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Birth of a Plate Boundary at Ca. 12 Ma in the Ancestral Cascades Arc, Walker Lane Belt of California and Nevada

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Birth of a Plate Boundary at Ca. 12 Ma in the Ancestral Cascades Arc, Walker Lane Belt of California and Nevada Origin and Evolution of the Sierra Nevada and Walker Lane themed issue Birth of a plate boundary at ca. 12 Ma in the Ancestral Cascades arc, Walker Lane belt of California and Nevada Cathy J. Busby Department of Earth Science, University of California–Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA ABSTRACT Sierra Nevada range front (from Long Valley The Sierra Nevada frontal fault system was to the Tahoe Basin) lies squarely within the previously interpreted to accommodate Basin The Walker Lane belt of eastern Califor- Walker Lane belt, not to the west of it as pre- and Range extension (Bateman and Wahrhaftig, nia and western Nevada is the northernmost vious workers have inferred. 1966; Surpless et al., 2002), but recent GPS extension of the Gulf of California transten- The leading tip of Walker Lane transten- and earthquake focal mechanism studies have sional rift, where the process of continental sion is marked by large arc volcanic cen- shown that the faults currently accommodate rupture has not yet been completed, and rift ters sited in transtensional stepovers; these NW-SE–directed movement between the Sierra initiation can be studied on land. GPS and include the ca. 11.5–9 Ma Sierra Crest–Little Nevada microplate and the North American earthquake focal mechanism studies dem- Walker volcanic center; north of that, the ca. plate (shown on Fig. 3; Sonder and Jones, 1999; onstrate that the Walker Lane belt currently 6.3–4.8 Ma Ebbetts Pass volcanic center; and Unruh et al., 2003). The question is, when did accommodates NW-SE–directed movement north of that, the active Lassen volcanic cen- NW-SE Walker Lane transtension replace E-W between the Sierra Nevada microplate and ter. In its wake, large rift volcanic centers are Basin and Range extension, i.e., when were the North American plate, but the timing sited on transtensional stepovers or bends; the Sierra Nevada microplate and the future and nature of rift initiation remains unclear. these include the Long Valley and Coso vol- Pacifi c–North American plate boundary born? I present a model for plate-margin-scale ini- canic fi elds. I predict that any <12 Ma large What are the geologic signals of the onset of tiation of the Gulf of California and Walker volcanic centers identifi ed by future workers transtensional rifting? Lane transtensional rifts at ca. 12 Ma; local- in the Sierra Nevada–Walker Lane region, In two companion papers (Busby et al., 2013a, ization of rifting in both was initiated by or in the Gulf of California, will prove to be 2013b), I and others presented and interpreted thermal weakening in the axis of a subduc- sited at major releasing bends or stepovers. detailed geologic maps of a large ca. 11.5–9 Ma tion-related arc undergoing extension due to arc volcanic center, which we named the Sierra slab rollback, and thermal weakening in the INTRODUCTION Crest–Little Walker volcanic center (location on arc was enhanced by stalling of the trench- Fig. 1). In those papers, we showed in detail for ward-migrating precursor arc against a thick The Sierra Nevada–Walker Lane region the fi rst time that transtensional rift faults occur Cretaceous batholithic lithospheric profi le (Fig. 1) is an archetype for early rupturing of along the central Sierra Nevada range front and on its western margin. Rifting succeeded continental lithosphere (Busby and Putirka, range crest in the Sonora Pass region, and that very quickly in the Gulf of California, due 2009; Putirka and Busby, 2007, 2011; Busby, these were active during Ancestral Cascades to stalling of Farallon slabs, but the Walker 2011, 2012; Busby et al., 2010, 2013a, 2013b). arc volcanism. This faulting triggered unusu- Lane transtensional rift has been unzipping This region has been described as the northern- ally voluminous high-K intermediate volcanism northward along the axis of the Cascades most extension of the Gulf of California rift, (Putirka and Busby, 2007), deposits of which arc, following the Mendocino triple junction. where the process of continental rupture has are referred to as the Stanislaus Group. “Flood I infer that plate-margin-scale Walker Lane not yet been completed, and rift initiation can andesite” lavas erupted from fault-controlled fi s- transtension was signaled by the develop- be studied on land (Faulds and Henry, 2008; sures within a series of grabens that we called the ment of an unusually large and voluminous Jayko and Bursik, 2012; Busby, 2012). Exten- Sierra Crest graben-vent system (Fig. 2; Busby transtensional arc volcanic center, the ca. sive Cenozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks, et al., 2013a). The Sierra Crest graben-vent sys- 11.5–9 Ma Sierra Crest–Little Walker arc excellent exposure, and abundant previous tem consists of a single ~27-km-long, ~8–10-km- volcanic center. I show that the style of fault- geological mapping in the Walker Lane make wide ~N-S full graben that lies along the modern ing in this large Miocene arc volcanic center it an excellent region in which to study rifting Sierran crest between Sonora Pass and Ebbetts closely matches that of Quaternary transten- processes (e.g., Fig. 2; Henry and Perkins, 2001; Pass, with a series of ~N-S half-grabens on its sional structures in the central Walker Lane, Trexler et al., 2012; Putirka and Busby, 2007; western margin, and a ~25-km-wide NE transfer where it lies, and that it differs from southern Busby et al., 2008a, 2008b; Faulds and Henry, zone emanating from the northeastern bound- and northern Walker Lane structures. This 2008; Busby and Putirka, 2009; Cashman et al., ary of the full graben on the modern range front indicates that the temporal transition from 2009, 2012; Jayko, 2009a, 2009b; Norton, (Fig. 2). We showed for the fi rst time that at least E-W Basin and Range extension to NW-SE 2011; Cousens et al., 2012; Jayko and Bursik, some N-S normal faults are dextral oblique, Walker Lane transtension occurred earlier 2012; Putirka and Platt, 2012; Putirka et al., and that there are abundant NE-striking oblique than most workers have inferred. I also sum- 2012; Riley et al., 2012; Trexler et al., 2012; sinistral-normal faults (Busby et al., 2013a). In a marize new data which show that the central Wakabayshi, 2013). second paper (Busby et al., 2013b), we showed Geosphere; October 2013; v. 9; no. 5; p. 1147–1160; doi:10.1130/GES00928.1; 3 fi gures. Received 11 March 2013 ♦ Revision received 24 July 2013 ♦ Accepted 19 August 2013 ♦ Published online 13 September 2013 For permission to copy, contact [email protected] 1147 © 2013 Geological Society of America Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/9/5/1147/3343181/1147.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 Busby Cascade Arc that at least half of the slip on down-to-the-west active volcano normal faults on the Sierra Nevada range front Mt Shasta at Sonora Pass (in the lavender-shaded area lacking vents in Fig. 2) occurred during the ca. 11.5–9 Ma volcanism, and that synvolcanic throw on those faults increased southward toward the Little Walker caldera. This supports the inter- N pretation of Putirka and Busby (2007) that the Mt Lassen range-front faults formed a releasing right step Honey Lake fault that controlled the siting of the Little Walker cal- BASIN dera; however, Putirka and Busby (2007) did not AND realize that the right-stepping fault system on the Pyramid Lake fault Walker Lane fault zoneRANGE range front at Sonora Pass forms only a small Sierra part (about a fourth) of a much larger structural stepover (the NE transfer zone shown on Fig. 2, Valley 2 + 3 = Central Walker Lane PYRAMID of t and described in detail by Busby et al. [2013a, 1 faults Vallley Polaris-Mohawk 2013b]). We concluded that the Sierra Crest gra- ben-vent system and the Little Walker caldera Lake together formed an unusually large transten- his paper sional volcanic fi eld in the heart of the Ancestral Tahoe TSFFZ CARSON G Gf Cascades arc, at ca. 11.5–9 Ma (Busby et al., 2 2013a, 2013b). In this paper, I provide a summary of the tran- Sierra Crest– sition from extensional arc (ca. 50–12 Ma; Fig. Little Walker Volcanic SW Center BH 3A) to transtensional arc and rift (ca. 12 Ma to present; Fig. 3B) in the southwest U.S. I also (Fig. 2) ~11.5–9 Ma ML Mina show that the style and timing of ca. 11.5–9 Ma EXCELSIOR deflection synvolcanic faulting in the central Sierra Nevada San Andreas fault zone 3 Long Valley is consistent with the interpretation that the arc N Death volcanic field formed under a Walker Lane transtensional rift regime. I do these by fi rst providing a general description of the Walker Valley–Fu Lane belt, discussing its variation from domain to domain, in order to demonstrate that the cen- tral Sierran structures we have mapped (Fig. 2) rnace Creek Fault OWENS closely match those of the domain in which it 4 lies (Fig. 1). I then explore the plate-margin- Kern Cyn faults scale setting of the Sierra Crest–Little Walker transtensional arc volcanic center, and present Fault S Death a new model, wherein: (1) transtensional rift- ing was initially focused in thermally weak- Valley ened, partially extended crust of the Ancestral Breckenridge– Cascades arc (Fig. 3A), producing an unusually Garlock fault zone large volcanic center at a releasing stepover (the Sierra Crest–Little Walker center; Fig. 2); (2) the rift tip then migrated northward, in con- cert with the Mendocino triple junction, to form Figure 1.
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