen, t. V (1438-1457), Bucure4i, Ed. Academiei, 1975, n° 3040, p. 542-543. REV. ÉTUDEs SUD-EST EUROP., XIV, 3, P. 373-379, BUCAREST, 1976 www.dacoromanica.ro 374 $TEFAN ANDREW:3MT Bude était devenue tout h coup nettement hostile h Vlad, au point d'ac- créditer à Bra§ov, h la frontière méme de la Valachie, le prétendant Dan, dans le but de le détr6ner 3. D'autre part, il est généralement admis que Vlad l'Empaleur maintenu de bonnes relations avec les Turcs jusqu'en 1459, quand il a manifesté pour la première fois la velléité de s'affranchir de la suzeraineté ottomaiie en eessant de payer le tribut 4. D'ailleurs, le 5 avril 1459, la ville de Bra§ov et le Pays de la Him se plaignaient de ce que le prince valaque avait « violé sa foi » envers le roi de Hongrie et s'était « soumis aux Turcs » 5 :encore une preuve que, jusqu'h cette date, rien dans sa conduite n'avait permis de prévoir le revirement de sa politique. C'est peine dans la seconde moitié de Pannée 1460 que Vlad rétablira entière- ment ses relations avec les deux grandes villes du sud de la Transylvanie, Bra§ov et Sibiu, ainsi qu'avec les Szeklers, et qu'il conclura une alliance secrète avec le roi de Hongrie Mathias Corvin e. En apparence done, tout du moins jusqu'en 1459, il n'y a aucune raison de soupçonner l'existence d'un conflit déclaré entre la Valachie et l'Empire Ottoman. Toutefois; dans son dernier ouvrage de synthèse sur l'histoire des Rournains, Nicolae Iorga soutient cin'en mai 1458 un combat a eu lieu, sur le territoire de la Valachie, entre un corps d'armée turc et Parmée valaque command& par Vlad l'Empaleur. Ce serait lh, par conséquent, le premier affrontement entre celui-ci et son puissant voisin, annonciateur de la guerre de 1462. Voici le passage en question de Iorga :o Le reek d'un témoin oculaire qui, du reste, concorde, en ce qui concerne les informations sur les Turcs, avec ce qu'on connait par ailleurs, montre que, au moment où, en 1458, le Sultan était sur le point de passer en Morée (mois de mai) pour prendre Corinthe, il avait envoyé sur le Danube, avec 30.000 ( !) Turcs, le Vizir IVIachmoud-Pacha leGrec, un renégat, pour arréter le passage des Hongrois, dont il avait été question. Il con- quiert en Valachie une forteresse et prend 5.000 prisonniers. Mais Drl- culea"(Dracula) acco-urt avec environ 5000 Hongrois et Roumains" et surprend les ennemis de telle façon que, de ces 18.000 Turcs, n'échap- 'Arent que 8.000, le reste ayant été tué ou noyé", et les prisonniers délivrés. S'enfuyant vers Sofia, le Vizir provoque une panique, et des gens effrayés commencent h passer de Constantinople en Asie. Il a été nécessaire que le Sultan revienne de Corinthe à Andrinople. A cette époque", dit le chrétien anonyme qui écrit La progenie della casa d'Octo- mani, je me trouvais h Constantinople ; cette ville et celle de Péra étaient vides de Turcs, qui s'étaient enfuis sur l'autre rivage de l'Anatolie. 3 Ibidem, n° 3056, P. 555. 4 Les Mémoires du janissaire serbe affirment que Vlad l'Empaleurest venu deux années consécutives A la cour de l'empereur <= du sultan>, apportant le tribut comme convenu. Mais ensuite il n'a plus voulu venir *,dans Cdiälori sträini despre fdrile romelne (Voyageurs étrangers sur les pays roumains), t.
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