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Les Allemandes Au Chili

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Les Allemandes Au Chili UFR 09 – Histoire CRALMI - Centre de Recherches d‟Histoire de l‟Amérique latine et du Monde Ibérique L’EXPÉRIENCE MIGRATOIRE AU FÉMININ : LES ALLEMANDES AU CHILI dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle Mémoire de Master 2 « Histoire contemporaine des mondes étrangers et des relations internationales » Présenté par Pauline BILOT Sous la direction de la Pr. Annick LEMPÉRIÈRE - Octobre 2008 - 2 Au seuil de ce mémoire, je souhaiterais exprimer ma profonde reconnaissance envers Annick Lempérière, au nom de la confiance qu’elle m’a accordée dans la mise en place de cet échange France-Chili et de son soutien constant, en dépit de la distance, dans ce travail de recherche. Ma dette est grande également envers les Pr. Dr. Patricio Bernedo, directeur de l’Institut d’Histoire de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Ana Maria Stuven, Ricardo Couyoumdjian et Pablo Whipple, pour leurs précieux et généreux conseils dans leur spécialité respective. Je tiens à remercier également, en souvenir d’une collaboration amicale, Christine Gleisner et Eduardo Carrasco de la Biblioteca e Archivo Emilio Held Winkler de la Liga Chileno- Alemana, ainsi que le personnel de la Biblioteca Nacional et de l’Archivo Nacional du Chili. Mes pensées vont également vers mes amis, historiens ou autres, de France, du Chili, d’Allemagne ou d’ailleurs, qui m’ont encouragé dans ce projet. Il m’importe surtout de rappeler l’immense affection que je porte à ma famille, qui m’a toujours assuré de son soutien inconditionnel dans chacun de mes choix, en particulier celui-ci, projet de recherche mais aussi de vie. Merci enfin à Antonio. 3 « Les émigrantes sont devenues, à leur tour et à l’instar des hommes, les héroïnes de la route et des vagues, traversant des frontières dangereuses, avec, en plus, des enfants dans leurs jupes, et des samovars ou des matelas comme bagage ». Nancy Green, Repenser les migrations, Paris, PUF, 2002, p. 112. 4 SOMMAIRE 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 7 1.1. LES ALLEMANDS AU CHILI… ................................................................................. 7 1.2. … ET LES ALLEMANDES AU CHILI ? ..................................................................... 13 1.3. METHODES, OBJECTIFS ET PROBLEMATIQUES DE LA RECHERCHE .......................... 14 1.4. PLAN DE LECTURE ................................................................................................ 17 2. TRACES HISTORIOGRAPHIQUES ..................................................................... 19 2.1. HISTORIOGRAPHIE DES MIGRATIONS ALLEMANDES AU CHILI ............................... 19 2.1.1. Les ouvrages commémoratifs germano-chiliens ......................................... 19 2.1.2. Les premières publications de sources ........................................................ 20 2.1.3. Les premières thèses d’historiens ................................................................ 21 2.1.4. En Allemagne : la redécouverte du national. .............................................. 23 2.1.5. L’école historique chilienne entre tradition et révision. ............................. 26 2.2. FEMMES ET GENRE EN MIGRATION ........................................................................ 32 2.2.1. Des études migratoires longtemps androcentrées. ...................................... 33 2.2.2. Les femmes en migration ............................................................................. 34 2.2.3. Genre en migration, migration de genre ..................................................... 37 2.3. ECRITS DE MIGRANTES ......................................................................................... 38 2.3.1. Les sources de l’histoire des femmes migrantes .......................................... 39 2.3.2. Des epistolières et diaristes ......................................................................... 41 3. CONTOURS D’UN GROUPE SOCIAL : LES IMMIGRÉES ALLEMANDES AU CHILI ........................................................................................................................... 47 3.1. COMPTER POUR COMPRENDRE .............................................................................. 47 3.1.1. Les statistiques allemandes ......................................................................... 47 3.1.2. Les statistiques chiliennes ........................................................................... 48 3.1.3. Comptes de chercheurs ................................................................................ 51 3.2. LES ORIGINES GEOGRAPHIQUES, RELIGIEUSES ET SOCIALES DU GROUPE ............... 52 3.2.1. Des origines géographiques communes ...................................................... 52 3.2.2. Des catégories sociales diverses mais une alphabétisation généralisée ..... 53 3.3. UN GROUPE PARTICULIER : LES FEMMES SEULES .................................................. 56 3.3.1. Une estimation difficile ................................................................................ 56 3.3.2. Des situations diverses ................................................................................ 57 3.3.3. Un projet commun : le mariage et l’autonomisation. ................................ 60 3.4. CHOISIR L‟EMIGRATION ........................................................................................ 70 3.4.1. Fuir la répression politique ......................................................................... 70 3.4.2. Echapper à la crise économique ................................................................. 71 3.4.3. Les femmes et la décision de migration ....................................................... 74 4. VIES DE MIGRANTES ............................................................................................ 77 4.1. DES FEMMES SUR UN BATEAU ............................................................................... 77 4.1.1. Les drames et difficultés d’une longue traversée ........................................ 78 4.1.2. La sociabilité du voyage .............................................................................. 81 4.2. RECONSTRUIRE UN FOYER EN TERRE D‟IMMIGRATION .......................................... 83 4.2.1. L’arrivée au Chili ........................................................................................ 83 4.2.2. L’installation du ménage ............................................................................. 87 4.3. LES TRAVAUX ET LES JOURS AU FEMININ .............................................................. 90 5 4.3.1. Le travail féminin ........................................................................................ 90 4.3.2. Le maintien des traditions ........................................................................... 94 4.3.3. L’intégration de la femme immigrée ........................................................... 97 4.4. LE ROLE MATERNEL EN CONTEXTE MIGRATOIRE ................................................ 101 4.4.1. Des taux de fécondité et de mortalité infantile importants ........................ 101 4.4.2. L’accouchement ......................................................................................... 104 4.4.3. L’éducation des enfants ............................................................................. 105 4.5. RELIGION, GENRE ET MIGRATION ........................................................................ 108 4.6. LES FORMES DE SOCIABILITE DES IMMIGREES ..................................................... 110 5. GENRE ET NATION DANS LE CONTEXTE DE MIGRATION .................... 114 5.1. LA LETTRE COMME RECOMPOSITION DU TISSU COMMUNAUTAIRE ...................... 114 5.1.1. L’illusion du dialogue épistolaire.............................................................. 115 5.1.2. Ces objets de la patrie ............................................................................... 118 5.3.1. Le genre de la nation ................................................................................. 122 5.2. L‟EMIGRATION OU LA DEFINITION DU NATIONAL ................................................ 123 5.2.1. Une communauté nationale imaginée dans la migration .......................... 123 5.2.2. Le positionnement culturel entre nouveau et ancien Heimat .................... 126 5.2.3. Travail féminin/travail masculin : le positionnement de genre ................. 131 5.3. PAYS D‟IMMIGRATION/PAYS D‟EMIGRATION : LIMITES ET FRONTIERES DE L‟IDENTITE NATIONALE. ................................................................................................. 135 5.3.2. La lettre et ses lecteurs ............................................................................. 135 5.3.3. Un paradis sur terre .................................................................................. 136 5.3.4. Les bons sauvages ..................................................................................... 139 5.3.5. Une opposition de « races ». ..................................................................... 143 6. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 151 7. ANNEXES ................................................................................................................ 156 8. SOURCES ET BIBLIOGRAPHIE ........................................................................ 168 8.1. SOURCES ............................................................................................................ 168 8.2. BIBLIOGRAPHIE
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