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1. Approved Action Plan for P-III & P

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Contents Page No. 1. Background information 1.1 Mizoram at a glance…………………………………………………………….……….……1 1.2 Water resources of Mizoram………………………………………………..……….….……3 1.3 Major rivers of Mizoram and status of quality……………………………………..……...5 1.4 Identified polluted rivers in Mizoram………………………………………………….……..11 1.5 Current status of water quality of the identified polluted rivers…………………….…….17 1.6 Formulating action plan for conservation of 9 rivers of Mizoram…………………..….21 2. Action plan for Priority-III & IV Polluted rivers 2.1. Action plan for conservation of Tiau river (P-III)………………………………………….29 2.2. Action plan for conservation of Tlawng river (P-IV)……………………………………….45 2.3. Action plan for conservation of Tuipui river (P-IV)………………………………………..66 2.4. Action plan for conservation of Tuivawl river (P-IV)…………… ……………………..81 List of Figures Page No Figure 1 :Major rivers of Mizoram………………….…………........................................................6 Figure 2 :Water quality monitoring stations under NWMP (76)in Mizoram………………………...8 Figure 3 :Polluted river stretches with identified Polluted locations in Mizoram.………………….13 Figure 4 :Location Map of Tiau river showing details……………..……………………….30 Figure 5 (i) & (ii) : Location Map of Tiau River showing contributing drains…………………………...........33 Figure 6 :Location Map showing details of Tlawng river….……………………………….46 Figure 7 (i) to (vi) : Location map of Tlawng river showing contributing……………………………………….49 Figure 8 :Location Map showing details of Tuipui river………………………...……......67 Figure 9 (i) & (ii): Location Map of selected site for Action Plan of Tuipui River……………….70 Figure 10: Location map showing details of Tuivawl river…………………….. ……….. 82 Figure 11(i) & (ii): Location map showing identified drains………...……………………….. …..…..85 List of Tables Page No Table 1 : Details of water quality monitoring stations in Mizoram under NWMP..…………………….9 Table 2 : Priority wise Number of Polluted River Stretches in India……………………………………..12 Table 3 : Polluted River Stretches- Priority III, IV &V in Mizoram with B.O.D Levels….…………….14 Table 4 : Monthly BOD data of 9 identified polluted rivers for 2016-2020….………………………...19 Table 5 : Waste Generation & Gap analysis in the polluted catchment area of Tiau River……………………………………………………………….………………………….…35 Table 6 : Details of Action Plan for conservation of Tiau river withachievable Goals, Time Target with budget, responsible agency ang targets achieved so far………………..…..39 Table 7 : Contributing Drains to Tlawng river at polluted locations………………..........48 Table 8 : Waste generation and gap analysis in the polluted catchment area of Tlawng river…….………..........................................................................55 Table 9 : Existing water polluting industries in the catchment area of River Tlawng and Action Plan thereof…………………………………………………………57 Table 10 : Details of the action plan for conservation of tlawng river with achieveable goals, time target with budget, responsible agency and targets achieved so far……………………………………………………………….......61 Table 11 : Details of households in the catchment area contributing to Tuipui River pollution……………………………………………………………………...68 Table 12 : Waste generation and gap analysis in the catchment area of Tuipui river………………………………………………………………………….….................72 Table 13 : Existing water polluting industries at catchment area of Tuipui river………...73 Table 14 : Details of the action plan for conservation of tuipui river with achieveable goals, time target with budget, responsible agency and targets achieved…….76 Table 15 : Villages and number of households in the catchment area of polluting drains of Tuivawl river…………………………………………….……………………...83 Table 16 : Waste generation and gap analysis in the catchment area of polluted location of Tuivawl river…………………………………………………………………87 Table 17 : Details of action plan for conservation of tuivawl river with achieveable goals, time target with budget, responsible agency and targets achieved……………………………………………………………………….90 Table 18 : Abstract of the financial requirement for implementation of the action plan for conservation of the 4 (four) polluted rivers of Mizoram………..……..95 Table 19 : Latest Water Quality of Polluted Rivers, Drains & Underground……....……..96 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATIONS 1.1. MIZORAM AT A GLANCE Mizoram is one of the Northeast States of India. Mizoram means “Land of the Mizos”. Flanked by Bangladesh on the west and Myanmar on the east and south, Mizoram occupies an important strategic position having a long international boundary of 722 Kms. Perching on the high hills of North Eastern corner, Mizoram is a storehouse of natural beauty with its endless variety of landscape, hilly terrains, meandering streams deep gorges, rich wealth of flora and fauna. World-renowed for their hospitality, Mizos are a close-knit society with no class distinction and no discrimination on grounds of sex. As per the 2011 Census of India, the population of Mizoram was10,97,206 persons comprising of 555,339 males and 541,867 females. Population of Mizoram forms only about 0.09 % of the total population in India. Of this, 525435live in rural areas and 571771 live in urban areas. Figures show almost an equal distribution of population in the rural and urban areas in the State. The urban and rural population registered an increase of 52.11% and 47.89%, respectively in the last10years. Mizoram is a mountainous region which became the 23rd State of the Union in February 1987. It was one of the districts of Assam till 1972 when it became Union Territory. Sandwiched between Myanmar in the east and south and Bangladesh in the west, Mizoram occupies an area of great strategic importance in the north-eastern corner of India. It has a total of 630 miles boundary with Myanmar and Bangladesh. The geographical area of Mizoram is 21,087 sq. km. and the state lies between 21058’ – 24035’ N latitude and 92015’ – 93029’ E longitude, straddling the Tropic of Cancer. The territory stretches over 277 km in a north-south direction, while the east-west width extends over 121 km. Mizoram is bounded by the State of Manipur and the Cachar District of Assam on the north, the Chin Hills of Myanmar on east, by the Arakan Hill ranges of Myanmar to the South and by Tripura State and the Chittagong Hills of Bangladesh on the west. The interstate border with Assam is 123 km in length, with Tripura, 66 km and with Manipur, 95 km. The international border with Bangladesh extents 318 km and with Myanmar, 404 km. Mizoram has the most variegated hilly terrain in the eastern part of India. The hills are steep and are separated by rivers which flow either to the north or the south creating deep gorges between the hill ranges. The average height of the hills is about 900 metres. The highest peak in Mizoram is the Phawngpui (Blue Mountain) with a height of 2210 metres. Mizoram has a pleasant climate. It is generally cool in summer and not very cold in winter. During 1 winter, the temperature varies from 11º C to 21º C and in the summer it varies between 20º C to 29º C. The entire area is under the direct influence of the monsoon. It rains heavily from May to September and the average rainfall in Aizawl is 208 cm. Winter in Mizoram is wonderfully blue, and in the enchanting view of wide stretches of a vast lake of cloud. Mizoram has great natural beauty and endless variety of landscape and is very rich in flora and fauna. Almost all kinds of tropical tress and plants thrive in Mizoram. The hills are marvelously green.The terrain is a geologically distinctive mountainous area with precipitous slopes forming deep gorges with streams and rivers between. Almost all the hill ranges are oriented in a north - south direction. Most of the drainage lines originate in the central part of the state, and flow either north or south. River courses are often almost parallel, but the riversmay run in opposite directions. Phawngpui (or Blue Mountain) is the highest peak at 2,157 m and the lowest place is Bairabi at 40 m above mean sea level. The average height of hill ranges in Mizoram is 920 m. The common rocks found are sand stone, shale, siltstone, clay stone and slates. The rocksystem is weak and unstable and is prone to frequent seismic influence. Soils vary from sandy loam, clayey loam to clay, generally mature but leached due to steep gradient and heavy rainfall. Mizoram is endowed with rich forest resources. A major portion of state’s forest is tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen type. Forests are important sources of timber and other products. Mizoram has abundant natural Bamboo resources. The bamboo forests area covers about 6446 sq.km representing about 31% of geographical area of the state. Plants of medicinal values are also found in the Mizoram forests.Agriculture still occupies a very important place in the economy of Mizoram. About 70% of the total working population is engaged in some form of agriculture. The age-old practice of Jhum cultivation is carried out annually by a large number of people living in rural areas. Paddy remains the chief food crops of the state. The present main mineral of Mizoram is hard rock of tertiary period formation. This is mainly utilized as building material and for road construction work. There are not many major industries due to lack of mineral resources, lack of transport and communication and infrastructure. Mostly in the state are cottage industries of handloom, handicraft and bamboo products. Mizoram has plenty or raw materials for industry mostly from forest, agriculture and horticulture. But now, More and more industries are coming up which are polluting in nature such as stone crushing unit, cement, food processing, furniture works. 2 1.2. WATER RESOURCES OF MIZORAM Mizoram, under the influence of southwest monsoon receives heavy rainfall during the months of May to September. Rainfall is the only source of water in the State and replenishes both Ground and Surface water. The surface water is found distributed in numerous streams and rivers flowing through the hilly terrain of the State which is the chief source of water for the people of Mizoram as underground water is not easily accessible due to hilly terrain.
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  • Bamboo and Mizo Society: a Historical Study by Pc

    Bamboo and Mizo Society: a Historical Study by Pc

    BAMBOO AND MIZO SOCIETY: A HISTORICAL STUDY BY PC. LALRINDIKA HISTORY & ETHNOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Department of History & Ethnography of Mizoram University, Aizawl. DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY & ETHNOGRAPHY MIZORAM UNIVERSITY AIZAWL: MIZORAM Phone: 0389-2330531/0389-2330410 Mizoram University A Central university established by an Act of Parliament Accredited ‘A’ Grade by NAAC in 2014 DECLARATION I, PC. LALRINDIKA, hereby declared that the subject matter of this thesis is the record of work done by me, that the contents of this thesis did not form basis of the award of any previous degree to me or to do the best of my knowledge to anybody else, and that the thesis has not been submitted by me for any research degree in any other University/Institute. This is being submitted to the Mizoram University for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Department of History & Ethnography. Date: 29.01.2020 (PC. LALRINDIKA) Aizawl, Mizoram (Prof. K. ROBIN) (Prof. K. ROBIN) HEAD OF DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR i DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY & ETHNOGRAPHY MIZORAM UNIVERSITY AIZAWL: MIZORAM Phone: 0389-2330531/0389-2330410 Mizoram University A Central university established by an Act of Parliament Accredited ‘A’ Grade by NAAC in 2014 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “ Bamboo and Mizo Society: A Historical Study”submitted by PC. Lalrindika for the award of the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY, is a research work, done under my supervision and guidance. The dissertation, submitted by him has not formed the basis for the award to the scholar for any degree or any other similar title and it has not yet been submitted as a dissertation or thesis in any University.