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Masterarbeit MASTERARBEIT Titel der Masterarbeit : Herkunftsstolz und Nationalbewusstsein der Deutsch- ChilenInnen – eine sozialanthropologische Untersuchung Verfasserin: Mag. Lucia Metzbauer (MA) Angestrebter Akademischer Grad: Master of Arts Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 810 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie Betreuer: Dr. Andre Gingrich o. Univ.-Prof. Danksagungen „Jede Reise hat eine Bestimmung die der/die Reisende nicht ahnt“ Dieser Spruch begleitet mich schon lange und hat sich auch in dieser Forschung wieder bewahrheitet. Meine erste Reise nach Chile im Jahr 2007 legte den Grundstein für mein Interesse zu meinem Forschungsthema und es freut mich, dass ich es Jahre später in einem wissenschaftlichen Rahmen bearbeiten konnte. Danke möchte ich zu Beginn meiner Familie sagen, meinen Eltern Gerda und Ernst, die mich unterstützen in meinen Träumen, so verrückt sie auch sein mögen, und mir den Raum geben diese zu leben! Meiner Schwester Kathi, die mich mit ihrer Begeisterung für die Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie ansteckte und der ich sehr dankbar bin, dass sie mich in diese Jahre auf „unserem Institut“ begleitete. Danke möchte ich auch Markus sagen, der mich ob nahe oder fern tatkräftig unterstützte und mich in jeder Situation dieses Studiums zum Lachen bringen konnte. Bedanken möchte ich mich ganz herzlich bei meinen InterviewpartnerInnen und FreundInnen in Chile, die es mir ermöglichten in einer relativ kurzen Zeit viel Information zu sammeln und die meinen zweiten Aufenthalt in Chile einen unvergesslichen werden ließen. Danke möchte ich auch allen sagen, die im Gegensatz zu manchen Vorgesetzten in der Arbeitswelt die „Notwendigkeit“ eines zweiten Studiums nicht in Frage stellen, sondern sich mit mir freuen, dass ich berufsbegleitend die Chance hatte mich in diesem unglaublich spannenden Fach weiterzubilden. Danke auch an meine ProfessorInnen und das Info-Center der KSA, welche mich in diesem Masterstudium begleiteten und mir viele Fragen die ich als Quereinsteigerin hatte beantworteten. Besonders hervorzuheben ist natürlich mein Betreuer, Univ. Prof. Dr. Andre Gingrich, welcher mir unbewusst in seiner Vorlesung die Idee zu dieser Forschung gab und mich von Anfang an in der Realisierung dieses Projekts unterstützte. Zum Abschluss noch ein großes Dankeschön an meine LektorInnen (G., K., M., Katharina), die mich dem Abschluss dieser Arbeit in großen Schritten näher brachten. „Wir sprechen so viel von Chile“ sagte ich zu ihnen, „sicherlich weil ich Chilene bin. Aber wissen Sie denn etwas von meinem so unendlich fernen Land? Zum Beispiel welches Fahrzeug wir benutzen? Den Elefanten, das Auto, die Eisenbahn, das Flugzeug, das Fahrrad, das Kamel, den Schlitten?“ Die weitaus meisten antworteten allen Ernstes: „Elefanten.“ In Chile gibt es keine Elefanten. Aber ich verstehe, dass ein Land Rätsel aufgibt, das am eisigen Südpol beginnt und sich bis zu Salzsteppen und -wüsten hinzieht, wo es ein Jahrhundert lang nicht regnet.“ Pablo Neruda, „Ich bekenne, ich habe gelebt“ Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ....................................................................................................................... 2 1) Einleitung – Teil A ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1) Die Methode der Feldforschung ...................................................................................... 2 1.2) Forschungsdesign: Warum Chile? Die Wahl des Feldes ................................................ 4 1.3) Problem- und Fragestellung ............................................................................................ 5 1.4) Methodisches Vorgehen .................................................................................................. 6 1.5) Forschungsdesign: Aufbau und Gliederung .................................................................... 6 1.6) Gebiet und Zeitraum meines Forschungsaufenthalts ...................................................... 8 2) Theorie ................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1) Nationalbewusstsein ........................................................................................................ 9 2.2) Aktuelle Nationalismus-Theorien ................................................................................. 11 2.2.1) Historische Perspektiven ........................................................................................ 11 2.2.2) Sozialanthropologische Perspektiven ..................................................................... 13 2.3) Ethnizität und ethnische Minderheiten .......................................................................... 14 2.4) Heimatliebe und Gemeinschaft ..................................................................................... 16 2.5) Verbindung von Nationalbewusstsein und politischer Macht ....................................... 17 2.5.1) Faktoren zur Bestimmung des Nationalbewusstseins ............................................ 18 2.5.2) Tradition ................................................................................................................. 19 2.6) Nationalismus vs. Nationale Kultur .............................................................................. 20 2.7) Identitätsarbeit als Herausforderung für die Community .............................................. 21 2.8) Integration ..................................................................................................................... 23 2.9) Abschließende Anmerkungen ....................................................................................... 24 3) Geschichtliche Fakten zur Deutsch-Chilenischen Community ........................................... 26 3.1) Immigration der ersten Deutschen nach Chile .............................................................. 26 3.1.1) Warum deutsche EinwanderInnen? ........................................................................ 28 3.1.2) Ankunft mit Hindernissen....................................................................................... 30 3.1.3) „Der ersten Generation die Not, der zweiten das Brot” ......................................... 32 3.2) Weiter Einwanderungswellen vergrößern die Community ........................................... 35 3.3) Deutsch-ChilenInnen zur Zeit der Nazi-Herrschaft ...................................................... 37 3.4) Einwanderung ab 1960 .................................................................................................. 40 3.5) „Die Deutschen sind der Sauerteig des Landes“ Auswirkungen der Einwanderung .... 41 3.6) Religion als wichtiger Motor für die Einwanderung und für die Erhaltung der deutschen Sprache ................................................................................................................ 42 3.7) Aktuelle Zahlen ............................................................................................................. 44 4) Methode ............................................................................................................................... 44 4.1)Teilnehmende Beobachtung ........................................................................................... 45 4.1.1) Definition und Entstehungsgeschichte ................................................................... 45 4.1.2.) Einsatz der Methode und Phasen der teilnehmenden Beobachtung ...................... 46 4.1.3) Verwendung der Teilnehmenden Beobachtung in meiner Forschung ................... 48 4.2) Problemzentrierte Interviews ........................................................................................ 49 4.3) Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring ...................................................................... 50 5) Empirischer Teil und Feldforschung – Teil B ..................................................................... 51 5.1) Warum Forschung vor Ort? ........................................................................................... 51 5.2) Meine konkrete Feldforschung ...................................................................................... 52 5.3) Meine Rolle im Feld ...................................................................................................... 53 5.4) Präsentation der Organisationen .................................................................................... 55 5.4.1) Der Deutsch-Chilenische Bund (DCB, Liga Chileno-Alemana ) ............................ 55 5.4.2) CAAL ..................................................................................................................... 59 5.4.3) Vereinskultur .......................................................................................................... 60 5.4.4) Sprache ................................................................................................................... 66 5.5) Meine InterviewpartnerInnen ........................................................................................ 66 6) Präsentation der Forschungsergebnisse ............................................................................... 68 6.1) Selbstdefinition „Deutsch-ChilenIn“ ............................................................................. 68 6.2) Herkunftsstolz ............................................................................................................... 74 6.2.1) Wirtschaftliche Elite
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