Historic Properties Survey Report For the Calaveras County Water District Arnold Reach 3A Water Transmission Pipeline Replacement Project Calaveras County, California

Shelly Davis-King, M.A., R.P.A. Principal Investigator, Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology Davis-King & Associates Post Office Box 10, Standard, CA 95373

with contribution by Judith Marvin Foothill Resources, Ltd.

Report Prepared For:

Calaveras County Water District US Department of Agriculture (Rural P.O. Box 846 Economic and Community Development San Andreas, CA 95249 Services) California Department of Transportation US Army Corps of Engineers

2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents...... 2 Project Summary and Findings...... 3 Project Description and Location...... 3 Regulatory Context...... 3 Results...... 4 Introduction...... 5 Project Location and Description...... 5 Sources Consu.lte. d...... 7 Summary of Methods and Results...... 7 Information Center Data...... 7 Other Background Information...... 9 Summary of Native Americans and Others Who Were Consulted...... 9 Contextual Background...... 10 Environment...... 10 Ethnography...... 11 Prehistory...... 13 History...... 14 Field Methods...... 20 Study Findings...... 20 Resources Located in Project APE...... 20 Resources Located Near But Outside APE...... 21 Conclusion and Recommendations...... 23 References Cited...... 24

Maps and Figures Figure 1 Image of Blagen Mill, date unknown...... Cover Figure 2 California State Map With Calaveras County Highlighted...... 5 Figure 3 USGS Dorrington 1979 indicating project location and general survey area . . . . 6 Figure 4 Dunbar Ranch (Elliott & Company 1885:31)...... 15 Figure 5 Blagen Sawmil.l ...... 17 Figure 6 Blagen Sawmill...... 18 Figure 7 Blagen Mill...... 19 Figure 8 Resource Location Map...... Attachment A

Attachment A...... 31 CHRIS Record Search Letter and Maps Native American Heritage Commission Letter Communications with Tribal Representatives DPR 523 Forms

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 2 PROJECT SUMMARY AND FINDINGS

Project Description and Location

Calaveras County Water District (CCWD) is proposing to replace the Reach 3A pipeline in the Ebbetts Pass water system in an unincorporated area of Calaveras County, California, near the communities of Arnold and White Pines. The existing 10-12-inch steel waterline has become outdated and needs frequent maintenance and repair. The proposed project consists of (1) replacing the existing waterline (approximately 19,250 linear feet) with another 12-inch waterline; (2) installing a few minor distribution lines off the main line to connect to existing distribution lines; and (3) constructing 16 new pressure-reducing valve stations to improve operations. Most of the new pipeline would be installed parallel to or in place of the existing pipeline, while minor new alignments would reroute the pipeline to avoid disturbance to existing utility lines, to minimize conflicts with landowners where new easements are needed, and to minimize ground disturbance in physically sensitive areas. The project area encompasses approximately 35 acres, which includes the proposed and former pipeline alignment, associated facilities, and staging areas in a corridor ranging from 50 to 320 feet between CCWD's Sawmill and Meadowmont tanks.

The project corridor consists of a largely down-slope alignment of the pipeline from the Sawmill Tank to the north end of White Pines, and then generally follows Blagen Road to State Route (SR) 4, turns north on Dunbar Road, and then proceeds slightly downhill cross-country and through established residential areas to the lower (southwestern) part of Meadowmont Golf Course, now abandoned. The route then crosses SR 4 and follows an embankment to an alignment leading uphill to Meadowmont Tank. Most construction would take place in existing easements. The project would require approximately 2,080 feet of new easements along the proposed alignment. Staging areas would be located within the temporary or permanent easements acquired by CCWD, and would only occur in developed or previously disturbed areas in the project area. The tanks, and the undeveloped land in between, are found in a mixed conifer and oak forest. The area is depicted on the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Dorrington (1979) and Stanislaus (1948) quadrangles in Sections 20, 21, 29, 30, and 31 of Township 5 North, Range 15 East.

Regulatory Context

CCWD has applied for funding to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Utilities Service (USDA RUS), and the USDA RUS, as a federal agency, is required to comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) prior to authorizing the funding. In California, the USDA RUS has established a process to utilize the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) to the extent practicable, to document compliance with NEPA in accordance with its Environmental Bulletin 1794A-602, California State Supplement. The USDA RUS has determined that the project would fall under a categorical exclusion. USDA RUS operates in part under a Programmatic Agreement: Programmatic Agreement Among the Rural Economic and Community Development Services, the California State Historic Preservation Officer, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Regarding the Implementation of the Rural Economic and Community Development Services’ Programs in California.

A U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) Section 404 nationwide permit will be required for the project, and as such cultural resources investigations must comply with federal and Corps regulations. Other agencies that may have review of the project include the California Department

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 3 of Transportation (Caltrans), since the project transects existing SR 4, and the California Department of Forestry and Fire Prevention (CalFire) may also review a portion of the document since the Meadowmont Tank is located adjacent to parcels overseen by that agency. With the receipt of federal funds from USDA RUS, federal permitting from the Corps, and the potential for permitting from Caltrans, the work must comply with federal laws, including federal historic preservation laws, making the work described below subject to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). Compliance with NHPA is a component of compliance with NEPA. Since the project is located partially on Caltrans/State land it must also comply with CEQA. Davis-King & Associates (DKA) was contracted with CCWD to provide cultural resources services for project compliance as they pertain to historic properties/historical resources/cultural resources.

Results

The purpose of this Historic Properties Survey Report (HPSR) is to assist with project compliance for CCWD, USDA RUS, the Corps, Caltrans, and CalFire with respect to NHPA Section 106 and the implementing regulations of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) as they pertain to federal undertakings and their impacts on historic properties, and the guidelines for historical resources with respect to CEQA. Federal agencies will need to consult with the State Office of Historic Preservation (SHPO) as part of the Section 106 process. Shelly Davis-King, of DKA, conducted the work and prepared this HPSR to describe the methods and results of the background research and the cultural resources survey within a proposed Area of Potential Effects (APE), and to discuss the results of the investigation. The APE for this project was defined to include the existing tanks, the alignment and water line easements between the tanks, the proposed new connections in the area of Meadowmont Golf Course, access roads, and construction areas. The entire APE and a larger Study Area were investigated by the author and a Native American representative, with positive results for both archaeological and built- environment resources. Native American Tribes were consulted, and one Tribe participated in the field investigations. Two tribes provided written documentation that they have no concerns about the project. The other tribes did not provide a response to written or telephone inquiries.

Five resources were identified in the project study area. Three of these, a sawmill, a reservoir, and a historic flume, are located immediately adjacent to but outside the project APE. The sawmill and flume had been previously recorded, while the reservoir is newly recorded with the record included as an attachment to this report. One of the resources, a historic road has been dramatically compromised, has no historic integrity, and is considered ineligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as discussed herein. The final resource, a small bridge, is located within the APE, is treated as potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP, but will not receive any project effects. Thus, it is recommended that there are no historic properties affected in the project APE.

It is the policy of the state and federal governments to avoid impacts to cultural resources whenever possible. If buried cultural materials are encountered during construction, it is the state and federal policy that work stop in that area until a qualified archaeologist can evaluate the nature and significance of the find. Additional survey will be required if the project changes to include areas not previously surveyed. If human remains are unearthed during construction, State Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 states that no further disturbance shall occur until the County Coroner has made the necessary findings as to origin and disposition pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 5097.98.

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 4 INTRODUCTION

This report discusses the investigation of cultural resources for a proposed Calaveras County Water District (CCWD) pipeline project in Calaveras County, California. The work was conducted by Shelly Davis-King (Principal Investigator, Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, M.A., Anthropology, Ph.C. Anthropology, working as an archaeologist since 1967, with 35+ years archaeological experience in California). An archaeological investigation was conducted on 21 November 2013 with a representative of the Calaveras Band of Mi-Wuk Indians and a supplemental survey was conducted 9 April 2014. Portions of the project were visited with local historian Judith Marvin, who also contributed to the report. Additional background research on contact with Native Americans and other interested persons was conducted, as described below.

PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION

CCWD is proposing to replace the Reach 3A pipeline in the Ebbetts Pass water system in an unincorporated area of Calaveras County, California, near the communities of Arnold and White Pines (Figure 2). The existing 10-12-inch steel waterline has become outdated and needs frequent maintenance and repair. The proposed project consists of: (1) replacing the existing waterline (approximately 19,250 linear feet) with another 12-inch waterline; (2) installing a few minor distribution lines off the main line to connect to existing distribution lines; and (3) constructing 16 new pressure- reducing valve stations to improve operations. Most of the new pipeline would be installed parallel to or in place of the existing pipeline, while minor new alignments would reroute the pipeline to avoid disturbance to existing utility lines, to minimize conflicts with landowners where new easements are needed, and to minimize ground disturbance in physically sensitive areas. The project area encompasses approximately 35 acres, which includes the proposed and former pipeline alignment, associated facilities, and staging areas in a corridor ranging from 50 to 320 feet between CCWD's Sawmill and Meadowmont Figure 2 California State Map with Calaveras tanks. County highlighted. The project area is in an unincorporated area of Calaveras County, California, in Sections 20, 21, 29, 30, and 31 of Township 5 North, Range 15 East on the Dorrington and Stanislaus 7.5-minute quadrangles (Figure 3). It primarily includes developed areas in the town of Arnold and previously disturbed areas in the existing utility easement beyond the town limits.

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 5 Figure 3 USGS Dorrington 1979 Map indicating project location and general survey area.

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 6 CCWD has applied for funding to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Utilities Service (USDA RUS), and the USDA RUS, as a federal agency, is required to comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) prior to authorizing the funding. In California, the USDA RUS has established a process to utilize the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) to the extent practicable, to document compliance with NEPA in accordance with its Environmental Bulletin 1794A-602, California State Supplement. The USDA RUS has determined that the project would fall under a categorical exclusion. USDA RUS operates in part under a Programmatic Agreement: Programmatic Agreement Among the Rural Economic and Community Development Services, the California State Historic Preservation Officer, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Regarding the Implementation of the Rural Economic and Community Development Services’ Programs in California.

A U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) Section 404 nationwide permit will be required for the project, and as such cultural resources investigations must comply with federal and Corps regulations. Other agencies that may have review of the project include the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), since the project transects existing SR 4, and the California Department of Forestry and Fire Prevention (CalFire) may also review a portion of the document since the Meadowmont Tank is located adjacent to parcels overseen by that agency. With the receipt of federal funds from USDA RUS, federal permitting from the Corps, and the potential for permitting from Caltrans, the work must comply with federal laws, including federal historic preservation laws, making the work described below subject to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). Compliance with NHPA is a component of compliance with NEPA. Since the project is located partially on Caltrans/State land it must also comply with CEQA. Davis-King & Associates (DKA) was contracted with CCWD to provide cultural resources services for project compliance as they pertain to historic properties/historical resources/cultural resources.

SOURCES CONSULTED

Summary of Methods and Results

Background research of the project area was conducted at the Central California Information Center (CCIC) of the California Historical Resources Information System at California State University, Stanislaus in Turlock by CCIC staff on 26 November 2013. Additional research was conducted in the files at DKA (Standard, California), and Foothill Resources Ltd. (FRL; Murphys, California). Research of files at CCIC covered a half-mile radius of the current pipeline and existing tanks, and was assigned number CCIC #8784J. The record search is quite complex with a number of surveys and recorded cultural resources; the record search letter is included in Attachment A. The information found in files at DKA and FRL is also summarized herein.

Information Center Data

The CCIC search indicated that 13 surveys have been conducted within the project study area (Abernathie 1994; Davis, Abernathie, and Balen 1995; Derr 1981; Greathouse and Napton 1988; Heipel 1990a, 1990b; Leach-Palm, Mikklesen, et al. 2004; Leach-Palm, King, et al. 2004; Peak & Associates 1981, 1992; Pontes and Amesbury 1999; Rosenthal and Meyer 2004; and Tate 2005). Seven additional surveys were considered by the CCIC to be “either in or directly adjacent” to the project study area: Marvin and Baker 2004; Napton 1987; Richards 1993; Stikkers 2002; Tate 1994; and Tolmie 1997, 1998. Within the search radius of half mile, there have been an

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 7 additional 24 surveys, listed as follows: Colston 1980; Davis 1994; Deis 1993; Dorrell 1995, 1996; Goldsmith 1995; Harville and Arguelles 1991; Kessler 1996; Kral 2002; Lockhart 1993; Maas 2009; Moratto and Salzman 1981; Richards 1998; Robinson 1996, 1997; Smith 2011; Snyder 1995; Stikkers 2000; Tate 1993; Thorpe and Marvin 2003; Vroman 1993; Warnock 1995; Wheeler 1999; and Woolfenden 1983.

Three resources have been previously recorded within the project study area. These consist of P- 05-145 (CA-CAL1563H), a lumber mill site, P-05-1435 (CAL-1120H), a wooden flume, and P-05- 2023 (CAL-1694H), the Railroad Flat to Big Trees Wagon Road. CAL-1563H, the lumber mill site is adjacent to, but outside the project area. The site consists of the remains of a log carriage frame, and structural debris related to a low-production (personal?) mill, estimated to have been abandoned by 1953. This resource and the other two previously-recorded resources are discussed under Field Methods and Findings below.

Fifteen resources have been recorded in the half-mile search radius. One resource (P-05-106) was been recorded as an isolated 1930s-1950s Oldsmobile, although photographs suggest the vintage to be 1930s and definitely pre-World War II. Two Native American sites (P-05-218/CAL-1592 and P-05-2845) have been documented to include bedrock milling features, midden, flakes, and ground stone. Both sites are located on San Antonio Creek, well north of the project. One resource record (P-05-219/CAL-1593H) documents the Blagen Sawmill to include dumps, water features, donkey landings, exotic vegetation, and a concrete building. The “shanty town” and associated refuse scatters associated with the Blagen mill are also included in the search radius (P-05-220/CAL-1594H). The site record provides some historic background for the mill, which, although unreferenced appears to be largely correct: the deposits are associated with the mill use during the 1940s-1960s, when community members built a post office, school, grocery store, and more. American Forest Products (AFP) is noted as having gained a controlling interest in the milling operation by summer 1940, and that during the 22 years of operation, some 20 million board feet of lumber were produced. The mill was closed in 1962, and within four years AFP planned White Pines Lake whose dam was constructed in 1969-1970. Various resources related to the Manuel Mill have been recorded, including the Manuel Mill ditch (P-05-306/CAL-1492H) on the north side of the mill pond, the logging road system (P-05-2022/CAL-1643H), the 1920-1940 mill tramway bents and other remains (P-05-2295), and the only remains of the mill facility itself, the dam and pond (P-05-2849). Four artifact scatters (P-05-1816/CAL-1513H; P-05-2255/CAL-1827H; P-05-1886; and P-05-1887) have been recorded. CAL-1513H appears to be a typical roadside dump commonly found adjacent to Sierra Nevada roads prior to the time community dumps were established. CAL-2255, P-05-1886, and -1887 may be related to logging and/or milling residential camps. A brick retaining wall (P-05-2850), estimated to have been constructed in the 1940s, was recorded in Caltrans right of way along State Route 4. And finally, a Shay Locomotive (P-05-3473) under restoration at the Sierra Nevada Logging Museum was documented. All of these 15 resources documented in the search radius are well beyond the project impact area.

Also included in the record search was investigation of listings in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR; California Inventory of Historical Resources 1976), the California Historical Landmarks (1996), the California Points of Historical Interest (1992) listings and updates as reflected in the Historic Property Data File (California Office of Historic Preservation [OHP] 1990; OHP computer list dated April 4, 2012; OHP 2012a), the Archaeological Determinations of Eligibility list (OHP 2012b), and General Land Office (GLO 1871, 1873, 1874, 1875, and 1876) plats.

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 8 Other Background Information

The USGS Dorrington Quadrangle upon which the majority of the project is located, the, is named for Mary Rebekah Dorrington Gardner, wife of the Gardner’s Station store owner. When the post office came to town, the U.S. Postal Service did not like the name Gardner’s for its government office, so John Gardner submitted the name “Dorrington” instead (Salley 1977:60). The GLO (1871) indicates the Dunbar Road (“Road from Dunbar House to Mill”), the Dunbar Mill itself near or overlaid by the present community of White Pines, and the road from Mokelumne Hill to Big Trees that crossed San Antonio Creek under what is now White Pines Lake. Remnants of this latter road in the project area have long since been removed. The 1871 GLO indicated that the “Turnpike from Mammoth Tree Grove to Carson Valley,” or the emigrant road that became SR 4 had been constructed; the current road roughly parallels the historic alignment. The USGS Big Trees quadrangles (USGS 1891, 1894, 1901) indicate the highway roughly in its current location. The 1891 edition plots Dunbars as a place, and plots a number of developed roads. The Blue Mountain (USGS 1956) quadrangle indicates that there was no development in that region beyond the state highway.

The current SR 4 overlays or parallels the historic Murphys-Big Tree Road (Alpine Highway). Although initially an immigrant trail and probably an Indian trail before that. The route was improved during the 1850s and ultimately became owned by the Big Tree and Carson Valley Turnpike Company, incorporated in 1862 to provide an easy access route from the Calaveras Big Tree grove to the silver mines in Nevada (Calaveras County 1850-1886). Principal use was intended as a supply route, with Calaveras and nearby areas providing comestibles and supplies for the anticipated hordes of miners. It took nearly four years to construct, ultimately through the ownership and management of Harvey Blood and partner J. Curtis. Blood, whose ranching interests in Bear Valley (Alpine County) were served by the route, operated the road for nearly 45 years before deeding it to the state.

The Caltrans State and Local Bridge Survey (1989 and updates) was inspected online to see if any bridges were located in the survey area, but none, including the Big Trees Creek bridge crossing Blagen Road/USFS (United States Forest Service) Road 7N08, were found. Historic archival research was conducted at DKA’s library, and online using www.CalaverasHistory.org.

Summary of Native Americans and Others Who Were Consulted

Notice was sent to the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) on 21 November 2013 requesting information about sacred lands and Native Americans with interest in the project area. Absent a response from the NAHC, the author contacted the principal heritage group in Calaveras County, the Calaveras Band of Mi-Wuk Indians, to ask if they had concerns or interest in the project area. The Calaveras Band of Mi-Wuk Indians Tribal Chair, Gloria Grimes, indicated an interest in the project and contact was made with the Cultural Resources Specialist, Debra Grimes, who accompanied DKA on the archaeological survey.

Subsequent to the archaeological survey, on 26 March 2014, a second request was sent to the NAHC, with a response received 1 April 2014 (Letter included in Attachment A). The NAHC reviewed their sacred lands file and did not find any resources documented in the study area. They also included a list of Native American contacts, but this list is unfortunately outdated or incorrect with respect to tribal groups. The main contacts for Calaveras County are the state-recognized

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 9 Calaveras Band of Mi-Wuk Indians and the federally-recognized California Valley Miwok Tribe. In addition, there are members of the federally-recognized Wilton Rancheria of Sacramento County who have heritage in Calaveras County. Consequently, all three groups were sent formal letters outlining the project (included in Attachment A). As mentioned, the Calaveras Band representative accompanied DKA on the survey, and CCWD has agreed that the same representative will be present during project ground disturbance. The Calaveras Band supports the proposed project and expressed no concerns about the project, as detailed in their communication listed in Attachment A). A telephone conversation was had with Stephen Hutchason, Executive Director of Wilton Rancheria Department of Environmental Resources, who asked for a copy of the report to review. Chairperson Silvia Burley of the California Valley Miwok Tribe responded via electronic mail on 8 April 2014 to say that the tribe has no issues with the project but would like to be notified if “Miwok Artifacts and/or human remains are discovered during ground disturbance” (email included in Attachment A). Telephone calls were made to the Ione Band of Miwok Indians in April, messages left, but the telephone calls were not returned.

For this area of Calaveras County, the federally-recognized Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California is often contacted through their Tribal Historic Preservation Officer (THPO), Darrel Cruz. The THPO was not contacted, but a copy of this report has been sent to the Washoe Tribe, Calaveras Band of Mi-Wuk Indians, California Valley Miwok Tribe, and Wilton Rancheria for their review and comment. To date, no comments have been received other than the two email communications noted above and included in Attachment A.

Contact was made with the Calaveras County Archives (Archives) in San Andreas and the Calaveras County Historical Society. No concerns have been raised to date. Shannon Van Zant of the Archives conducted investigation into land patents, assessments, deeds, and parcel maps, information from which is included herein.

CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUND

Environment

Positioned centrally within the Sierra Nevada is the County of Calaveras, one of California's original 27, formed in 1850. Elevations in the county range from about 200 feet above mean sea level (amsl) to more than 8000 feet amsl in the upper Sierra. Corresponding to changes in elevation are changes in biological zones, ranging from the Upper Sonoran in the Central Valley, to the Transition and Canadian zones in the Sierra, with corresponding species typical of the Foothill, Yellow Pine, and Red Fir belts (Storer and Usinger 1964).

Geology has played an important role in the development of both the region and the nation, as Calaveras County contains the heart of the central Mother Lode, once rich in gold which brought thousands of argonauts to California during the 1840s and 1850s. There are no lode gold mines or prospects of merit in the project region, the nearest being in the area of Sheep Ranch (Clark and Lydon 1962; Plate B). Similarly, there are no important mineral deposits nearby (Clark and Lydon 1962; Plate D). Clark and Lydon (1962, Plate C) do not plot any placer gold mines near the project, although it is obvious by looking at some of the nearby stream beds that placer mining occurred. Soils in the area are Calaveras Formation schists and relatives with characteristic intrusive granitic series rocks. Much of the observed surface dirt was clay or sandy alluvium. Rhyolitic tuft, granitic

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 10 rocks, quartz, quartzite, and basalt were observed in the survey area, as were some rocks that appear to have been imported from a quarry elsewhere.

The project area has a number of springs and seasonal drainages nearby. Dorrington was known as Cold Spring in the earliest days of its history due to the fresh, cold water spring which still appears active. San Antonio Creek, now damned to form White Pines Lake, is adjacent to part of the project, and Big Trees Creek crosses the project at Dunbar Road, feeding White Pines Lake. A small spring flows through the Meadowmont Golf Course, and water is generally available in the area.

Overstory vegetation of the recent past is likely to have been similar to the present, a mixed conifer belt, with the dominant tree species being Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa), sugar pine (P. lambertiana), white fir (Abies concolor), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), and California black oak (Quercus kelloggii). In the area of the Meadowmont Golf Course, there are some montane riparian woodlands that include red and other willows (Salix laevigata and S. sp.), along with alder (Alnus sp.), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), broadleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), and dogwood (Cornus sp.). A number of native shrubs important to Native Americans were observed to include deerbrush (Ceanothus integerrimus), manzanita (Arctostaphylos sp; three species observed), and Oregon grape (Berberis or Mahonia). Sedges (Cyperus sp. and Carex sp.) were observed in wet areas, and may have been present aboriginally. There were also a number of native herbaceous plants to include kitkitdizze (Chamaebatia foliolosa), mullein, pearly everlasting (Anaphalis margaritacea), soaproot (Chlorogalum sp.), and bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum). Nonnative plants observed include two kinds of blackberry (Rubus sp.), apple (Malus domestica), sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus), and most of the grasses.

The native grasses, wildflowers, berry-producing shrubs and other important plants would have supported deer, ground rodents, and other important animals in the past. Bear, both grizzly and black, were common. Flocks of resident and migrating birds were part of the aerial vista and habitat, with quail being particularly important to Indian groups. Beyond domestic dogs and cats, the only animals observed were various birds, including turkey, stellar jay, and red-tailed hawk. Deer and jackrabbit scat was abundant.

Ethnography

The Big Trees/Dorrington/Arnold area is one with varied Native American groups claiming affiliation. The Northern Sierra Mi-Wuk, Central Sierra Miwok, and Washo all have ethnohistoric names and use with the region (e.g, Barrett 1906, Kroeber 1925, Levy 1978). To further confuse the matter, the namesake for the town of Murphys, John Murphy, brought Plains Miwok speakers to work for him in Northern Miwok territory on the Cosumnes River, and subsequently brought them to Murphys in Calaveras County (Central Sierra Me-Wuk territory), according to Bennyhoff (1977:103):

He soon established Murphys Camp as a trading post, providing food and trade goods for his Indian laborers in exchange for gold. These displaced Plains Miwok appear to have amalgamated with the local Central [Sierra] Miwok, and by 1900 their descendants apparently considered themselves to be indigenous residents.

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 11 The village that Bennyhoff believes some of the people came from in Plains Miwok territory was called Yumagatock, and when those people came to Calaveras County, they called their village near Murphys, Yungaktok. When Kroeber (1925) mapped Miwok territory, he placed Yungaktok about eight miles to the northeast of Murphys. Murphys also had the Plains Miwok village name of Newichu (see Kroeber 1925, Plate 37, Village Numbers 42 and 43).

Merriam (1907:343, 344) wrote, based on what his informants told him, that Northern Sierra Miwok territory extended to the area of Calaveras “Creek” (by which he probably meant the Calaveras River), and then the most easterly point ran a little west of Big Trees. The Central Sierra Miwok territory began, according the Merriam (1907) at the Calaveras, extending southerly to the Tuolumne River. For neither group did he provide a place name for Big Trees, although he (1907:345) recorded that the village of Yung’-ah-ko’-to was located “1 mile below Averys [sic, Avery] (between Big Trees and Murphys).”

Alfred M. Tozzer came to Calaveras County in 1900 and recorded information including the name posî nî’ for Big Trees (Tozzer 1900a). Posî nî’ does not sound like a place name nor that of a tree, so the meaning is as yet unknown. Tozzer spent quite some time gathering Central Sierra Miwok words and grammar from an unnamed informant at “Big Trees” (Tozzer 1900b). It is Tozzer who claimed linguistic affiliation of the people in Big Trees, Vallecito, Angels Camp, and Murphys in Calaveras County, Knights Ferry in Stanislaus County, and Columbia in Tuolumne County, but noted that Washo blankets were found among the people of Big Trees.

For the term “Big Trees” itself, Merriam (1979), a biologist and physician by training, asked a number of native groups statewide for their vocabulary word for Big Tree (Sequoia gigantea, as it was known then, or Sequoiadendron giganteum, as it is now named) and Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). Curiously, the Northern Sierra Miwok did not offer a word for either tree to Merriam, nor did the Washo. He apparently did not interview Central Sierra Miwok speakers, as they are not listed.

When Kelsey (1909) came to the area to take the Indian census in about 1905-1906, he noted an extensive group of people in the Avery area south of the project, including the families of Butler, Domingo, Hunter, Lincoln, Mose, Wilson, and others. At Big Trees to the north, he recorded three women, Matilda Hunter, Nettie, and Annie, all relatives of the Avery families (Davis-King Miwok genealogical files). Arnold and the project area did not have any documented families.

Samuel Barrett (1906) identified the Big Trees area with the Washo, but several others did so during the land claims cases in the mid-1950s. Barrett's (1908) Me-Wuk and Washo informants verified the claim to hunting territory in the Big Trees by the Washo people. Washo, camping in Calaveras County in the summer (snow-free) months, communicated and interacted well with their Sierra Me-Wuk (Northern and Central) neighbors (e.g., Downs 1966:5). Barrett (1906) had an informant who used the name sesmi either for the Indians or the place that is now Dorrington. Sesmi is the Washo word for soaproot according to Schubert (n.d.). d’Azevedo (1956:89) recorded it as the name of “A place near Murphys. The old name for the area around Murphy’s where the trek ended.” He also noted that the name means soaproot. The name of the trail the Washoe took to Big Trees was degum bayahadi’ (d’Azevedo 1956:90), but may also have been the name for the general region or canyon on the west slope of the Sierra between Woodfords and the area north of the Dardanelles. Lynda Shoshone (personal communication May 2013), said the trail name

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 12 translates to “I will meet you there.” And lastly, d’Azevedo recorded that the Washo word for the Big Trees is piál. Peters (1988b:33-34) reported:

The Washoe also camped nearby Avery in the 1800s. The Washoe followed a regular trade route across the Sierra Nevada as far as Murphys from the late 1800s through the 1930s. Miwok and Washoe elders remembered that the Washoe brought pine nuts to sell and that they bought soaproot brushes and acorns from the Miwok...One of the places that the Washoe camped on this journey was Avery...Wood and Bishop (1968...)...traced the route of the old emigrant road from Hathaway Pines by Dorrington and Bloods Toll Station east to Hope Valley...All of these were Washoe settlements. Gardner's Ranch, near Dorrington, supported a large Washoe population. Barrett interviewed the Gardners in 1906:

The Gardners came here 40 years ago. [i.e. 1866]. At that time there were several thousand Washoe who came over here to summer and sometimes 400 or 500 would winter over here (Barrett 1906).

Wood and Bishop (1968:41) support this account, saying “Washoe from the Walker River Reservation in Nevada came here for their summer encampment. A few Paiute came too, bringing pine nuts and woven baskets to sell or trade.”

Prehistory

Early (or Paleo-Indian) sites or artifacts, including fluted points and crescents, have been found in the project region. Some of these may date as early as 12,000 before present (B.P.; e.g., Beck 1971, Heizer 1938, Levy and Wulf 1998). Littlejohns Creek, to the west of the project was also an important early locality for human use. Archaeological research at the Skyrocket Site (CA-CAL- 629/630), near Copperopolis, suggests long cultural development throughout the Holocene, with radiocarbon dates of 9240±150 B.P. and 9040±250 B.P., obtained from dark, artifact-bearing layers some nine meters below the surface. Within Stanislaus County, just a few miles from the Calaveras border, are the discoveries of Farmington Complex tools on Littlejohns Creek at CA- STA-45, Hoods Creek at CA-STA-44, and other sites, just east of the community of Farmington. These tools tentatively date to 7000-9000 years B.P. (Ritter et al. 1976; Treganza 1952), and are generally formed from "Farmington Chert," a metachert or greenstone found as cobbles in Littlejohns Creek and elsewhere in Stanislaus and Calaveras counties.

Following in time are isolated finds and sites of the Lower Archaic, found throughout California. The people of this time appear to have relied heavily on milling seeds, acorns, and other nuts. Lower Archaic people were apparently highly mobile, but through time, groups became increasing focused on a quite intensive and perhaps specialized subsistence base of fishing, gathering, and hunting. Archaeological studies for the region, especially those of the New Melones Project in the Stanislaus River canyon, indicate a gradual increase in native population, greater use of a variety of resources, and tremendous change and variety in tool types. Hunting occurred with bow and arrows in the later period, having shifted from darts and spears, while fishing became important at least seasonally. Changes in the archaeological record suggest to some that a new group of people infiltrated the Sierra Nevada during the last 1500 years or so. New cultural traits are defined by more permanent (or recognizable) settlements indicated by relatively established or developed

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 13 anthrosols, dependence upon acorn as a food staple, and established seasonal rounds to other areas for acquisition of foods, medicines, tools, and building materials.

History

Calaveras County received its western name when Gabriel Moraga noticed a number of skulls on the bank of the river, calaveras meaning “skull” in Spanish (Maslin 1911). Moraga’s 1806 expedition was only the first of many that would alter the landscape of this land. Most of the non- Indian history of the county begins with efforts to mine for gold, reach the gold mines (transportation corridors), and supply miners with various tools, food, water, and drink.

Arnold Area

The project is located in and around the community of Arnold, whose post office received the name in 1934 for resort owners Robert and Bernice Arnold, postmasters (Salley 1977). Although there was some development in the area, by sawyer Dunbar and others, and the area was near the famed Calaveras “Big Trees,” it was not until the automobile was common that people began to explore the Sierra Nevada’s rivers and forested land. Several resorts were established, among them, the Arnold’s who had a few cabins, a restaurant/bar, and other amenities beginning in the 1930s. Other businesses developed in the area to make it a popular vacation resort. Meadowmont Golf Course and club house opened in 1959 (Calaveras Californian June 4, 1959). Like the themes of the cultural investigation discussed here, the early development was related to transportation and timber processing.

Transportation (by Judith Marvin)

The project area is located near and at SR 4, one of the overlays of the Murphys-Big Tree Road. This road follows the approximate route of an early emigrant trail over the Sierra Nevada that was improved in 1855-56 and known as the Big Tree Road or the Big Tree to Carson Valley Road. On 15 April 1857 the Calaveras County Board of Supervisors established a road from Murphys to Big Trees, according to a historic map (County of Calaveras 1850-1886:341). No doubt James Sperry, owner of both the Murphys Hotel and the Mammoth Tree Hotel at Big Trees, was the main force behind the new road. This road linked up with other local routes (Psota and Marvin 2001:5).

Moran Road, named for the Moran family who homesteaded land that is now the location of the Sequoia Woods Golf and Country Club, was one of the alternative routes along the Big Tree-Carson Valley Turnpike. Several alignments of the route were in use over the ensuing years, as weather, destination, and settlement dictated (Frances Bishop, personal communication to Judith Marvin, 1985). By the 1860s, however, the two major routes between Murphys and the Big Trees followed the approximate alignments of present Highway 4 and Moran Road. Both were depicted as the "Murphys-Big Trees Road" in historic maps of the area (GLO 1871, 1875).

Originally a free trail, a new alignment became a toll road from 1864 through 1910; it reverted to a free county road in 1911 and was called the Alpine State Highway. The transportation route was accepted into the state highway system in 1926 and portions were paved in the 1930s. The highway was realigned in the 1960s, when the Bear Valley Ski Resort was opened, making it an all-weather highway to that location (Psota and Marvin 2001:3).

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 14 The Mokelumne Hill to Big Trees Road brought visitors from that region to what is now White Pines to connect with the Murphys to Big Trees Road at Dunbar's Sawmill. Another early road (Dunbar Road) connected Dunbar's House and apple orchard in the meadow (Figure 4) to Dunbar's Mill at present White Pines (GLO 1875). The Mokelumne Hill Road, also known as the Railroad Flat to Big Trees Wagon Trail, allowed emigrants and gold seekers from the east a more direct route to the diggings on the Calaveras and Mokelumne rivers than down into Murphys and north along present SR 49.

Figure 4 Dunbar Ranch (Elliott & Company 1885:31)

Although mining provided the impetus for settlement on the Ebbetts Pass route, no mining regions were located within the project area. With gold mining in western Calaveras County, silver mining in Alpine County, and the Comstock booming in the late 1850s and 1860s, small agricultural settlements were established along the route of the Big Trees Road. Though second to mining in importance in the gold country, agriculture was always critical as a supporting service.

Virtually all the original stopping places along the Big Tree(s) route were established as ranching and grazing operations that provided sustenance to travelers and stockmen during the summer months. The exception to this settlement pattern was at the Big Tree Grove/Calaveras Big Trees. The discovery of the “Sequoia gigantea” grove created tremendous excitement throughout California, and many traveled to the area to view the mighty giants for themselves. A rough log cabin was built in the grove in 1852, followed by the Mammoth Tree Hotel in 1853, and the Mammoth Grove Hotel in 1861 (Costello 1988:7-14). The Big Trees are now part of California Department of Parks and Recreation.

Logging and Lumbering (by Judith Marvin)

Public lands that were not immediately suitable for agriculture and had no obvious mineral reserves were ignored for the first three decades after the gold discovery until individuals with an eye to the future began to file claims to timberland. The procedure was easy, and many patents were issued without the claimant ever setting foot upon the parcel involved. Speculators regularly made agreements with potential patentees and, under such arrangements, substantial adjacent blocks of prime, virgin groves of timber could be assembled and made available to sawmill interests. In the higher elevations, vast tracts of land were acquired in this way, allowing the growth of a new industry in a region once dependent upon mining. Beginning in the 1890s and continuing through

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 15 the 1940s, logging became a significant local industry, with sawmills in many mid-elevation areas. Logging continues in the forests today, but as no sawmills remain in Calaveras County, the timber is trucked to Tuolumne County or more distant locations for milling.

Within a few scant years after the discovery of gold, sawmills were established in Calaveras County, initially to provide lumber and timbers for the flumes, shafts, adits, headframes, and mills of the mining industry. Soon thereafter, however, they were expanded to provide materials for residential and commercial construction as well, continuing sporadically until the mid-20th century. During World War II, when lumber was identified as a critical resource, new, large lumber mills and company towns were established in the upper regions of the county, and logging trucks penetrated the high country. Flush times continued through the 1960s when most of the mills closed.

Early sawmills on the Ebbetts Pass Route included William Hanford's 1855 mill at present Hunter Reservoir (primarily providing lumber for the Union Water Company flume), which was purchased by Kimball & Cutting in 1859 and moved to the junction of Love and Moran creeks. Nathan McKay's Clipper Mill on Love Creek, provided lumber for the Utica Mine in Angels Camp and others from 1885 until it burned in 1922. It was easier in the early days to move the mill to available timber lands than it was to move the timber to the mills, thus most of the early mills were portable and moved from site to site.

About 1906 the Raggio Brothers built a mill on San Domingo Creek, later moving to Cowell Creek, and when they ran out of timber, they sold it to the Manuels in 1923. John Manuel had purchased the original Hanford/Kimball & Cutting mill in 1878, providing timber for the gold mills in Angels Camp. After purchasing the Raggio mill, Manuel moved it to San Antonio Creek, about one mile above San Antonio Falls, where it operated until 1953.

White Pines (by Judith Marvin, information extrapolated from Davis 1993)

The major growth in Arnold developed after the construction of the Blagen sawmill, built in White Pines in 1938-1939. A modern, 20th century operation, the enterprise was first a family business, with the Blagens establishing a company town named White Pines near their mill on what is now White Pines Lake. The company produced a great amount of lumber during World War II, with an emphasis on box lumber. During this period the mill was taken over by American Forest Products, but kept the Blagen name. The mill flourished, but later waned in production, leading to its closure in 1962 (Davis 1993:7-8).

The Blagen family, who hailed from Hoquiam and Grays Harbor in Washington State, arrived in California in the 1930s. Frank Blagen, Sr., and his father had made a sizable fortune in early boom times, but wanting to be free of his father's influence, Frank began searching for a place to build his own sawmill. He first settled in Calpine, north of Lake Tahoe, where he purchased the Davies-Johnson Lumber Mill and their extensive timber holdings. Unfortunately the timber there was exhausted within five years and Frank determined to move on.

By the early 1930s, many traditional logging technologies had been modified or improved upon, especially transport and milling. Two important innovations, in addition to tractors with treads, included high lead logging and the widespread use of logging trucks. High lead logging made use of a spar pole at the side or center of a landing, with donkey engines (steam or diesel) continuing as the power source. The difference however, was that in this rigging system logs were carried

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 16 through the forest on cables attached to a pole 100 or more feet higher, rather than being towed downhill on log chutes.

Logs brought to the Blagen mill (Figure 5) were transported by an even more recent technology than high lead: the cat and arches system. By 1939 caterpillar tractors had proven their practicality and "Doc" Linebaugh, the Blagen mill's logger, brought logs to his landings by means of arches towed by tractors. Looking like huge wishbones, logging arches were able to suspend large logs from the highest point in the arch on wheels. The suspended log was then lifted high enough by the arched frame to prevent its front end from nosing into the dirt, with the rear end dragging behind. In 1939, Doc Linebaugh's road transportation system was also "high-tech" for the times, utilizing t w o 1 9 3 6 Internationals and two 1938 Mack logging trucks.

Although the Blagen m i l l w o u l d b e considered small in the context of Sierra Figure 5: Blagen Sawmill, image taken from hillside adjacent to Big Trees Nevada logging, it Reservoir, uncertain date, facing westerly. Photograph courtesy of Sierra produced a great deal Nevada Logging Museum, Arnold, California. of lumber. Soon after operations began, the mill started running two shifts, producing box lumber for the wartime industries. Employing more than 100 workers in the mill, at least 90 more worked in the woods seasonally as loggers. In addition to the three-story, L-shaped mill, facilities included a mill pond, constructed in 1939 in San Antonio Creek. Big Trees Reservoir, taking water from Big Trees Creek about a mile above White Pines, was constructed in 1938 to provide water for the town and mill (Hofstetter 2014). A wooden flume (P-05-001435, CA-CL-001120H) carried water from the creek to the reservoir area by gravity.

The Blagen mill and Linebaugh Logging Company remain the major event in the history of White Pines and the Arnold area. The White Pines name was bestowed upon the mill and company town by Frank's wife, Helen. In addition to Frank, Sr., sons Howard and Frank, Jr. also worked for the company, as sales manager and payroll supervisor, respectively (U.S. Federal Census 1940). The land was owned by the Calaveras Land and Timber Company, with headquarters in Grand Rapids, Michigan, but timber rights had been purchased before the move and a certain amount of land around the mill was company property.

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 17 Blagen Road was engineered and constructed in early 1939, followed by the sawmill, powerhouse, and appurtenant facilities (Figure 6). The entire mill was moved from Calpine between 1938 and 1939, with the four large logging trucks transporting all of the essential machinery over a period of many weeks, taking three-and-one-half to four days round trip. The loggers and most of the residents of Calpine came as well, and within a matter of days a new mill was constructed.

A tent city was quickly built and a company town created in less than two years, housing about 200 people. Howard Blagen personally laid out the new townsite lots and streets and impatient employees started building their new homes as soon as the survey stakes were driven. Streets were named Second Figure 6 Blagen Sawmill, looking up slope towards Big Trees Reservoir. and Fourth (Blagen Date unknown. Photograph courtesy of Sierra Nevada Logging Museum, Road was first, and Arnold, California. Third was an alley) up the hillside, and cross streets were named A through D. Many of the sawmill workers were then able to walk to work, while the loggers rode the “candy wagon” to the woods.

Wood's Grocery Store was established, as well as the White Pines Post Office and a community building, used constantly for dances, receptions, card parties, community suppers, and a voting precinct. The administration provided qualified medical personnel in case of accidents or emergencies. Within two years a new school was built and named Hazel Fischer School (Independence Hall), honoring the teacher who had dedicated her entire life to teaching in Avery and White Pines. After grammar school, students attended Bret Harte High School in Angels Camp.

By the middle of 1940, the mill was running full tilt and appeared to be a good investment (Figure 7). The move from Calpine however, had been costly and some investors during this pre-wartime period felt that the risks outweighed the probabilities of a good return on their money. Within a matter of months, an economic arrangement was made with AFP to take over the mill but keep the

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 18 Figure 7 Blagen Mill and mill pond. Date unknown.

Blagen name. Although remaining at White Pines for a transitional period and working with AFP for many years, Blagen soon invested in other logging enterprises.

The Blagen mill primarily provided box lumber, as wooden boxes were desperately needed during the war effort in World War II to pack everything from tanks to jeeps to basic supplies. Cants (logs slashed on one or more sides) were cut at the mill, then transported to AFP's Toyon mill (on the railroad line between San Andreas and Valley Springs) where they were cut into box lumber one-eighth of an inch thick. In addition to its use as a drying yard for the Blagen and Wilseyville mills, the Toyon facility included a planing mill and molding and veneer mills (Hofstetter 2014). Although competing in the Arnold area, Blagen encouraged Manuel to keep logging during the war, as more and more lumber was required for boxes, but with the cessation of wartime hostilities demand for lumber waned and the Manuel mill shut down in 1953.

The Blagen mill flourished and then waned in production over the years, eventually changing hands several times. After 22 years, it reached the end of its usefulness and was dismantled in 1962. The Linebaugh Logging Company of White Pines continued to employ loggers and cat skinners in local forests until recent years. The Blagen mill site is located on San Antonio Creek, near the Courtright-Emerson Ball Field, with only a segment of pipe, the brow log, and a few other features to mark the site where hundreds once toiled.

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 19 FIELD METHODS

Davis-King & Associates conducted a pedestrian archaeological survey of the proposed APE on 21 November 2013, and surveyed additional portions on 9 April 2014. Field survey personnel for the November 2013 effort included Shelly Davis-King, a Registered Professional Archaeologist who meets the Secretary of the Interior Professional Qualification Standards for Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, and Debra Grimes, Cultural Resources Specialist for the Calaveras Band of Mi-Wuk Indians. Also accompanying the survey team was a representative of CCWD who pointed out possible staging areas, areas where new easements might be required, and general project alignment. In addition, the majority of the project alignment had been flagged and identification of survey boundaries was straightforward. The April survey was conducted by S. Davis-King, and certain project locations were visited with historian Judith Marvin. Survey transects were spaced about five meters apart over much of the alignment from the Sawmill Tank to the Meadowmont Tank, and in 10-15 meter transects within grassy golf course area. An estimated 3.3 linear miles were surveyed.

The survey was straightforward, and while there was some vegetation in most areas, general visibility of the ground surface was good, or ground rodents had brought subsurface dirt to the surface for inspection. Along the utility road connecting Sawmill Tank with Blagen Road, there was some duff, so one surveyor walked the road inspecting the cut bank and downslope area, while the other walked the hillside above and parallel to the road, removing ground cover periodically. Both tank settings had been bulldozed to create a flat foundation for the tanks and various support features. The survey area was generally devoid of artifacts of any sort. Despite limited visibility in some areas, survey confidence is high, with potential for surviving Native American or historic era resources relatively low. Survey coverage consisted of the area depicted as the proposed APE in Figure 2.

STUDY FINDINGS

Five cultural resources are located in the project study area, and appear, based on mapping at the 1:24,000 scale, to be located in the project APE. In actual fact, three of the resources, a historic flume (CA-CAL-1120H/P-05-1435), a historic lumber mill (CA-CAL-1563H/P-05-145), and a historic reservoir (CA-CAL-2131H/P-05-3549) are noted near but outside the APE. They are discussed below in the section entitled Resources Located Near But Outside APE. The reservoir related to the Blagen Mill is newly recorded, while a wooden flume and a lumber mill have been previously recorded. Two potential historic properties are located in the proposed project APE: (1) a rock and concrete-lined culvert on Blagen Road (P-05-3550); and (2) the historic intersection of Blagen and Dunbar roads at SR 4. The latter resource was recorded previously, while the former resource is newly recorded. These two resources are discussed in the section immediately below.

Resources Located in Project APE

Big Trees Creek Bridge (P-05-3550)

The Blagen Road, leading to the Blagen Mill, crosses Big Trees Creek in the project area. Big Trees Creek had its confluence with San Antonio Creek just north of the road. The crossing, a stone and concrete-lined culvert (bridge) was likely built by the Blagens at the time they developed

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 20 White Pine subdivision in the late 1930s. In August 1939, the Blagens, officers of the Davies Johnson Lumber Company, proposed construction of an unnamed road (future Blagen Road) bordering on the proposed White Pines subdivision (Calaveras County 1939). The culvert is about ten feet wide, perhaps 60 feet long, with poured concrete headwalls on each side of the road abutting a 20-inch metal culvert. Basalt and granitic rocks line either side of the concrete headwalls. The culvert itself is corrugated ferrous metal, and may date to the time of original construction. The bridge was not formally evaluated for any register, but is considered potentially eligible for the NRHP due to its association with the historic town (as yet unevaluated).

No project impacts (effects) were identified. The existing CCWD pipeline is located in the road structure above the culvert features, and the proposed new pipeline would be installed in a parallel alignment adjacent to the existing pipeline. The trench excavation for the new water line will be installed like all other utilities by staying in the roadway alignment away from and not impacting the walls/abutments. No alterations are anticipated or planned. The culvert was documented on California Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) 523 forms found in Attachment A, assigned number P-05-3550, and is plotted on Figure 8.

Railroad Flat to Big Trees Road (CA-CAL-1694H/P-05-2023)

The Railroad Flat to Big Trees Road (CAL-1694H/P-05-2023) has been documented largely within USFS land well outside the project APE. A 350-foot segment of the road is located in the project area beginning at the junction of Blagen and Dunbar roads and proceeding. The road has been recorded as about 10-11 miles in length overall, extending from White Pines to Railroad Flat, and as having been modified or eradicated in many locations by subsequent activities. Its features are largely reflective of the 20th century and retain little 19th century features beyond alignment. The original road was constructed in the 1800s as an access route to the attraction of the Big Trees and to mining locales, and is indicated on the early GLOs. The section within the project area is now a widened and paved road (Dunbar Road) near its intersection with SR 4 and Blagen Road. There are no surviving indications that the road is historic except the physical alignment which may in itself be altered from the historic original. All other features and elements of the modern road have been installed at later dates, and show evidence of recent maintenance. The change of materials and workmanship from dirt to asphalt, the absence of the rural setting and road junction that would have provided the setting, association, and feeling, the widening of what would have been a narrow wagon road to the present two-tract alignment changing both design and location have all compromised the integrity of the original road. This segment is considered ineligible for listing in the NRHP as there are no features surviving to record or evaluate. The area is plotted on Figure 8.

Resources Located Near But Outside APE

Big Trees Reservoir (CA-CAL-2131H/P-05-3549)

This resource consists of the archaeological remains of a historic pond/reservoir, associated with the milling operation established at the Blagen mill in 1938-1839. The reservoir measures nearly 200 feet (SW-NE) by 90 feet in width, with a depth estimated at about 12 feet, making the storage area about five acre feet. The spillway/outlet has been damaged so that the former outlet method of water cannot be determined. Similarly, the intake for the water is no longer evident. Local woman Marge Bowman told John Hofstetter at the Sierra Nevada Logging Museum (Arnold,

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 21 California) that a high flume delivered water to the reservoir (personal communication 22 June 2014). Presumably, water from Big Trees Creek supplied the flume, as there is no other water source nearby. There are no remnants of the flume surviving anywhere near the project APE. The Blagen family built a lumber mill, damned San Antonio Creek to create a millpond, and erected a company town, White Pines. The mill closed in 1962 (Davis 1993:7-8). According to informants at the Sierra Nevada Logging Museum, Big Trees Reservoir was constructed in 1938, and took water from Big Trees Creek to provide water for the company town and sawmill (Hofstetter 2014). The resource was documented on DPR 523 forms included in Attachment A, and is plotted on Figure 8.

The reservoir is located outside the APE. The project will be constructed in an existing utility easement at an elevation below and setback from the abandoned pond. and we have a clear path and setback around the pond and that there is no direct impact to this historic resource and the project will not be directly impacting any areas of the pond. CCWD has agreed to prevent any potential indirect/secondary impacts by fencing the perimeter of the pond with temporary “orange” fencing to be kept in place throughout construction. This will prevent heavy equipment, construction materials, vehicles from entering the area and inadvertently causing damage to the resource.

Historic Flume (CA-CAL-1120H/P-05-1435)

A wood box flume (CA-CAL-1120H/P-05-1435) was previously recorded and abuts the project study area. The flume took water from Big Trees Creek and channeled the water about 210 feet in the direction of Big Trees Reservoir. During the field effort, it was assumed that this flume was the water source for the reservoir, but in fact the flume appears to be far lower in elevation than the reservoir intake, and oral history suggests that a separate and higher flume took water to the reservoir (Marge Bowman personal communication to John Hofstetter at the Sierra Nevada Logging Museum, 22 June 2014). The flume is about a foot in width, eight inches deep, and was formerly supported in places by timber bents, now largely collapsed (complete resource not surveyed as it is well outside the project area). The age of the flume is not known, and was not discovered during the background research, but based on the wire nails, general condition of the wood, and metal strapping, the flume likely dates to the 1930s or 1940s, about the time of increased logging activity in the area. Although the record search indicated the flume is located in the project area, this suggestion is an artifice of the width of a pencil marker on the quad map, and the flume is actually about 15-30 feet downslope from the project alignment. The resource is located outside the project area and was not evaluated for any register; it is plotted on Figure 8.

Historic Lumber Mill (CA-CAL-1563H/P-05-145)

The remains of a small operation, gas-powered (?) lumber mill (CA-CAL-1563H/P-05-145), dating to the post World War II era (1946-1953) is located near, but not in the project area. Although the CCIC search suggests it is in the project, this is a result of the crudeness of depicting a “pencil- width” survey area that can not display the distance of a few yards or more on a 1:24,000 scale map. According to the site record, there are the remains of the carriage frame, posts, a log deck, and a windless frame, along with corrugated metal roofing and a five gallon bucket. The overall dimensions of the site are about 26 feet in length by 13 feet in width. It is located on private land, outside the project area, and was neither inspected nor evaluated for this project. It is plotted on Figure 8.

CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 22 Conclusion and Recommendations

The finding of this document is that there are no historic properties affected pursuant to 36 CFR Part 800.4(d)(1). Three of the resources are located outside of the APE, one resource will not be affected, and a fifth resource no longer has any historic fabric. No further cultural resource investigations should be necessary unless project plans change to include unsurveyed areas. It is the policy of the state and federal governments to avoid impacts to cultural resources whenever possible. If buried cultural materials are encountered during construction, it is the state and federal policy that work stop in that area until a qualified archaeologist can evaluate the nature and significance of the find. Additional survey will be required if the project changes to include areas not previously surveyed. If human remains are unearthed during construction, State Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 states that no further disturbance shall occur until the County Coroner has made the necessary findings as to origin and disposition pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 5097.98.

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CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 30 Wood, Richard Coke, and Frances E. Bishop 1968 Big Tree-Carson Valley Turnpike, Ebbetts Pass and Highway Four. Old Timers Museum, Murphys, California.

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CCWD Reach 3a Pipeline Replacement Project, Calaveras County Davis-King & Associates Historic Properties Survey Report Page 31 Attachment A

CHRIS Record Search Letter and Maps Native American Heritage Commission Letter Communications from Tribal Representatives

DPR 523 Forms

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